Metal-air batteries(MABs)possess high theoretical energy density,but their practical applications are often restricted by unstable multiphase interfaces as well as mismatched mass transport and reaction kinetics.This ...Metal-air batteries(MABs)possess high theoretical energy density,but their practical applications are often restricted by unstable multiphase interfaces as well as mismatched mass transport and reaction kinetics.This review first outlines the operating principles of non-aqueous,aqueous,and solid-state MABs,highlights their key differences,and then summarizes the evolution characteristics of major interfaces during cycling,including the metal anode/electrolyte interface,the air cathode/electrolyte interface,and separator/electrolyte contact interfaces.The typical problems encountered in MABs include pore blockage caused by product accumulation,which reduces the effective reaction area of the cathode;increased resistance resulting from electrolyte decomposition and side reactions;anode corrosion or passivation accompanied by nonuniform deposition;and contact degradation induced by volume change and internal stress.We discuss the hollow multishelled structure(HoMS)as a potential platform,which can play roles in product buffering,transport pathway maintenance,and structural cushioning.Finally,we emphasize the importance of quantitative validation,coordinated interface design,and performance evaluation under practical working conditions,with the support of data analysis and AI tools.展开更多
Uranium extraction from seawater is essential for sustainable nuclear energy but remains kinetically limited by ultralow concentration and slow ion diffusion.Inspired by the Stokes-Einstein equation,we can predict tha...Uranium extraction from seawater is essential for sustainable nuclear energy but remains kinetically limited by ultralow concentration and slow ion diffusion.Inspired by the Stokes-Einstein equation,we can predict that the rise in local temperature would increase the diffusion coefficient for uranyl ions.Here we report a generalizable photothermal strategy by depositing amorphous Ta2O5/C-HoMS(hollow multishelled structure)onto amidoxime-functionalized polyethylene fibers.The unique multi-shelled and compartmentalized architecture of HoMS facilitates both efficient solar-to-thermal conversion and enhanced mass transport.Under solar irradiation,the composite generates localized heating,which accelerates uranyl diffusion and raises the adsorption capacity by 27%compared to dark conditions,while maintaining over 91%capacity after seven consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles.Systematic light-versus-dark comparisons demonstrate that the photothermal effect is the key driver for enhanced kinetics for uranium uptake.This work provides a simple,universal and efficient platform for solar-driven uranium recovery,paving a practical route toward sustainable nuclear fuel supply from the ocean.展开更多
In recent years,due to the commonality of bacterial infections and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance,noninvasive photothermal therapy(PTT)has been increasingly recognized as an effective antibacterial strategy...In recent years,due to the commonality of bacterial infections and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance,noninvasive photothermal therapy(PTT)has been increasingly recognized as an effective antibacterial strategy with distinct advantages.Hollow-structured photothermal nanoplatforms are capable of not only enhancing photothermal performance but also serving as multifunctional antibacterial systems through cavity-enabled drug loading and diverse functional components,thus integrating multiple therapeutic modalities in a single platform and exhibiting substantial potential in antibacterial applications.In this review,the design and synthesis strategies of hollow-structured antibacterial materials are summarized,with a particular focus on their photothermal enhancement mechanisms and structure-property relationships.Additionally,the latest advances in hollow-structured photothermal therapy are discussed from the perspectives of diverse synergistic strategies and application scenarios.Finally,the current challenges and future perspectives are highlighted,where intelligent design and large-scale fabrication are expected to pave the way for antibacterial synergistic therapy of hollow structures.展开更多
Inspired by the visual neurons of biological systems,optoelectronic synaptic devices integrate photoresponsive semiconductor materials to convert light into electrical signals,enabling biomimetic visual perception sys...Inspired by the visual neurons of biological systems,optoelectronic synaptic devices integrate photoresponsive semiconductor materials to convert light into electrical signals,enabling biomimetic visual perception systems.Achieving memory retention and intelligent perceptual functions continues to pose a major hurdle in the advancement of neuromorphic artificial synapse devices.This review begins with an exploration of biological neural synapses,analyzing the fundamental characteristics and structures of biomimetic optoelectronic synapses.It then delves into the design of device and material structures to achieve postsynaptic current and memory behavior,elucidating their underlying mechanisms.Furthermore,the latest application scenarios of these devices are summarized,highlighting the opportunities and challenges in their future development.This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the advancements in optoelectronic synapses,from material innovations to neuromorphic applications,paving the way for next-generation artificial visual systems and neuromorphic computing.展开更多
A massive rock and ice avalanche occurred on the western slope of the Ronti Gad valley in the northern part of Chamoli,Indian Himalaya,on 7 February 7,2021.The avalanche on the high mountain slope at an elevation of 5...A massive rock and ice avalanche occurred on the western slope of the Ronti Gad valley in the northern part of Chamoli,Indian Himalaya,on 7 February 7,2021.The avalanche on the high mountain slope at an elevation of 5600 m above sea level triggered a long runout disaster chain,including rock mass avalanche,debris avalanche,and flood.The disaster chain had a horizontal travel distance of larger than 17,600 m and an elevation difference of 4300 m.In this study,the disaster characteristics and dynamic process were analyzed by multitemporal satellite imagery.The results show that the massive rock and ice avalanche was caused by four large expanding discontinuity planes.The disaster chain was divided into five zones by satellite images and field observation,including source zone,transition zone,dynamic entrainment zone,flow deposition zone,and flood zone.The entrainment effect and melting water were recognized as the main causes of the long-runout distance.Based on the seismic wave records and field videos,the time progress of the disaster was analyzed and the velocity of frontal debris at different stages was calculated.The total analyzed disaster duration was 1247 s,and the frontal debris velocity colliding with the second hydropower station was approximately 23 m/s.This study also carried out the numerical simulation of the disaster by rapid mass movement simulation(RAMMS).The numerical results reproduced the dynamic process of the debris avalanche,and the mechanism of long-runout avalanche was further verified by parametric study.Furthermore,this study discussed the potential causes of disaster and flood and the roles of satellite images and seismic networks in the monitoring and early-warning.展开更多
Inorganic non-metallic materials have garnered significant attention in biomedicine due to their structural tunability and multifunctional properties.The emergence of next-generation artificial intelligence(AI)technol...Inorganic non-metallic materials have garnered significant attention in biomedicine due to their structural tunability and multifunctional properties.The emergence of next-generation artificial intelligence(AI)technologies is transforming the conventional trial-and-error paradigm of materials research,supporting a more data-driven and predictive approach.This review highlights the frontier applications and key breakthroughs of AI in the design and development of inorganic non-metallic biomaterials.We first introduce the fundamental paradigm and workflow of AI4S,which integrates data acquisition,model construction,and material optimization.Based on this framework,we summarize recent advances in two major directions:forward prediction and inverse design.Forward prediction focuses on critical performance indicators such as drug release profiles,biological interactions,material stability,toxicity and biosafety,and biocatalytic activity.Simultaneously,AI-driven inverse design is accelerating the development of targeted materials,including drug delivery carriers,biomaterials for inflammatory disease treatment,antitumor,and tissue engineering.Finally,we discuss key breakthroughs in AI-assisted inorganic biomaterial design,emphasizing the emerging role of generative models in enabling inverse design.Future perspectives on integrating domain knowledge,high-throughput experiments,and interpretable models are also outlined,which may provide guidance for the intelligent development of next-generation biomaterials.展开更多
The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory(JUNO)started physics data taking on 26 August 2025.JUNO consists of a 20-kton liquid scintillator central detector,surrounded by a 35 kton water pool serving as a Cherenko...The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory(JUNO)started physics data taking on 26 August 2025.JUNO consists of a 20-kton liquid scintillator central detector,surrounded by a 35 kton water pool serving as a Cherenkov veto,and almost 1000 m2 of plastic scintillator veto on top.The detector is located in a shallow underground laboratory with an overburden of 1800 m.w.e.This paper presents the performance results of the detector,extensively studied during the commissioning of the water phase,the subsequent liquid scintillator filling phase,and the first physics runs.The liquid scintillator achieved an attenuation length of 20.6 m at 430 nm,while the high coverage PMT system and scintillator together yielded about 1785 photoelectrons per MeV of energy deposit at the detector centre,measured using the 2.223 MeVγfrom neutron captures on hydrogen with an Am-C calibration source.The reconstructed energy resolution is 3.4%for two 0.511 MeVγat the detector centre and 2.9%for the 0.93 MeV quenched 214Po alpha decays from natural radioactive sources.The energy non-linearity is calibrated to better than 1%.Intrinsic contaminations of 238U and 232Th in the liquid scintillator are below 10-16 g/g,assuming secular equilibrium.The water Cherenkov detector achieves a muon detection efficiency better than 99.9%for muons traversing the liquid scintillator volume.During the initial science runs,the data acquisition duty cycle exceeded 97.8%,demonstrating the excellent stability and readiness of JUNO for high-precision neutrino physics.展开更多
Enzyme-like metal atomic site catalysts are promising alternatives of platinum group metals for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)in fuel cell application.The local coordination structure at metal atomic sites plays a dom...Enzyme-like metal atomic site catalysts are promising alternatives of platinum group metals for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)in fuel cell application.The local coordination structure at metal atomic sites plays a dominant role in optimizing the adsorption/desorption of oxygen intermediates to enhance ORR,but there is still a significant challenge in achieving.Herein,we report a type of stable and dynamically adjustable mono-oxygen-bridged asymmetric dual-atomic metal catalyst,in which the active Fe-oxo-Co motif demonstrates platinium-like ORR activity with a half-wave potential of 0.92 V vs.RHE in alkaline condition and a maximum power density of 228 mW·cm-2in Zn-air batteries.Theoretical calculations reveal that the Fe-oxo ligands can act as electron regulators for neighboring Co sites,which optimize and promote the d-orbitals of Co metal shift towards lower energy levels,thereby weakening the adsorption of oxygen species,facilitating the progress of the ORR.More interestingly,the Fe-oxo-Co bond will dynamically change its strength to adaptively facilitate the intermediate steps during the ORR process.The design strategy towards enzyme-like adaptive behavior of active Fe-oxo-Co motifs brings significant hope for achieveing high performance fuel cell cathode materials.展开更多
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is one of the most widely used benchmark standard photocatalysts in the field of en- vironmental applications [1-3]. As a wide band-gap semiconductor oxide (Eg=3.37 eV) with large excitation bindi...Zinc oxide (ZnO) is one of the most widely used benchmark standard photocatalysts in the field of en- vironmental applications [1-3]. As a wide band-gap semiconductor oxide (Eg=3.37 eV) with large excitation binding energy (60 meV), zinc oxide becomes one of the most important functional materials with unique prop- erties of optical transparency, electric conductivity and piezo electricity [4-10]. However, the large band gap and the massive recombination of photogenerated charge carriers, especially in its nanosize.展开更多
We report a highly efficient Pd/Ni(OH)2 catalyst loaded with ultra-low levels of palladium (50 ppm Pd by mass) for the selective hydrogenation of acetylene to ethylene. The turnover frequency for acetylene conversion ...We report a highly efficient Pd/Ni(OH)2 catalyst loaded with ultra-low levels of palladium (50 ppm Pd by mass) for the selective hydrogenation of acetylene to ethylene. The turnover frequency for acetylene conversion over the 0.005% Pd/Ni(OH)2 catalyst is twice that of the equivalent 0.8% Pd/Ni(OH)2 catalyst. Notabl an acetylene-to-ethylene selectivity of 80% was achieved over a wide range of temperatures. Aberration-corrected high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy was used to reveal the atomically dispersed nature of palladium in the 0.005% Pd/Ni(OH)2 catalyst. The excellent selectivity of this catalyst is attributed to its atomically dispersed Pd sites, while the abundant hydroxyl groups of the support significantly enhance the acetylene conversion activity. This work opens up innovative opportunities for new types of highly efficient catalysts with trace noble-metal loadings for a wide variety of reactions.展开更多
Solar thermal interfacial water evaporation is proposed as a promising route to address freshwater scarcity,which can reduce energy consumption and have unlimited application scenarios.The large semiconductor family w...Solar thermal interfacial water evaporation is proposed as a promising route to address freshwater scarcity,which can reduce energy consumption and have unlimited application scenarios.The large semiconductor family with controllable bandgap and good chemo-physical stability are considered as good candidates for photo-evaporation.However,the evaporation rate is not satisfactory because the rational control of nano/micro structure and composition is still in its infancy stage.Herein,by systemically analyzing the photo-thermal evaporation processes,we applied the hollow multishelled structure(HoMS)into this application.Benefiting from the multishelled and hierarchical porous structure,the light absorption,thermal regulation,and water transport are simultaneously optimized,resulting in a water evaporation rate of 3.2 kg·m-2·h-1,which is among the best performance in solar-vapour generation.The collected water from different water resources meets the World Health Organization standard for drinkable water.Interestingly,by using the CuO/Cu2O system,reactive oxygen species were generated for water disinfection,showing a new route for efficient solar-vapour generation and a green way to obtain safe drinking water.展开更多
The ultimate goal of photocatalytic CO2reduction is to efficiently convert atmospheric CO2into value-added products by designing hierarchical photocatalysts that combine effective harvesting and accelerate activ...The ultimate goal of photocatalytic CO2reduction is to efficiently convert atmospheric CO2into value-added products by designing hierarchical photocatalysts that combine effective harvesting and accelerate activation capabilities of CO2molecules.In this work,we demonstrated direct air-level CO2reduction by hollow multishell structure(HoMS)nanoreactors with zeolitic imidazolate framework-8(ZIF-8)-modified ZnO heteroshells,which offers a promising solution to optimize the mass transfer process via selective sieving and effective enrichment of CO2molecules from the atmospheric environments.Specifically,heteroshells with ZIF-8 matrix act as pumps that effectively capture CO2molecules,while the cavities serve as tanks to hold these molecules,thus significantly enhancing the transfer kinetics for CO2photoreduction.The periodic shell-cavity configuration allows the nanoreactor to effectively gather CO2molecules near the catalytic sites,thus increasing conversion opportunities for activated molecules.Simultaneously,the surface atomic steps on the ZnO/ZIF-8 heterointerfaces with staggered geometry expedite charge transfer and adsorption efficiency,which synergistically boosts the CO2-CO yield up to 3.7μmol/h under CO2flow and 0.7μmol/h under atmospheric conditions with almost complete CO selectivity.Hopefully,the HoMS nanoreactors offer a potential strategy for solving the“last mile”challenge in practical CO2valorization.展开更多
Single-atom catalysts(SACs)with high catalytic activity as well as great stability are demonstrating great promotion in electrocatalytic energy conversion,which is also a big challenge to achieve.Herein,we proposed a ...Single-atom catalysts(SACs)with high catalytic activity as well as great stability are demonstrating great promotion in electrocatalytic energy conversion,which is also a big challenge to achieve.Herein,we proposed a facile synthetic strategy to construct nickel-iron bimetallic hydroxide nanoribbon stabilized single-atom iridium catalysts(Ir-NiFe-OH),where the nickel-iron hydroxide nanoribbon not only can serve as good electronic conductor,but also can well stabilize and fully expose single-atom sites.Adopted as catalyst for urea oxidation reaction(UOR),it exhibited excellent UOR performance that it only needed a low operated potential of 1.38 V to achieve the current density of 100 mA·cm-2.In-situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,X-ray absorption spectrum,and density functional theory calculations proved that Ir species are active centers and the existence of both Ni and Fe in the local structure of Ir atom can optimize the d-band center of Ir species,promoting the adsorption of intermediates and desorption of products for UOR.The hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)/UOR electrocatalytic cell demanded voltages of 1.46 and 1.50 V to achieve 50 and 100 mA·cm-2,respectively,which demonstrated a higher activity and better stability than those of conventional catalysts.This work opens a new avenue to develop catalysts for UORs with boosted activity and stability.展开更多
Fabricating single-atom catalysts(SACs)with high catalytic activity as well as great stability is a big challenge.Herein,we propose a precise synthesis strategy to stabilize single atomic ruthenium through regulating ...Fabricating single-atom catalysts(SACs)with high catalytic activity as well as great stability is a big challenge.Herein,we propose a precise synthesis strategy to stabilize single atomic ruthenium through regulating vanadium defects of nickel vanadium layered double hydroxides(NiV-LDH)ultrathin nanoribbons support.Correspondingly,the isolated atomically Ru doped NiV-LDH ultrathin nanoribbons(NiVRu-R)were successfully fabricated with a super-high Ru load of 12.8 wt.%.X-ray absorption spectrum(XAS)characterization further confirmed atomic dispersion of Ru.As catalysts for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)in alkaline media,the NiVRu-R demonstrated superior catalytic properties to the commercial Pt/C.Moreover,it maintained exceptional stability even after 5,000 cyclic voltammetry cycles.In-situ XAS and density functional theory(DFT)calculations prove that the Ru atomic sites are stabilized on supports through forming the Ru-O-V structure,which also help promote the catalytic properties through reducing the energy barrier on atomic Ru catalytic sites.展开更多
When nano-fillers are used to enhance the thermal conductivity of organic phase change materials(PCMs),the naturally formed interface is considered to hinder thermal transport of the composite PCMs.However,the effect ...When nano-fillers are used to enhance the thermal conductivity of organic phase change materials(PCMs),the naturally formed interface is considered to hinder thermal transport of the composite PCMs.However,the effect of the interface on the thermal properties of surrounding PCM has not been fully studied.In this paper,three composite PCMs(Ery@SiC,Ery@SiO2 and Ery@Si3N4)were prepared by melt-blending method.The local thermal conductivity and reduced Young’s modulus(E*)of the erythritol at the interface and far away from the interface in the composite PCMs were simultaneously measured by scanning thermal microscopy(SThM).The results revealed significant enhancement in local thermal conductivity of erythritol at the interface and its obvious positive correlation with E*.For different composite PCMs,molecular dynamics(MD)simulations suggested that the increase in intrinsic thermal conductivity and E*of erythritol is attributed to the increase in interaction energy between erythritol and nanoparticles,as more erythritol phonon vibrations transform from localized mode to delocalized mode and erythritol has a higher density at the interface.These findings will provide new ideas for the design of PCM for energy storage.展开更多
We fabricated a photodetector using hollow multi-shell structured(HoMSs)SnO2as an active material,which exhibits enhanced ultraviolet responsivity and detectivity compared to SnO2nanoparticles.This is because th...We fabricated a photodetector using hollow multi-shell structured(HoMSs)SnO2as an active material,which exhibits enhanced ultraviolet responsivity and detectivity compared to SnO2nanoparticles.This is because the internal cavity within the HoMSs helps to trap light and enhance light absorption.With an increase in the number of shells,the photodetector performance is improved.展开更多
Phosphorene has a very high hole mobility and can be a tuned band structure,and has become an ideal material for electronic devices.For this new type of two-dimensional material,in the applied strain,black phosphorus...Phosphorene has a very high hole mobility and can be a tuned band structure,and has become an ideal material for electronic devices.For this new type of two-dimensional material,in the applied strain,black phosphorus(BP) can be changed into an indirect band gap and metallic materials from the direct band gap semiconductor material,which greatly affect its inherent physical characteristics.How to identify strained micro structure changes becomes an important problem.The calculated Raman spectra disclose that the Ag-2 mode and B(2g) mode will split and the Raman spectra appear,while the Ag-1 mode is shifted to low-frequency region.The deformation induced by strain will effectively change the Raman mode position and intensity,this can be used to identify phosphorus changes.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFA1204500 and 2022YFA1204502)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22293043,92572205,52272097,52301296,W2512061 and 52261160573)+2 种基金the Shenzhen University 2035 Program for Excellent Research(2024B005)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(Z230019 and 2242019)the IPE Project for Frontier Basic Research,China(QYJC-2023-08).
摘要Metal-air batteries(MABs)possess high theoretical energy density,but their practical applications are often restricted by unstable multiphase interfaces as well as mismatched mass transport and reaction kinetics.This review first outlines the operating principles of non-aqueous,aqueous,and solid-state MABs,highlights their key differences,and then summarizes the evolution characteristics of major interfaces during cycling,including the metal anode/electrolyte interface,the air cathode/electrolyte interface,and separator/electrolyte contact interfaces.The typical problems encountered in MABs include pore blockage caused by product accumulation,which reduces the effective reaction area of the cathode;increased resistance resulting from electrolyte decomposition and side reactions;anode corrosion or passivation accompanied by nonuniform deposition;and contact degradation induced by volume change and internal stress.We discuss the hollow multishelled structure(HoMS)as a potential platform,which can play roles in product buffering,transport pathway maintenance,and structural cushioning.Finally,we emphasize the importance of quantitative validation,coordinated interface design,and performance evaluation under practical working conditions,with the support of data analysis and AI tools.
基金supported by the Project of Uranium Extraction from Seawater(HNKF202216(36))the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52572118,92163209,22293043)+1 种基金the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(JQ22004)the Shenzhen University 2035 Program for Excellent Research(2024B005).
摘要Uranium extraction from seawater is essential for sustainable nuclear energy but remains kinetically limited by ultralow concentration and slow ion diffusion.Inspired by the Stokes-Einstein equation,we can predict that the rise in local temperature would increase the diffusion coefficient for uranyl ions.Here we report a generalizable photothermal strategy by depositing amorphous Ta2O5/C-HoMS(hollow multishelled structure)onto amidoxime-functionalized polyethylene fibers.The unique multi-shelled and compartmentalized architecture of HoMS facilitates both efficient solar-to-thermal conversion and enhanced mass transport.Under solar irradiation,the composite generates localized heating,which accelerates uranyl diffusion and raises the adsorption capacity by 27%compared to dark conditions,while maintaining over 91%capacity after seven consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles.Systematic light-versus-dark comparisons demonstrate that the photothermal effect is the key driver for enhanced kinetics for uranium uptake.This work provides a simple,universal and efficient platform for solar-driven uranium recovery,paving a practical route toward sustainable nuclear fuel supply from the ocean.
基金supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(2262078)the Shenzhen University 2035 Program for Excellent Research(2024B005)+2 种基金the Open Funding Project of the State Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery(2023KF-04)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22293043)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFA1509400).
摘要In recent years,due to the commonality of bacterial infections and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance,noninvasive photothermal therapy(PTT)has been increasingly recognized as an effective antibacterial strategy with distinct advantages.Hollow-structured photothermal nanoplatforms are capable of not only enhancing photothermal performance but also serving as multifunctional antibacterial systems through cavity-enabled drug loading and diverse functional components,thus integrating multiple therapeutic modalities in a single platform and exhibiting substantial potential in antibacterial applications.In this review,the design and synthesis strategies of hollow-structured antibacterial materials are summarized,with a particular focus on their photothermal enhancement mechanisms and structure-property relationships.Additionally,the latest advances in hollow-structured photothermal therapy are discussed from the perspectives of diverse synergistic strategies and application scenarios.Finally,the current challenges and future perspectives are highlighted,where intelligent design and large-scale fabrication are expected to pave the way for antibacterial synergistic therapy of hollow structures.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2022YFA1204500 and 2022YFA1204502)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22293043 and 92163209)the IPE Project for Frontier Basic Research,China(No.QYJC-2023-08)
摘要Inspired by the visual neurons of biological systems,optoelectronic synaptic devices integrate photoresponsive semiconductor materials to convert light into electrical signals,enabling biomimetic visual perception systems.Achieving memory retention and intelligent perceptual functions continues to pose a major hurdle in the advancement of neuromorphic artificial synapse devices.This review begins with an exploration of biological neural synapses,analyzing the fundamental characteristics and structures of biomimetic optoelectronic synapses.It then delves into the design of device and material structures to achieve postsynaptic current and memory behavior,elucidating their underlying mechanisms.Furthermore,the latest application scenarios of these devices are summarized,highlighting the opportunities and challenges in their future development.This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the advancements in optoelectronic synapses,from material innovations to neuromorphic applications,paving the way for next-generation artificial visual systems and neuromorphic computing.
摘要A massive rock and ice avalanche occurred on the western slope of the Ronti Gad valley in the northern part of Chamoli,Indian Himalaya,on 7 February 7,2021.The avalanche on the high mountain slope at an elevation of 5600 m above sea level triggered a long runout disaster chain,including rock mass avalanche,debris avalanche,and flood.The disaster chain had a horizontal travel distance of larger than 17,600 m and an elevation difference of 4300 m.In this study,the disaster characteristics and dynamic process were analyzed by multitemporal satellite imagery.The results show that the massive rock and ice avalanche was caused by four large expanding discontinuity planes.The disaster chain was divided into five zones by satellite images and field observation,including source zone,transition zone,dynamic entrainment zone,flow deposition zone,and flood zone.The entrainment effect and melting water were recognized as the main causes of the long-runout distance.Based on the seismic wave records and field videos,the time progress of the disaster was analyzed and the velocity of frontal debris at different stages was calculated.The total analyzed disaster duration was 1247 s,and the frontal debris velocity colliding with the second hydropower station was approximately 23 m/s.This study also carried out the numerical simulation of the disaster by rapid mass movement simulation(RAMMS).The numerical results reproduced the dynamic process of the debris avalanche,and the mechanism of long-runout avalanche was further verified by parametric study.Furthermore,this study discussed the potential causes of disaster and flood and the roles of satellite images and seismic networks in the monitoring and early-warning.
基金supported by the Open Funding Project of State Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery(2023KF-04)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(2262078)National Natural Science Foundation of China(22293043).
摘要Inorganic non-metallic materials have garnered significant attention in biomedicine due to their structural tunability and multifunctional properties.The emergence of next-generation artificial intelligence(AI)technologies is transforming the conventional trial-and-error paradigm of materials research,supporting a more data-driven and predictive approach.This review highlights the frontier applications and key breakthroughs of AI in the design and development of inorganic non-metallic biomaterials.We first introduce the fundamental paradigm and workflow of AI4S,which integrates data acquisition,model construction,and material optimization.Based on this framework,we summarize recent advances in two major directions:forward prediction and inverse design.Forward prediction focuses on critical performance indicators such as drug release profiles,biological interactions,material stability,toxicity and biosafety,and biocatalytic activity.Simultaneously,AI-driven inverse design is accelerating the development of targeted materials,including drug delivery carriers,biomaterials for inflammatory disease treatment,antitumor,and tissue engineering.Finally,we discuss key breakthroughs in AI-assisted inorganic biomaterial design,emphasizing the emerging role of generative models in enabling inverse design.Future perspectives on integrating domain knowledge,high-throughput experiments,and interpretable models are also outlined,which may provide guidance for the intelligent development of next-generation biomaterials.
摘要The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory(JUNO)started physics data taking on 26 August 2025.JUNO consists of a 20-kton liquid scintillator central detector,surrounded by a 35 kton water pool serving as a Cherenkov veto,and almost 1000 m2 of plastic scintillator veto on top.The detector is located in a shallow underground laboratory with an overburden of 1800 m.w.e.This paper presents the performance results of the detector,extensively studied during the commissioning of the water phase,the subsequent liquid scintillator filling phase,and the first physics runs.The liquid scintillator achieved an attenuation length of 20.6 m at 430 nm,while the high coverage PMT system and scintillator together yielded about 1785 photoelectrons per MeV of energy deposit at the detector centre,measured using the 2.223 MeVγfrom neutron captures on hydrogen with an Am-C calibration source.The reconstructed energy resolution is 3.4%for two 0.511 MeVγat the detector centre and 2.9%for the 0.93 MeV quenched 214Po alpha decays from natural radioactive sources.The energy non-linearity is calibrated to better than 1%.Intrinsic contaminations of 238U and 232Th in the liquid scintillator are below 10-16 g/g,assuming secular equilibrium.The water Cherenkov detector achieves a muon detection efficiency better than 99.9%for muons traversing the liquid scintillator volume.During the initial science runs,the data acquisition duty cycle exceeded 97.8%,demonstrating the excellent stability and readiness of JUNO for high-precision neutrino physics.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2022YFA1204500 and 2022YFA1204502)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22293043,51932001,52372170,and 92163209)+1 种基金the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Basic Research Cooperation Special Project(No.B2024204027)IPE Project for Frontier Basic Research(No.QYJC-2023-08).
摘要Enzyme-like metal atomic site catalysts are promising alternatives of platinum group metals for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)in fuel cell application.The local coordination structure at metal atomic sites plays a dominant role in optimizing the adsorption/desorption of oxygen intermediates to enhance ORR,but there is still a significant challenge in achieving.Herein,we report a type of stable and dynamically adjustable mono-oxygen-bridged asymmetric dual-atomic metal catalyst,in which the active Fe-oxo-Co motif demonstrates platinium-like ORR activity with a half-wave potential of 0.92 V vs.RHE in alkaline condition and a maximum power density of 228 mW·cm-2in Zn-air batteries.Theoretical calculations reveal that the Fe-oxo ligands can act as electron regulators for neighboring Co sites,which optimize and promote the d-orbitals of Co metal shift towards lower energy levels,thereby weakening the adsorption of oxygen species,facilitating the progress of the ORR.More interestingly,the Fe-oxo-Co bond will dynamically change its strength to adaptively facilitate the intermediate steps during the ORR process.The design strategy towards enzyme-like adaptive behavior of active Fe-oxo-Co motifs brings significant hope for achieveing high performance fuel cell cathode materials.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51502166, 51781220355)Shaanxi Province Department of Education Fund (15JK1156)
摘要Zinc oxide (ZnO) is one of the most widely used benchmark standard photocatalysts in the field of en- vironmental applications [1-3]. As a wide band-gap semiconductor oxide (Eg=3.37 eV) with large excitation binding energy (60 meV), zinc oxide becomes one of the most important functional materials with unique prop- erties of optical transparency, electric conductivity and piezo electricity [4-10]. However, the large band gap and the massive recombination of photogenerated charge carriers, especially in its nanosize.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFA0202801)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21521091,21573119,21590792,21390393,U1463202,and 21473199)Beijing Municipal Science&Tech-nology Commissionand Chinese Academy of Sciences.
摘要We report a highly efficient Pd/Ni(OH)2 catalyst loaded with ultra-low levels of palladium (50 ppm Pd by mass) for the selective hydrogenation of acetylene to ethylene. The turnover frequency for acetylene conversion over the 0.005% Pd/Ni(OH)2 catalyst is twice that of the equivalent 0.8% Pd/Ni(OH)2 catalyst. Notabl an acetylene-to-ethylene selectivity of 80% was achieved over a wide range of temperatures. Aberration-corrected high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy was used to reveal the atomically dispersed nature of palladium in the 0.005% Pd/Ni(OH)2 catalyst. The excellent selectivity of this catalyst is attributed to its atomically dispersed Pd sites, while the abundant hydroxyl groups of the support significantly enhance the acetylene conversion activity. This work opens up innovative opportunities for new types of highly efficient catalysts with trace noble-metal loadings for a wide variety of reactions.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.92163209,21931012,21971244,51872024,and 51932001)Talent Team of Taishan Scholar’s Advantageous and Characteristic Disciplines of Shandong Province.Prof.Lin thanks the Taishan Scholarship Project of Shandong Province(No.tsqn201909115).
摘要Solar thermal interfacial water evaporation is proposed as a promising route to address freshwater scarcity,which can reduce energy consumption and have unlimited application scenarios.The large semiconductor family with controllable bandgap and good chemo-physical stability are considered as good candidates for photo-evaporation.However,the evaporation rate is not satisfactory because the rational control of nano/micro structure and composition is still in its infancy stage.Herein,by systemically analyzing the photo-thermal evaporation processes,we applied the hollow multishelled structure(HoMS)into this application.Benefiting from the multishelled and hierarchical porous structure,the light absorption,thermal regulation,and water transport are simultaneously optimized,resulting in a water evaporation rate of 3.2 kg·m-2·h-1,which is among the best performance in solar-vapour generation.The collected water from different water resources meets the World Health Organization standard for drinkable water.Interestingly,by using the CuO/Cu2O system,reactive oxygen species were generated for water disinfection,showing a new route for efficient solar-vapour generation and a green way to obtain safe drinking water.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.21821005,21931012,21820102002,22293043,52272097,and 52202354)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(grant no.2242019)the DNL Cooperation Fund,Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)(grant no.DNL202020).
摘要The ultimate goal of photocatalytic CO2reduction is to efficiently convert atmospheric CO2into value-added products by designing hierarchical photocatalysts that combine effective harvesting and accelerate activation capabilities of CO2molecules.In this work,we demonstrated direct air-level CO2reduction by hollow multishell structure(HoMS)nanoreactors with zeolitic imidazolate framework-8(ZIF-8)-modified ZnO heteroshells,which offers a promising solution to optimize the mass transfer process via selective sieving and effective enrichment of CO2molecules from the atmospheric environments.Specifically,heteroshells with ZIF-8 matrix act as pumps that effectively capture CO2molecules,while the cavities serve as tanks to hold these molecules,thus significantly enhancing the transfer kinetics for CO2photoreduction.The periodic shell-cavity configuration allows the nanoreactor to effectively gather CO2molecules near the catalytic sites,thus increasing conversion opportunities for activated molecules.Simultaneously,the surface atomic steps on the ZnO/ZIF-8 heterointerfaces with staggered geometry expedite charge transfer and adsorption efficiency,which synergistically boosts the CO2-CO yield up to 3.7μmol/h under CO2flow and 0.7μmol/h under atmospheric conditions with almost complete CO selectivity.Hopefully,the HoMS nanoreactors offer a potential strategy for solving the“last mile”challenge in practical CO2valorization.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51932001,51872024,52022097,22293043)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFA0703503)the Foundation of the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.2020048)。
摘要Single-atom catalysts(SACs)with high catalytic activity as well as great stability are demonstrating great promotion in electrocatalytic energy conversion,which is also a big challenge to achieve.Herein,we proposed a facile synthetic strategy to construct nickel-iron bimetallic hydroxide nanoribbon stabilized single-atom iridium catalysts(Ir-NiFe-OH),where the nickel-iron hydroxide nanoribbon not only can serve as good electronic conductor,but also can well stabilize and fully expose single-atom sites.Adopted as catalyst for urea oxidation reaction(UOR),it exhibited excellent UOR performance that it only needed a low operated potential of 1.38 V to achieve the current density of 100 mA·cm-2.In-situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,X-ray absorption spectrum,and density functional theory calculations proved that Ir species are active centers and the existence of both Ni and Fe in the local structure of Ir atom can optimize the d-band center of Ir species,promoting the adsorption of intermediates and desorption of products for UOR.The hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)/UOR electrocatalytic cell demanded voltages of 1.46 and 1.50 V to achieve 50 and 100 mA·cm-2,respectively,which demonstrated a higher activity and better stability than those of conventional catalysts.This work opens a new avenue to develop catalysts for UORs with boosted activity and stability.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51932001,51872024,52022097,and 22022508)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFA0703503)+1 种基金the Foundation of the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.2020048)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022M712167).
摘要Fabricating single-atom catalysts(SACs)with high catalytic activity as well as great stability is a big challenge.Herein,we propose a precise synthesis strategy to stabilize single atomic ruthenium through regulating vanadium defects of nickel vanadium layered double hydroxides(NiV-LDH)ultrathin nanoribbons support.Correspondingly,the isolated atomically Ru doped NiV-LDH ultrathin nanoribbons(NiVRu-R)were successfully fabricated with a super-high Ru load of 12.8 wt.%.X-ray absorption spectrum(XAS)characterization further confirmed atomic dispersion of Ru.As catalysts for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)in alkaline media,the NiVRu-R demonstrated superior catalytic properties to the commercial Pt/C.Moreover,it maintained exceptional stability even after 5,000 cyclic voltammetry cycles.In-situ XAS and density functional theory(DFT)calculations prove that the Ru atomic sites are stabilized on supports through forming the Ru-O-V structure,which also help promote the catalytic properties through reducing the energy barrier on atomic Ru catalytic sites.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2023YFF0612804)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52222602,52236006,and 22293043)+3 种基金Beijing Nova Program(No.20220484170)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.FRF-TP-22-001C1 and FRF-EYIT-23-05)Foundation of the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of CAS(No.2020048)IPE Project for Frontier Basic Research(No.QYJC-2023-08).
摘要When nano-fillers are used to enhance the thermal conductivity of organic phase change materials(PCMs),the naturally formed interface is considered to hinder thermal transport of the composite PCMs.However,the effect of the interface on the thermal properties of surrounding PCM has not been fully studied.In this paper,three composite PCMs(Ery@SiC,Ery@SiO2 and Ery@Si3N4)were prepared by melt-blending method.The local thermal conductivity and reduced Young’s modulus(E*)of the erythritol at the interface and far away from the interface in the composite PCMs were simultaneously measured by scanning thermal microscopy(SThM).The results revealed significant enhancement in local thermal conductivity of erythritol at the interface and its obvious positive correlation with E*.For different composite PCMs,molecular dynamics(MD)simulations suggested that the increase in intrinsic thermal conductivity and E*of erythritol is attributed to the increase in interaction energy between erythritol and nanoparticles,as more erythritol phonon vibrations transform from localized mode to delocalized mode and erythritol has a higher density at the interface.These findings will provide new ideas for the design of PCM for energy storage.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFB0600903)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21590795,21820102002,21821005)+1 种基金the Scientific Instrument Developing Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.YZ201623)the Queensland-Chinese Academy of Sciences Collaborative Science Fund(122111KYSB20170001),and the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Interdisciplinary Innovation Team.
摘要We fabricated a photodetector using hollow multi-shell structured(HoMSs)SnO2as an active material,which exhibits enhanced ultraviolet responsivity and detectivity compared to SnO2nanoparticles.This is because the internal cavity within the HoMSs helps to trap light and enhance light absorption.With an increase in the number of shells,the photodetector performance is improved.
基金Project supported by the National Science Foundation of China(Nos.61505085,61574080,61274127)the Innovation Project of Jiangsu Graduate Student,China(No.SJLX15_0379)
摘要Phosphorene has a very high hole mobility and can be a tuned band structure,and has become an ideal material for electronic devices.For this new type of two-dimensional material,in the applied strain,black phosphorus(BP) can be changed into an indirect band gap and metallic materials from the direct band gap semiconductor material,which greatly affect its inherent physical characteristics.How to identify strained micro structure changes becomes an important problem.The calculated Raman spectra disclose that the Ag-2 mode and B(2g) mode will split and the Raman spectra appear,while the Ag-1 mode is shifted to low-frequency region.The deformation induced by strain will effectively change the Raman mode position and intensity,this can be used to identify phosphorus changes.