为了准确预测与深层页岩气藏压裂改造相关的两项重要指标——杨氏模量和泊松比,基于三轴抗压强度实验结果,采用高斯过程回归(Gaussian Process Regression,GPR)方法,建立了四川盆地东南部林滩场地区奥陶系上统五峰组—志留系下统龙马溪...为了准确预测与深层页岩气藏压裂改造相关的两项重要指标——杨氏模量和泊松比,基于三轴抗压强度实验结果,采用高斯过程回归(Gaussian Process Regression,GPR)方法,建立了四川盆地东南部林滩场地区奥陶系上统五峰组—志留系下统龙马溪组一段(以下简称龙一段)深层页岩气储层的岩石力学参数预测模型,并对计算得到的杨氏模量和泊松比进行了定量评价。研究结果表明:①该区深层页岩储层样品受内部应力薄弱面的影响,随温度和压力的升高,应力—应变曲线在峰后阶段的波动特征更为明显;②GPR模型可以降低页岩储层“纵向异性、横观同性”的影响,残差分布均表现为近似对称的等腰三角形特征,训练时间较短、预测速度较快,岩石力学参数(杨氏模量和泊松比)的预测准确率和GPR模型的置信度均超过90%,预测精度得以显著提高;③单井岩石力学参数(杨氏模量和泊松比)预测曲线与岩石力学实验结果具有较好的拟合效果,可以真实地反映该区五峰组—龙一段深层页岩储层的岩石力学性质。结论认为,五峰组—龙一段储层的③号层底部和②号层具有较强的脆性特征和良好的工程改造条件,是该区深层页岩气后续开发的主力层段。展开更多
Unconventional gas in the Sichuan Basin mainly includes shale gas and tight gas.The development of shale gas is mainly concentrated in the Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Silurian Longmaxi Formation,but has not made any s...Unconventional gas in the Sichuan Basin mainly includes shale gas and tight gas.The development of shale gas is mainly concentrated in the Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Silurian Longmaxi Formation,but has not made any significant breakthrough in the Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation marine shale regardless of exploration efforts for years.The commercial development of tight sandstone gas is mainly concentrated in the Jurassic Shaximiao Formation,but has not been realized in the widespread and thick Triassic Xujiahe Formation.Depending on the geological characteristics of the Qiongzhusi Formation and Xujiahe Formation,the feedback of old wells was analyzed.Then,combining with the accumulation mechanisms of con-ventional gas and shale gas,as well as the oil/gas shows during drilling,changes in production and pressure during develop-ment,and other characteristics,it was proposed to change the exploration and development strategy from source and reservoir exploration to carrier beds exploration.With the combination of effective source rock,effective carrier beds and effective sand-stone or shale as the exploration target,a model of unconventional gas accumulation and enrichment in carrier beds was built.Under the guidance of this study,two significant results have been achieved in practice.First,great breakthrough was made in exploration of the silty shale with low organic matter abundance in the Qiongzhusi Formation,which breaks the traditional approach to prospect shale gas only in organic-rich black shales and realizes a breakthrough in new areas,new layers and new types of shale gas and a transformation of exploration and development of shale gas from single-layer system,Longmaxi For-mation,to multi-layer system in the Sichuan Basin.Second,exploration breakthrough and high-efficient development were re-alized for difficult-to-produce tight sandstone gas reserves in the Xujiahe Formation,which helps address the challenges of low production and unstable production of fracture zones in the Xujiahe Formation,promote the transformation of tight sandstone gas from reserves without production to effective production,and enhance the exploration and development potential of tight sandstonegas.展开更多
In this work,the Permian Longtan marine-continental transitional shale in the southeast of Sichuan Basin was taken as study object.Through petrology and geochemical analysis,lithofacies types of the marine-continental...In this work,the Permian Longtan marine-continental transitional shale in the southeast of Sichuan Basin was taken as study object.Through petrology and geochemical analysis,lithofacies types of the marine-continental transitional shale were classified,key controlling factors of physical properties and gas content of the different shale lithofacies were analyzed.The research results show that the Longtan Formation marine-continental transitional shale in the study area has four types of lithofacies,namely,organic-lean calcareous shale,organic-lean mixed shale,organic-lean argillaceous shale,and organic-rich argillaceous shale,among which the organic-rich argillaceous shale is the most favorable lithofacies of the study area.The pore types of different lithofacies vary significantly and the clay mineral-related pore is the dominant type of the pore system in the study area.The main controlling factor of the physical properties is clay mineral content,and the most important factor affecting gas content is TOC content.Compared with marine shale,the marine-continental transitional shale has low average values,wide distribution range,and strong heterogeneity in TOC content,porosity,and pore structure parameters,but still contains some favorable layers with high physical properties and gas contents.The organic-rich clay shale deposited in tidal flat-lagoon system is most likely to form shale gas sweet spots,so it should be paid more attention in shale gas exploration.展开更多
摘要目的探讨谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(glutathione peroxidase 4,GPX4)表达促进铁死亡参与子宫内膜癌(endometrial carcinoma,EC)恶性行为的机制。方法通过定量实时聚合酶链反应(quantitative polymerase chain reaction,qPCR)、蛋白印迹和免疫组化(immunohistochemistry,IHC)测定EC组织中GPX4的表达。培养KLE细胞,分为shNC组(n=6)和shGPX4组(n=6),Transwell、克隆形成测定和流式细胞研究GPX4对EC细胞增殖、迁移、细胞凋亡的影响。检测细胞内Fe2+、活性氧(reactive oxygen Species,ROS)和丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)水平,JC染色检测线粒体膜电位(mitochondrial membrane Potential,MMP),GPX4酶活性试剂盒检测酶活性,ELISA法检测脂质过氧化物4-羟基壬烯醛(4-Hydroxynonenal,4-HNE)含量,蛋白印迹检测铁死亡关键蛋白酰基辅酶A合成酶长链家族成员4(acyl-coa synthetase long chain family member 4,ACSL4)和溶质载体家族7成员11(solute Carrier family 7 member 11,SLC7A11)的表达;建立裸鼠EC异种移植肿瘤模型,分为shNC组(n=6)和shGPX4组(n=6),通过检测其重量体积、重量、Fe2+和MDA水平评价GPX4敲低在体内的效果。结果GPX4在EC组织及细胞系中高表达[EC组织GPX4 mRNA:(118.1±6.92)vs癌旁(62.72±5.20),t=15.68,P<0.001,Cohen's d=8.62];与shNC组相比,shGPX4组KLE细胞增殖(克隆数:0.37±0.05 vs 0.89±0.07,t=14.94,P<0.001)、迁移能力显著降低,凋亡率升高[(61.64±7.03)%vs(12.60±2.48)%,t=16.12,P<0.001],细胞内Fe2+、脂质ROS、MDA、4-HNE水平升高,GSH及GPX4酶活性降低,MMP破坏,ACSL4表达上调、SLC7A11下调(P<0.001);裸鼠模型中,shGPX4组肿瘤体积[(0.36±0.07)vs(0.87±0.12)cm3,t=9.07,P<0.001]、重量显著减小,肿瘤组织铁含量及MDA水平升高(P<0.001)。结论研究表明GPX4沉默能诱导铁死亡的发生,进而降低子宫内膜癌细胞的增殖和侵袭。
摘要为了准确预测与深层页岩气藏压裂改造相关的两项重要指标——杨氏模量和泊松比,基于三轴抗压强度实验结果,采用高斯过程回归(Gaussian Process Regression,GPR)方法,建立了四川盆地东南部林滩场地区奥陶系上统五峰组—志留系下统龙马溪组一段(以下简称龙一段)深层页岩气储层的岩石力学参数预测模型,并对计算得到的杨氏模量和泊松比进行了定量评价。研究结果表明:①该区深层页岩储层样品受内部应力薄弱面的影响,随温度和压力的升高,应力—应变曲线在峰后阶段的波动特征更为明显;②GPR模型可以降低页岩储层“纵向异性、横观同性”的影响,残差分布均表现为近似对称的等腰三角形特征,训练时间较短、预测速度较快,岩石力学参数(杨氏模量和泊松比)的预测准确率和GPR模型的置信度均超过90%,预测精度得以显著提高;③单井岩石力学参数(杨氏模量和泊松比)预测曲线与岩石力学实验结果具有较好的拟合效果,可以真实地反映该区五峰组—龙一段深层页岩储层的岩石力学性质。结论认为,五峰组—龙一段储层的③号层底部和②号层具有较强的脆性特征和良好的工程改造条件,是该区深层页岩气后续开发的主力层段。
基金Sinopec Science and Technology Major Project (P22081)China National Science and Technology Major Project (2016ZX05002-004)
摘要Unconventional gas in the Sichuan Basin mainly includes shale gas and tight gas.The development of shale gas is mainly concentrated in the Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Silurian Longmaxi Formation,but has not made any significant breakthrough in the Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation marine shale regardless of exploration efforts for years.The commercial development of tight sandstone gas is mainly concentrated in the Jurassic Shaximiao Formation,but has not been realized in the widespread and thick Triassic Xujiahe Formation.Depending on the geological characteristics of the Qiongzhusi Formation and Xujiahe Formation,the feedback of old wells was analyzed.Then,combining with the accumulation mechanisms of con-ventional gas and shale gas,as well as the oil/gas shows during drilling,changes in production and pressure during develop-ment,and other characteristics,it was proposed to change the exploration and development strategy from source and reservoir exploration to carrier beds exploration.With the combination of effective source rock,effective carrier beds and effective sand-stone or shale as the exploration target,a model of unconventional gas accumulation and enrichment in carrier beds was built.Under the guidance of this study,two significant results have been achieved in practice.First,great breakthrough was made in exploration of the silty shale with low organic matter abundance in the Qiongzhusi Formation,which breaks the traditional approach to prospect shale gas only in organic-rich black shales and realizes a breakthrough in new areas,new layers and new types of shale gas and a transformation of exploration and development of shale gas from single-layer system,Longmaxi For-mation,to multi-layer system in the Sichuan Basin.Second,exploration breakthrough and high-efficient development were re-alized for difficult-to-produce tight sandstone gas reserves in the Xujiahe Formation,which helps address the challenges of low production and unstable production of fracture zones in the Xujiahe Formation,promote the transformation of tight sandstone gas from reserves without production to effective production,and enhance the exploration and development potential of tight sandstonegas.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation (U19B6003).
摘要In this work,the Permian Longtan marine-continental transitional shale in the southeast of Sichuan Basin was taken as study object.Through petrology and geochemical analysis,lithofacies types of the marine-continental transitional shale were classified,key controlling factors of physical properties and gas content of the different shale lithofacies were analyzed.The research results show that the Longtan Formation marine-continental transitional shale in the study area has four types of lithofacies,namely,organic-lean calcareous shale,organic-lean mixed shale,organic-lean argillaceous shale,and organic-rich argillaceous shale,among which the organic-rich argillaceous shale is the most favorable lithofacies of the study area.The pore types of different lithofacies vary significantly and the clay mineral-related pore is the dominant type of the pore system in the study area.The main controlling factor of the physical properties is clay mineral content,and the most important factor affecting gas content is TOC content.Compared with marine shale,the marine-continental transitional shale has low average values,wide distribution range,and strong heterogeneity in TOC content,porosity,and pore structure parameters,but still contains some favorable layers with high physical properties and gas contents.The organic-rich clay shale deposited in tidal flat-lagoon system is most likely to form shale gas sweet spots,so it should be paid more attention in shale gas exploration.