The East Asian Very Long Baseline Interferometry(VLBI) Network(EAVN) is a rapidly evolving international VLBI array that is currently promoted under joint efforts among China,Japan and Korea.EAVN aims at forming a joi...The East Asian Very Long Baseline Interferometry(VLBI) Network(EAVN) is a rapidly evolving international VLBI array that is currently promoted under joint efforts among China,Japan and Korea.EAVN aims at forming a joint VLBI Network by combining a large number of radio telescopes distributed over East Asian regions.After the combination of the Korean VLBI Network(KVN) and the VLBI Exploration of Radio Astrometry(VERA) into Ka VA,further expansion with the joint array in East Asia is actively promoted.Here we report the first imaging results(at 22 and 43 GHz) of bright radio sources obtained with Ka VA connected to Tianma 65-m and Nanshan 26-m Radio Telescopes in China.To test the EAVN imaging performance for different sources,we observed four active galactic nuclei(AGN) having different brightness and morphology.As a result,we confirmed that the Tianma 65-m Radio Telescope(TMRT) significantly enhances the overall array sensitivity,a factor of 4 improvement in baseline sensitivity and 2 in image dynamic range compared to the case of Ka VA only.The addition of the Nanshan 26-m Radio Telescope(NSRT) further doubled the east-west angular resolution.With the resulting high-dynamic-range,high-resolution images with EAVN(Ka VA+TMRT+NSRT),various fine-scale structures in our targets,such as the counter-jet in M87,a kink-like morphology of the 3 C 273 jet and the weak emission in other sources are successfully detected.This demonstrates the powerful capability of EAVN to study AGN jets and to achieve other science goals in general.Ongoing expansion of EAVN will further enhance the angular resolution,detection sensitivity and frequency coverage of the network.展开更多
Porous microneedles have attracted considerable attention as minimally invasive tools for interstitial fluid samplingand biomarker analyses.However,existing porous microneedle fabrication methods often suffer from low...Porous microneedles have attracted considerable attention as minimally invasive tools for interstitial fluid samplingand biomarker analyses.However,existing porous microneedle fabrication methods often suffer from low extractionefficiency,primarily because of the inherent trade-off between increasing porosity and maintaining sufficientmechanical strength.Herein,we present a novel approach for fabricating porous microneedles with controllable poresizes and enhanced extraction performance.Monodisperse polylactic acid microspheres,produced via microfluidictechniques,are thermally bonded to form porous microneedles with interconnected pore networks originating fromthe connected voids between the microspheres.By precisely adjusting the microsphere diameter,we optimize thepore size to achieve high extraction efficiency while preserving structural integrity.Following surface treatment andbonding parameter optimization,the resulting porous microneedles exhibit sufficient mechanical strength topenetrate human skin and achieve an in vitro extraction rate of 0.95μL/min per needle—the highest reported to date.Furthermore,porous microneedles are integrated with a colorimetric paper-based sensor for glucose detection,demonstrating a linear correlation between glucose concentration and the colorimetric response of the sensor.Thiswork provides a promising tool for high-speed interstitial fluid extraction and expands the fabrication strategy forporous structures in biosensing applications.展开更多
In this paper,we propose a novel algorithm called neuron-wise parallel subspace cor-rection method for the finite neuron method that approximates numerical solutions of partial differential equations(PDEs)using neural...In this paper,we propose a novel algorithm called neuron-wise parallel subspace cor-rection method for the finite neuron method that approximates numerical solutions of partial differential equations(PDEs)using neural network functions.Despite extremely extensive research activities in applying neural networks for numerical PDEs,there is still a serious lack of effective training algorithms that can achieve adequate accuracy,even for one-dimensional problems.Based on recent results on the spectral properties of lin-ear layers and analysis for single neuron problems,we develop a special type of subspace correction method that optimizes the linear layer and each neuron in the nonlinear layer separately.An optimal preconditioner that resolves the ill-conditioning of the linear layer is presented for one-dimensional problems,so that the linear layer is trained in a uniform number of iterations with respect to the number of neurons.In each single neuron problem,a local minimum is found by a superlinearly convergent algorithm.Numerical experiments on function approximation problems and PDEs demonstrate better performance of the proposed method than other gradient-based methods.展开更多
A microneedle(MN)array is a novel biomedical device adopted in medical applications to pierce through the stratum corneum while targeting the viable epidermis and dermis layers of the skin.Owing to their micron-scale ...A microneedle(MN)array is a novel biomedical device adopted in medical applications to pierce through the stratum corneum while targeting the viable epidermis and dermis layers of the skin.Owing to their micron-scale dimensions,MNs can minimize stimulations of the sensory nerve fibers in the dermis layer.For medical applications,such as wound healing,biosensing,and drug delivery,the structure of MNs significantly influences their mechanical properties.Among the various microfabrication methods for MNs,fused deposition modeling(FDM),a commercial 3D printing method,shows potential in terms of the biocompatibility of the printed material(polylactic acid(PLA))and preprogrammable arbitrary shapes.Owing to the current limitations of FDM printer resolution,conventional micron-scale MN structures cannot be fabricated without a post-fabrication process.Hydrolysis in an alkaline solution is a feasible approach for reducing the size of PLA needles printed via FDM.Moreover,weak bonding between PLA layers during additive manufacturing triggers the detachment of PLA needles before etching to the expected sizes.Furthermore,various parameters for the fabrication of PLA MNs with FDM have yet to be sufficiently optimized.In this study,the thermal parameters of the FDM printing process,including the nozzle and printing stage temperatures,were investigated to bolster the interfacial bonding between PLA layers.Reinforced bonding was demonstrated to address the detachment challenges faced by PLA MNs during the chemical etching process.Furthermore,chemical etching parameters,including the etchant concentration,environmental temperature,and stirring speed of the etchant,were studied to determine the optimal etching ratio.To develop a universal methodology for the batch fabrication of biodegradable MNs,this study is expected to optimize the conditions of the FDM-based fabrication process.Additive manufacturing was employed to produce MNs with preprogrammed structures.Inclined MNs were successfully fabricated by FDM printing with chemical etching.This geometrical structure can be adopted to enhance adhesion to the skin layer.Our study provides a useful method for fabricating MN structures for various biomedical applications.展开更多
Microextrusion printing is widely used to precisely manufacture microdevices,microphysiological systems,and biological constructs that feature micropatterns and microstructures consisting of various materials.This met...Microextrusion printing is widely used to precisely manufacture microdevices,microphysiological systems,and biological constructs that feature micropatterns and microstructures consisting of various materials.This method is particularly useful for creating biological models that recapitulate in vivo-like cellular microenvironments.Although there is a recent demand for high-throughput data from a single in vitro system,it remains challenging to fabricate multiple models with a small volume of bioinks in a stable and precise manner due to the spreading and evaporation issues of the extruded hydrogel.As printing time increases,the extruded bioink spreads and evaporates,leading to technical problems that decrease printing resolution and stability,as well as biological problems that affect 3D culture space and cell viability.In this study,we describe a novel microextrusion bioprinting technique to stably fabricate a multi-composition array consisting of massive and nanoliter-scale hydrogel dots by using multi-bioink printing and aerosol-based crosslinking techniques to prevent spreading and evaporation issues.We confirmed that the crosslinking aerosol effectively prevented spreading and evaporation by analyzing the morphological changes of the extruded hydrogel.By adjusting the extruding ratio of the bioinks,we were able to print a multi-composition array.This stable and massive array printing technique allowed us to improve the replicates of biological models and provide various data from a single culture system.The array printing technique was applied to recapitulate the intra-tumor heterogeneity of glioblastoma and assess temozolomide efficacy on the array model.展开更多
基金supported by The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)supported by the Japanese Government (MEXT) Scholarship+18 种基金supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP18K03656 (M.K.),JP18H03721 (K.N.,K.H.and M.K.),JP19H01943 (K.H.,F.T.and Y.H.) and JP18KK0090 (K.H.and F.T.)supported by the Mitsubishi Foundation (grant number 201911019)supported by an EACOA Fellowship awarded by the East Asia Core Observatories Association,which consists of the Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics,the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan,the Center for Astronomical Mega-Science,the Chinese Academy of Sciencesthe Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institutethe financial support from the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea via Global Ph.D.Fellowship Grant 2014H1A2A1018695 and 2015H1A2A1033752,respectivelysupport from the NRF via Grant 2019R1F1A1059721supported by the Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC,Grant Nos.11590780 and 11590784)the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No.KJCX1-YW-18)the Scientific Program of Shanghai Municipality (08DZ1160100)Key Laboratory for Radio Astronomy,CASsupport from NSFC (Grant No.11803071)supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No.2018YFA0404602)the CAS ‘Light of West China’ Program (Grant No.2018-XBQNXZ-B021)the NSFC (Grant Nos.U2031212 and 61931002)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the CAS (Grant No.2017084)support from Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) FRGS/1/2019/STG02/UM/02/6supported by the Max Planck Partner Group of the MPG and the CASthe support by the Key Program of the NSFC (Grant No.11933007)the Research Program of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences,CAS (Grant No.ZDBS-LY-SLH011)。
摘要The East Asian Very Long Baseline Interferometry(VLBI) Network(EAVN) is a rapidly evolving international VLBI array that is currently promoted under joint efforts among China,Japan and Korea.EAVN aims at forming a joint VLBI Network by combining a large number of radio telescopes distributed over East Asian regions.After the combination of the Korean VLBI Network(KVN) and the VLBI Exploration of Radio Astrometry(VERA) into Ka VA,further expansion with the joint array in East Asia is actively promoted.Here we report the first imaging results(at 22 and 43 GHz) of bright radio sources obtained with Ka VA connected to Tianma 65-m and Nanshan 26-m Radio Telescopes in China.To test the EAVN imaging performance for different sources,we observed four active galactic nuclei(AGN) having different brightness and morphology.As a result,we confirmed that the Tianma 65-m Radio Telescope(TMRT) significantly enhances the overall array sensitivity,a factor of 4 improvement in baseline sensitivity and 2 in image dynamic range compared to the case of Ka VA only.The addition of the Nanshan 26-m Radio Telescope(NSRT) further doubled the east-west angular resolution.With the resulting high-dynamic-range,high-resolution images with EAVN(Ka VA+TMRT+NSRT),various fine-scale structures in our targets,such as the counter-jet in M87,a kink-like morphology of the 3 C 273 jet and the weak emission in other sources are successfully detected.This demonstrates the powerful capability of EAVN to study AGN jets and to achieve other science goals in general.Ongoing expansion of EAVN will further enhance the angular resolution,detection sensitivity and frequency coverage of the network.
基金funded and supported by Japan Science and Technology Agency SPRING(Grant number:JPMJSP2108)Japan,and Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Core-to-Core Program A(Grant number:JSPSCCA20190006)supported by 2025 Hyper-Convergence Research Support Program(0681-20250036)at Seoul National University.
摘要Porous microneedles have attracted considerable attention as minimally invasive tools for interstitial fluid samplingand biomarker analyses.However,existing porous microneedle fabrication methods often suffer from low extractionefficiency,primarily because of the inherent trade-off between increasing porosity and maintaining sufficientmechanical strength.Herein,we present a novel approach for fabricating porous microneedles with controllable poresizes and enhanced extraction performance.Monodisperse polylactic acid microspheres,produced via microfluidictechniques,are thermally bonded to form porous microneedles with interconnected pore networks originating fromthe connected voids between the microspheres.By precisely adjusting the microsphere diameter,we optimize thepore size to achieve high extraction efficiency while preserving structural integrity.Following surface treatment andbonding parameter optimization,the resulting porous microneedles exhibit sufficient mechanical strength topenetrate human skin and achieve an in vitro extraction rate of 0.95μL/min per needle—the highest reported to date.Furthermore,porous microneedles are integrated with a colorimetric paper-based sensor for glucose detection,demonstrating a linear correlation between glucose concentration and the colorimetric response of the sensor.Thiswork provides a promising tool for high-speed interstitial fluid extraction and expands the fabrication strategy forporous structures in biosensing applications.
基金supported in part by the NRF Grant funded by MSIT(No.2021R1C1C2095193)in part by the KAUST Baseline Research Fund.An early version of this paper can be found in[25].
摘要In this paper,we propose a novel algorithm called neuron-wise parallel subspace cor-rection method for the finite neuron method that approximates numerical solutions of partial differential equations(PDEs)using neural network functions.Despite extremely extensive research activities in applying neural networks for numerical PDEs,there is still a serious lack of effective training algorithms that can achieve adequate accuracy,even for one-dimensional problems.Based on recent results on the spectral properties of lin-ear layers and analysis for single neuron problems,we develop a special type of subspace correction method that optimizes the linear layer and each neuron in the nonlinear layer separately.An optimal preconditioner that resolves the ill-conditioning of the linear layer is presented for one-dimensional problems,so that the linear layer is trained in a uniform number of iterations with respect to the number of neurons.In each single neuron problem,a local minimum is found by a superlinearly convergent algorithm.Numerical experiments on function approximation problems and PDEs demonstrate better performance of the proposed method than other gradient-based methods.
摘要A microneedle(MN)array is a novel biomedical device adopted in medical applications to pierce through the stratum corneum while targeting the viable epidermis and dermis layers of the skin.Owing to their micron-scale dimensions,MNs can minimize stimulations of the sensory nerve fibers in the dermis layer.For medical applications,such as wound healing,biosensing,and drug delivery,the structure of MNs significantly influences their mechanical properties.Among the various microfabrication methods for MNs,fused deposition modeling(FDM),a commercial 3D printing method,shows potential in terms of the biocompatibility of the printed material(polylactic acid(PLA))and preprogrammable arbitrary shapes.Owing to the current limitations of FDM printer resolution,conventional micron-scale MN structures cannot be fabricated without a post-fabrication process.Hydrolysis in an alkaline solution is a feasible approach for reducing the size of PLA needles printed via FDM.Moreover,weak bonding between PLA layers during additive manufacturing triggers the detachment of PLA needles before etching to the expected sizes.Furthermore,various parameters for the fabrication of PLA MNs with FDM have yet to be sufficiently optimized.In this study,the thermal parameters of the FDM printing process,including the nozzle and printing stage temperatures,were investigated to bolster the interfacial bonding between PLA layers.Reinforced bonding was demonstrated to address the detachment challenges faced by PLA MNs during the chemical etching process.Furthermore,chemical etching parameters,including the etchant concentration,environmental temperature,and stirring speed of the etchant,were studied to determine the optimal etching ratio.To develop a universal methodology for the batch fabrication of biodegradable MNs,this study is expected to optimize the conditions of the FDM-based fabrication process.Additive manufacturing was employed to produce MNs with preprogrammed structures.Inclined MNs were successfully fabricated by FDM printing with chemical etching.This geometrical structure can be adopted to enhance adhesion to the skin layer.Our study provides a useful method for fabricating MN structures for various biomedical applications.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(NRF-2022R1A2B5B03002198).
摘要Microextrusion printing is widely used to precisely manufacture microdevices,microphysiological systems,and biological constructs that feature micropatterns and microstructures consisting of various materials.This method is particularly useful for creating biological models that recapitulate in vivo-like cellular microenvironments.Although there is a recent demand for high-throughput data from a single in vitro system,it remains challenging to fabricate multiple models with a small volume of bioinks in a stable and precise manner due to the spreading and evaporation issues of the extruded hydrogel.As printing time increases,the extruded bioink spreads and evaporates,leading to technical problems that decrease printing resolution and stability,as well as biological problems that affect 3D culture space and cell viability.In this study,we describe a novel microextrusion bioprinting technique to stably fabricate a multi-composition array consisting of massive and nanoliter-scale hydrogel dots by using multi-bioink printing and aerosol-based crosslinking techniques to prevent spreading and evaporation issues.We confirmed that the crosslinking aerosol effectively prevented spreading and evaporation by analyzing the morphological changes of the extruded hydrogel.By adjusting the extruding ratio of the bioinks,we were able to print a multi-composition array.This stable and massive array printing technique allowed us to improve the replicates of biological models and provide various data from a single culture system.The array printing technique was applied to recapitulate the intra-tumor heterogeneity of glioblastoma and assess temozolomide efficacy on the array model.