Once sea spray aerosol(SSA)particles are emitted into the atmosphere,they tend to interact with organic compounds and form a certain amount of organic coating on their surfaces.Here,laboratory measurements were perfor...Once sea spray aerosol(SSA)particles are emitted into the atmosphere,they tend to interact with organic compounds and form a certain amount of organic coating on their surfaces.Here,laboratory measurements were performed to investigate property changes between uncoated and coated SSA particles to assess the effect of organic coating on the surface chemistry and optical properties of nascent SSA.Stearic acid,oleic acid and mixed fatty acid were used as a proxy for coating materials and applied to aerosols produced by SSA generator.We found that the geometric mean diameter of SSA particles increased with increasing concentration of the fatty acid vapor due to higher heating temperatures,suggesting the formation of thicker coatings.Characterization by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscope demonstrated that the SSA surface was coated with an organic coating of fatty acids,which gave the SSA a core–shell morphology.Furthermore,optical measurements by photo-acoustic extinctiometer at 375 nm revealed significantly enhanced light scattering efficiency and complex refractive index from fatty acid-coated SSA particles.The current results suggest that the fatty acid coating changes the diameter and surface composition of SSA particles,which may further impact their optical properties.It is therefore necessary to accurately characterize the overall properties of SSA particles carrying organic coatings due to condensing fatty acid vapor to reveal their overall impact on climate.展开更多
The robustness of single-atom catalysts(SACs)is a critical concern for practical applications,especially for thermal catalysis at elevated temperatures under reductive conditions.In this study,a laser solid-phase synt...The robustness of single-atom catalysts(SACs)is a critical concern for practical applications,especially for thermal catalysis at elevated temperatures under reductive conditions.In this study,a laser solid-phase synthesis technique is reported to fabricate atom-nanoisland-sea structured SACs for the first time.The resultant catalysts are constructed by Pt single atoms on In2O3supported by Co3O4nanoislands uniformly dispersed in the sea of reduced graphene oxide.The laser process,with a maximum temperature of 2349 K within~100μs,produced abundant oxygen vacancies(up to 70.8%)and strong interactions between the Pt single atoms and In2O3.The laser-synthesized catalysts exhibited a remarkable catalytic performance towards CO2hydrogenation to methanol at 300°C with a CO2conversion of 30.3%,methanol selectivity of 90.6%and exceptional stability over 48 h without any deactivation,outperforming most of the relevant catalysts reported in the literature.Characterization of the spent catalysts after testing for 48 h reveals that the Pt single atoms were retained and the oxygen vacancies remained almost unchanged.In situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectrum was conducted to establish the reaction mechanism supported by the density functional theory simulations.It is believed that this laser synthesis strategy opens a new avenue towards rapidly manufacturing highly active and robust thermal SACs.展开更多
Single-atom catalysts for CO2hydrogenation often deactivate due to structural instability under harsh reductive conditions.An amorphous-crystalline hybrid structured In2O3/Co3O4-based catalyst with Pt s...Single-atom catalysts for CO2hydrogenation often deactivate due to structural instability under harsh reductive conditions.An amorphous-crystalline hybrid structured In2O3/Co3O4-based catalyst with Pt single-atom implantation is innovatively synthesised by laser irradiation.In this work,a dynamic sacrificial-evolution-protection regulation strategy is proposed.The implanted Pt single-atoms,serving as active seeds,undergo migration and trigger reaction-induced dynamic evolution to generate sintering-resistant CoPt3and Co3InC0.75to prevent excessive reduction of In2O3to free metallic In.Concurrently,a self-constructed atomically ordered crystalline core-amorphous oxygen-enriched protective layer(AOL)contributes to anti-sintering,dynamic oxygen compensation,and stabilization of"HCOO intermediates.As a result,the catalyst achieves 16.21%±0.98% CO2conversion and 90.57%±1.02%CH3OH selectivity over 1000 h.This study elucidates the synergistic mechanism of laser-implanted single-atom catalysts,highlighting the dynamic evolution-driven retention of activity and stability,and establishes a direct correlation between the dynamic evolution of multicomponent structures and performance.This efficient and convenient laser solid-phase synthesis technique enables coupled design of single-atom implantation and dynamic regulation of multicomponent structures,offering a critical strategy for green methanol synthesis and the design of ultra-stable catalysts under extreme conditions.展开更多
Covalent organic frameworks(COFs)exhibiting reversible redox behaviors have been identified as promising candidates for constructing electrode materials in lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).However,their extensive applicati...Covalent organic frameworks(COFs)exhibiting reversible redox behaviors have been identified as promising candidates for constructing electrode materials in lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).However,their extensive application has been limited due to finite redox sites and poor structural stability.In this study,we design and synthesize a novel polyimide covalent organic framework(PI-COF)using the traditional solvothermal method and successfully apply it as an anode material for LIBs.The large conjugated structure of PI-COF accelerates charge transfer,while its large surface area provides more active sites,making PI-COF an attractive anode material for LIBs.Furthermore,the PI-COF anode material demonstrates high reversible specific capacity and excellent long-term cycling stability due to its COF characteristics.Specifically,the PI-COF electrodes deliver a specific capacity of 800 m Ah/g at a current density of 200 m A/g after 200 cycles,while a specific capacity of 450 m Ah/g at a current density of 1000 m A/g is sustained after 800 cycles.The outstanding lithium storage capacity,particularly the satisfactory long-term cycling stability,establishes PI-COF as a promising material for LIBs.展开更多
Practical English test for higher vocational colleges is examining students learning effect, curriculum arrangement and teaching model rationality, and it is one of the important propositions in the study of English a...Practical English test for higher vocational colleges is examining students learning effect, curriculum arrangement and teaching model rationality, and it is one of the important propositions in the study of English application ability. In practical English test, concreteness, pertinence and practicability are emphasized. It is closely linked with the students' knowledge practice and attracts more attention from school teachers and students to a large extent. In the real interactive teaching and learning, the scores of higher vocational college students in practical English test are affected by many factors. In this paper, the factors affecting the ability of higher vocational college students in practical English test are discussed from teaching model, learning strategies, and the cultivation of the students' English comprehensive ability.展开更多
Amines have many atmospheric sources and their clusters play an important role in aerosol nucleation processes. Clusters of a typical amine, dimethylamine(DMA), of different sizes were measured with matrix isolation...Amines have many atmospheric sources and their clusters play an important role in aerosol nucleation processes. Clusters of a typical amine, dimethylamine(DMA), of different sizes were measured with matrix isolation IR(infrared) and NIR(near infrared)spectroscopy. The NIR vibrations are more separated and therefore it is easier to distinguish different sizes of clusters in this region. The DMA clusters, up to DMA tetramer, have been optimized using density functional methods, and the geometries, binding energies and thermodynamic properties of DMA clusters were obtained. The computed frequencies and intensities of NH-stretching vibrations in the DMA clusters were used to interpret the experimental spectra. We have identified the fundamental transitions of the bonded NH-stretching vibration and the first overtone transitions of the bonded and free NH-stretching vibration in the DMA clusters. Based on the changes in vibrational intensities during the annealing processes, the growth of clusters was clearly observed. The results of annealing processes indicate that DMA molecules tend to form larger clusters with lower energies under matrix temperatures, which is also supported by the calculated reaction energies of cluster formation.展开更多
In July 2021,China launched its national carbon emission trading system(ETS),initially targeting thermal power plants with annual emissions exceeding 26,000 tons of carbon dioxide(CO2).Optimizing the inclusion thre...In July 2021,China launched its national carbon emission trading system(ETS),initially targeting thermal power plants with annual emissions exceeding 26,000 tons of carbon dioxide(CO2).Optimizing the inclusion thresholds within the ETS is crucial for effective carbon market policy formulation.This study introduces a threshold optimization model for ETS that evaluates carbon market benefits across varied inclusion thresholds and identifies the optimal threshold based on the cost savings per unit of emission reduction.We applied this model to determine the optimal inclusion threshold for China’s national ETS and to prioritize the order of industry inclusion under the adjusted threshold.Our simulation results indicate the following:(i)For the exclusive participation of the thermal power sector in the ETS,the optimal inclusion threshold is 19,000 tons of CO2;however,this threshold decreases to 3,000 tons of CO2when all major sectors are included;(ii)In the expansion phases of the ETS,the optimal sequence for industry inclusion is cement manufacturing,steel smelting,basic chemical raw materials,and aluminum smelting,which maximizes ETS benefits and reduces abatement costs by 36%;(iii)Under the optimal threshold,large-scale enterprises benefit significantly more than small and medium-sized enterprises,capturing over 70%of total ETS advantages;(iv)There exists an"inverted U-shaped"correlation between ETS benefits and carbon reduction targets.展开更多
Due to its unbounded and orthogonal modes,the orbital angular momentum(OAM)is regarded as a key optical degree of freedom(DoF)for future information processing with ultra-high capacity and speed.Although the manipulat...Due to its unbounded and orthogonal modes,the orbital angular momentum(OAM)is regarded as a key optical degree of freedom(DoF)for future information processing with ultra-high capacity and speed.Although the manipulation of OAM based on metasurfaces has brought about great achievements in various fields,such manipulation currently remains at single-DoF level,which means the multiplexed manipulation of OAM with other optical DoFs is still lacking,greatly hampering the application of OAM beams and advancement of metasurfaces.In order to overcome this challenge,we propose the idea of multiplexed coherent pixel(MCP)for metasurfaces.This approach enables the manipulation of arbitrary complex-amplitude under incident lights of both plane and OAM waves,on the basis of which we have realized the multiplexed DoF control of OAM and wavelength.As a result,the MCP method expands the types of incident lights which can be simultaneously responded by metasurfaces,enriches the information processing capability of metasurfaces,and creates applications of information encryption and OAM demultiplexer.Our findings not only provide means for the design of high-security and high-capacity metasurfaces,but also raise the control and application level of OAM,offering great potential for multifunctional nanophotonic devices in the future.展开更多
Autotetraploid Carassius auratus is a stable hereditary autotetraploid fish resulting from the hybridization of Carassius auratus red var.(RCC,♀)×Megalobrama amblycephala(BSB,♂),containing four sets of RCC chro...Autotetraploid Carassius auratus is a stable hereditary autotetraploid fish resulting from the hybridization of Carassius auratus red var.(RCC,♀)×Megalobrama amblycephala(BSB,♂),containing four sets of RCC chromosomes.However,the molecular mechanism underlying the determination of sex in this species remains largely unknown.Currently,there lacks a full understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing sex determination and specific molecular markers to differentiate sex in this species.In this study,25,801,677 SNPs(Singlenucleotide polymorphism)and 6,210,306 Indels(insertion-deletion)were obtained from whole-genome resequencing of 100 individuals(including 50 female and 50 male).Further identification confirmed the candidate chromosomes as Chr46B,with the sex-determining region located at Chr46B:22,500,000‒22,800,000 bp.Based on the male-specific insertion(26 bp)within the candidate sex-determining region,a pair of sex-specific molecular markers has been identified.In addition,based on the screening of candidate sex-determining region genes and RT-qPCR validation analysis,ADAM10,AQP9 and tc1a were identified as candidate sex-determining genes.These findings provide a robust foundation for investigating sex determination mechanisms in fish,the evolution of sex chromosomes,and the development of monosex populations.展开更多
Perfect vector vortex beams(PVVBs)possess various degrees of freedom(Do Fs)for optical information applications,benefiting from increasing information capacity,processing speed,etc.During the last two decades,various ...Perfect vector vortex beams(PVVBs)possess various degrees of freedom(Do Fs)for optical information applications,benefiting from increasing information capacity,processing speed,etc.During the last two decades,various methods have been proposed for generating and controlling PVVBs,but most of these methods can only manipulate two or three Do Fs,greatly hindering further exploration and application of PVVBs.To overcome this problem,we propose an attenuation-controlled holographic technique based on metasurfaces,which can realize the arbitrary and independent control of 6-DoFs,greatly improving the manipulation dimension of PVVBs.The PVVBs with 6 on-demand Do Fs can appear in the array forms of either concentric or matrix rings without cross-talks or number limitations,which notably enlarges the number of information channels that can be simultaneously employed.Furthermore,we introduce a multi-dimensional dynamic addressing strategy for optical encryption with the advantages of both large capacity and high security due to its theoretically infinite code space.Our findings can not only deepen the study of optical field manipulation at the nanoscale,but also expand the application of structural light,promoting their utilization across the fields of nanophotonics,integrated optics,and optical information science at the high-dimensional level.展开更多
In this study,we developed a high-resolution stratigraphic framework for the Yanchang Formation in the Huachi Block of the Qingyang Oilfield,located in the Ordos Basin,northwest China.Using well log and seismic data,w...In this study,we developed a high-resolution stratigraphic framework for the Yanchang Formation in the Huachi Block of the Qingyang Oilfield,located in the Ordos Basin,northwest China.Using well log and seismic data,we traced and correlated sweet-spot sand bodies in tight oil reservoirs.Three long-term base-level cycles were identified in the Yanchang Formation,and five medium-term base-level cycles were delineated from the Chang 72 sub-Member to the Chang 4+5 Members,corresponding to five distinct oil groups.The primary production layer,Oil Group 3,was further divided into short-term and very short-term base-level cycles to facilitate the prediction of hydrocarbon target zones.Sweet-spot sand bodies were traced and correlated within very short-term cycles.The sweet-spot sand bodies are mainly sublacustrine channel deposits in the delta front,which were mainly developed in the five single layers(3-1-2,3-1-3,3-1-4,3-2-2,3-2-3 and 3-2-5)of the small layers 3-1 and 3-2 during the regression periods of base-level cycles.The sweet spot sand bodies within the small layer 3-2 are derived from three sets of sources in the northeast,northwest,and south of the basin.The Class I sweet spot is distributed within the single layer 3-2-5,with an average thickness of about 6 m,covering about 25%of the study area.The Class II sweet spot is developed in all five single layers,with the thickest and largest sweet-spot sand body in the Single layer 3-2-3,covering about 90%of the study area.This study highlights the critical importance of establishing a high-resolution sequence stratigraphic framework for the refined delineation of sweet-spot sand bodies within a deltaic-lacustrine depositional system.Additionally,sublacustrine fan deposits formed during the regressive semi-cycle were identified as key sweet spots in the study area.展开更多
Photocatalytic methane conversion to high value-added chemicals under mild conditions acts as a promising approach to utilize natural gas and renewable energy.Specifically,aerobic photocatalytic methane conversion tha...Photocatalytic methane conversion to high value-added chemicals under mild conditions acts as a promising approach to utilize natural gas and renewable energy.Specifically,aerobic photocatalytic methane conversion that uses molecular oxygen as oxidant has attracted much attention because it is thermodynamic favorable and could generate various reactive oxygen species,resulting in many value-added products like methanol,formaldehyde,ethane,and ethylene.In this review,we classify the aerobic photocatalytic methane conversion into aerobic photocatalytic partial oxidation of methane(APPOM)and aerobic photocatalytic coupling of methane(APCM).We particularly focus on the fundamentals of oxygen activation and methane reaction modes in these conversions.Finally,we provide a brief summary for current challenges and future prospects towards aerobic photocatalytic methane conversion.展开更多
Mild and direct conversion of methane into high value-added products is a desired goal for chemistry,energy,and environment.The active species generated in the photocatalytic reaction system under mild conditions acti...Mild and direct conversion of methane into high value-added products is a desired goal for chemistry,energy,and environment.The active species generated in the photocatalytic reaction system under mild conditions activate the inert C-H bond in methane and promote methane conversion.This review focuses on the developed mechanisms for C(sp3)-H bond activation in photocatalytic methane conversion,including radical and active site mechanisms.Particular emphasis is placed on the detailed summary of mechanism,characterization method,and corresponding application in photocatalytic methane conversion.We also discuss the challenges and prospects for future direction on C(sp3)-H bond activation mechanism in photocatalytic methane conversion.This review aims to promote the development of photocatalytic methane conversion and provides guidance for the design of high-efficiency photocatalysts.展开更多
Heterogeneous nucleation plays a critical role in the phase transition of water,which can cause damage in various systems.Here,we report that heterogeneous nucleation can be inhibited by utilizing hydrogel coatings to...Heterogeneous nucleation plays a critical role in the phase transition of water,which can cause damage in various systems.Here,we report that heterogeneous nucleation can be inhibited by utilizing hydrogel coatings to isolate solid surfaces and water.Hydrogels,which contain over 90%water when fully swelled,exhibit a high degree of similarity to water.Due to this similarity,there is a great energy barrier for heterogeneous nucleation along the water-hydrogel interface.Additionally,hydrogel coatings,which possess polymer networks,exhibit higher fracture energy and more robust adhesion to solid surfaces compared to water.This high fracture and adhesion energy acts as a deterrent for fracture nucleation within the hydrogel or along the hydrogel-solid interface.With a hydrogel layer approximately 100μm thick,the boiling temperature of water under atmospheric pressure can be raised from 100 to 108℃.Notably,hydrogel coatings also result in remarkable reductions in cavitation pressure on multiple solid surfaces.We have demonstrated the efficacy of hydrogel coatings in preventing damages resulting from acceleration-induced cavitation.Hydrogel coatings have the potential to alter the energy landscape of heterogeneous nucleation on the water-solid interface,making them an exciting avenue for innovation in heat transfer and fluidic systems.展开更多
In this work,we report a novel one-dimensional metal-organic framework(MOF)templated for the synthesis of transition metal sulfides with excellent oxygen evolution reaction(OER)performance via a self-sulfidation proce...In this work,we report a novel one-dimensional metal-organic framework(MOF)templated for the synthesis of transition metal sulfides with excellent oxygen evolution reaction(OER)performance via a self-sulfidation process,eliminating the need for additional sulfur sources.After pyrolysis,MOFs containing Co ions as the metal nodes and 1-phenyl-5-mercaptotetrazole(PMTA)as the ligand were transformed to Co9S8nanoparticles,which were encapsulated in a nitrogen and sulfur dual-doped carbon(Co9S8@NSC)matrix.Additionally,PMTA,as a ligand,possesses the unique advantage of forming porous coordination polymers with a wide range of metals(e.g.,Fe,Ni,and Cu),enabling the versatile synthesis of transition metal sulfide electrocatalysts.Consequently,when served as the electrocatalyst for OER,the N,S co-doped Co9S8@NSC porous nanotubes exhibited excellent OER performance with the overpotential of only 248 mV at 10 mA cm−2and long-term stability.These works provide new insights and inspiration for the rational design and development of non-precious metal-based sulfides with practical potential applications.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22376121)Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.425MS036).
摘要Once sea spray aerosol(SSA)particles are emitted into the atmosphere,they tend to interact with organic compounds and form a certain amount of organic coating on their surfaces.Here,laboratory measurements were performed to investigate property changes between uncoated and coated SSA particles to assess the effect of organic coating on the surface chemistry and optical properties of nascent SSA.Stearic acid,oleic acid and mixed fatty acid were used as a proxy for coating materials and applied to aerosols produced by SSA generator.We found that the geometric mean diameter of SSA particles increased with increasing concentration of the fatty acid vapor due to higher heating temperatures,suggesting the formation of thicker coatings.Characterization by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscope demonstrated that the SSA surface was coated with an organic coating of fatty acids,which gave the SSA a core–shell morphology.Furthermore,optical measurements by photo-acoustic extinctiometer at 375 nm revealed significantly enhanced light scattering efficiency and complex refractive index from fatty acid-coated SSA particles.The current results suggest that the fatty acid coating changes the diameter and surface composition of SSA particles,which may further impact their optical properties.It is therefore necessary to accurately characterize the overall properties of SSA particles carrying organic coatings due to condensing fatty acid vapor to reveal their overall impact on climate.
基金supported by the Ningbo Yongjiang Science and Technology Programme(2023A-161-C)。
摘要The robustness of single-atom catalysts(SACs)is a critical concern for practical applications,especially for thermal catalysis at elevated temperatures under reductive conditions.In this study,a laser solid-phase synthesis technique is reported to fabricate atom-nanoisland-sea structured SACs for the first time.The resultant catalysts are constructed by Pt single atoms on In2O3supported by Co3O4nanoislands uniformly dispersed in the sea of reduced graphene oxide.The laser process,with a maximum temperature of 2349 K within~100μs,produced abundant oxygen vacancies(up to 70.8%)and strong interactions between the Pt single atoms and In2O3.The laser-synthesized catalysts exhibited a remarkable catalytic performance towards CO2hydrogenation to methanol at 300°C with a CO2conversion of 30.3%,methanol selectivity of 90.6%and exceptional stability over 48 h without any deactivation,outperforming most of the relevant catalysts reported in the literature.Characterization of the spent catalysts after testing for 48 h reveals that the Pt single atoms were retained and the oxygen vacancies remained almost unchanged.In situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectrum was conducted to establish the reaction mechanism supported by the density functional theory simulations.It is believed that this laser synthesis strategy opens a new avenue towards rapidly manufacturing highly active and robust thermal SACs.
基金supported by the Ningbo Yongjiang Science and Technology Programme(2023A-161-C)。
摘要Single-atom catalysts for CO2hydrogenation often deactivate due to structural instability under harsh reductive conditions.An amorphous-crystalline hybrid structured In2O3/Co3O4-based catalyst with Pt single-atom implantation is innovatively synthesised by laser irradiation.In this work,a dynamic sacrificial-evolution-protection regulation strategy is proposed.The implanted Pt single-atoms,serving as active seeds,undergo migration and trigger reaction-induced dynamic evolution to generate sintering-resistant CoPt3and Co3InC0.75to prevent excessive reduction of In2O3to free metallic In.Concurrently,a self-constructed atomically ordered crystalline core-amorphous oxygen-enriched protective layer(AOL)contributes to anti-sintering,dynamic oxygen compensation,and stabilization of"HCOO intermediates.As a result,the catalyst achieves 16.21%±0.98% CO2conversion and 90.57%±1.02%CH3OH selectivity over 1000 h.This study elucidates the synergistic mechanism of laser-implanted single-atom catalysts,highlighting the dynamic evolution-driven retention of activity and stability,and establishes a direct correlation between the dynamic evolution of multicomponent structures and performance.This efficient and convenient laser solid-phase synthesis technique enables coupled design of single-atom implantation and dynamic regulation of multicomponent structures,offering a critical strategy for green methanol synthesis and the design of ultra-stable catalysts under extreme conditions.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China for Youths(Nos.21701059,22205084,51902140)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province for Youths(No.BK20170571)the financial support by Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis(No.SKLBA2103)。
摘要Covalent organic frameworks(COFs)exhibiting reversible redox behaviors have been identified as promising candidates for constructing electrode materials in lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).However,their extensive application has been limited due to finite redox sites and poor structural stability.In this study,we design and synthesize a novel polyimide covalent organic framework(PI-COF)using the traditional solvothermal method and successfully apply it as an anode material for LIBs.The large conjugated structure of PI-COF accelerates charge transfer,while its large surface area provides more active sites,making PI-COF an attractive anode material for LIBs.Furthermore,the PI-COF anode material demonstrates high reversible specific capacity and excellent long-term cycling stability due to its COF characteristics.Specifically,the PI-COF electrodes deliver a specific capacity of 800 m Ah/g at a current density of 200 m A/g after 200 cycles,while a specific capacity of 450 m Ah/g at a current density of 1000 m A/g is sustained after 800 cycles.The outstanding lithium storage capacity,particularly the satisfactory long-term cycling stability,establishes PI-COF as a promising material for LIBs.
摘要Practical English test for higher vocational colleges is examining students learning effect, curriculum arrangement and teaching model rationality, and it is one of the important propositions in the study of English application ability. In practical English test, concreteness, pertinence and practicability are emphasized. It is closely linked with the students' knowledge practice and attracts more attention from school teachers and students to a large extent. In the real interactive teaching and learning, the scores of higher vocational college students in practical English test are affected by many factors. In this paper, the factors affecting the ability of higher vocational college students in practical English test are discussed from teaching model, learning strategies, and the cultivation of the students' English comprehensive ability.
基金supported by the Danish Council for Independent Research-Natural Sciences,the Danish Center for Scientific Computing (DCSC)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.21407095,21577080)Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China (No.ZR2014BQ013)
摘要Amines have many atmospheric sources and their clusters play an important role in aerosol nucleation processes. Clusters of a typical amine, dimethylamine(DMA), of different sizes were measured with matrix isolation IR(infrared) and NIR(near infrared)spectroscopy. The NIR vibrations are more separated and therefore it is easier to distinguish different sizes of clusters in this region. The DMA clusters, up to DMA tetramer, have been optimized using density functional methods, and the geometries, binding energies and thermodynamic properties of DMA clusters were obtained. The computed frequencies and intensities of NH-stretching vibrations in the DMA clusters were used to interpret the experimental spectra. We have identified the fundamental transitions of the bonded NH-stretching vibration and the first overtone transitions of the bonded and free NH-stretching vibration in the DMA clusters. Based on the changes in vibrational intensities during the annealing processes, the growth of clusters was clearly observed. The results of annealing processes indicate that DMA molecules tend to form larger clusters with lower energies under matrix temperatures, which is also supported by the calculated reaction energies of cluster formation.
基金supported by the National Social Science Foundation of China[23ZDA107].
摘要In July 2021,China launched its national carbon emission trading system(ETS),initially targeting thermal power plants with annual emissions exceeding 26,000 tons of carbon dioxide(CO2).Optimizing the inclusion thresholds within the ETS is crucial for effective carbon market policy formulation.This study introduces a threshold optimization model for ETS that evaluates carbon market benefits across varied inclusion thresholds and identifies the optimal threshold based on the cost savings per unit of emission reduction.We applied this model to determine the optimal inclusion threshold for China’s national ETS and to prioritize the order of industry inclusion under the adjusted threshold.Our simulation results indicate the following:(i)For the exclusive participation of the thermal power sector in the ETS,the optimal inclusion threshold is 19,000 tons of CO2;however,this threshold decreases to 3,000 tons of CO2when all major sectors are included;(ii)In the expansion phases of the ETS,the optimal sequence for industry inclusion is cement manufacturing,steel smelting,basic chemical raw materials,and aluminum smelting,which maximizes ETS benefits and reduces abatement costs by 36%;(iii)Under the optimal threshold,large-scale enterprises benefit significantly more than small and medium-sized enterprises,capturing over 70%of total ETS advantages;(iv)There exists an"inverted U-shaped"correlation between ETS benefits and carbon reduction targets.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFA1400804)the National Natural Science Foundations of China(12222415 and 11974437).
摘要Due to its unbounded and orthogonal modes,the orbital angular momentum(OAM)is regarded as a key optical degree of freedom(DoF)for future information processing with ultra-high capacity and speed.Although the manipulation of OAM based on metasurfaces has brought about great achievements in various fields,such manipulation currently remains at single-DoF level,which means the multiplexed manipulation of OAM with other optical DoFs is still lacking,greatly hampering the application of OAM beams and advancement of metasurfaces.In order to overcome this challenge,we propose the idea of multiplexed coherent pixel(MCP)for metasurfaces.This approach enables the manipulation of arbitrary complex-amplitude under incident lights of both plane and OAM waves,on the basis of which we have realized the multiplexed DoF control of OAM and wavelength.As a result,the MCP method expands the types of incident lights which can be simultaneously responded by metasurfaces,enriches the information processing capability of metasurfaces,and creates applications of information encryption and OAM demultiplexer.Our findings not only provide means for the design of high-security and high-capacity metasurfaces,but also raise the control and application level of OAM,offering great potential for multifunctional nanophotonic devices in the future.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172972)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(2021RC4028)+1 种基金the Special Funds for Construction of Innovative Provinces in Hunan Province(2021NK1010)Special Science Found of Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute,Guangzhou,the Aid Program for Science and Technology Innovative Research Team in Higher Educational Institutions of Hunan Province,the earmarked fund for HARS(HARS-07)。
摘要Autotetraploid Carassius auratus is a stable hereditary autotetraploid fish resulting from the hybridization of Carassius auratus red var.(RCC,♀)×Megalobrama amblycephala(BSB,♂),containing four sets of RCC chromosomes.However,the molecular mechanism underlying the determination of sex in this species remains largely unknown.Currently,there lacks a full understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing sex determination and specific molecular markers to differentiate sex in this species.In this study,25,801,677 SNPs(Singlenucleotide polymorphism)and 6,210,306 Indels(insertion-deletion)were obtained from whole-genome resequencing of 100 individuals(including 50 female and 50 male).Further identification confirmed the candidate chromosomes as Chr46B,with the sex-determining region located at Chr46B:22,500,000‒22,800,000 bp.Based on the male-specific insertion(26 bp)within the candidate sex-determining region,a pair of sex-specific molecular markers has been identified.In addition,based on the screening of candidate sex-determining region genes and RT-qPCR validation analysis,ADAM10,AQP9 and tc1a were identified as candidate sex-determining genes.These findings provide a robust foundation for investigating sex determination mechanisms in fish,the evolution of sex chromosomes,and the development of monosex populations.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2021YFA1400804)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12222415,and 12334017)+1 种基金the Guangdong Provincial Natural Science Fund Projects(Grant No.2024B1515040013)the Guangdong Provincial Quantum Science Strategic Initiative(Grant No.GDZX2305005)。
摘要Perfect vector vortex beams(PVVBs)possess various degrees of freedom(Do Fs)for optical information applications,benefiting from increasing information capacity,processing speed,etc.During the last two decades,various methods have been proposed for generating and controlling PVVBs,but most of these methods can only manipulate two or three Do Fs,greatly hindering further exploration and application of PVVBs.To overcome this problem,we propose an attenuation-controlled holographic technique based on metasurfaces,which can realize the arbitrary and independent control of 6-DoFs,greatly improving the manipulation dimension of PVVBs.The PVVBs with 6 on-demand Do Fs can appear in the array forms of either concentric or matrix rings without cross-talks or number limitations,which notably enlarges the number of information channels that can be simultaneously employed.Furthermore,we introduce a multi-dimensional dynamic addressing strategy for optical encryption with the advantages of both large capacity and high security due to its theoretically infinite code space.Our findings can not only deepen the study of optical field manipulation at the nanoscale,but also expand the application of structural light,promoting their utilization across the fields of nanophotonics,integrated optics,and optical information science at the high-dimensional level.
基金supported by the National Key Research and DevelopmentProgram of China(Grant No.2023YFF0804300 and 2023YFF0804303).
摘要In this study,we developed a high-resolution stratigraphic framework for the Yanchang Formation in the Huachi Block of the Qingyang Oilfield,located in the Ordos Basin,northwest China.Using well log and seismic data,we traced and correlated sweet-spot sand bodies in tight oil reservoirs.Three long-term base-level cycles were identified in the Yanchang Formation,and five medium-term base-level cycles were delineated from the Chang 72 sub-Member to the Chang 4+5 Members,corresponding to five distinct oil groups.The primary production layer,Oil Group 3,was further divided into short-term and very short-term base-level cycles to facilitate the prediction of hydrocarbon target zones.Sweet-spot sand bodies were traced and correlated within very short-term cycles.The sweet-spot sand bodies are mainly sublacustrine channel deposits in the delta front,which were mainly developed in the five single layers(3-1-2,3-1-3,3-1-4,3-2-2,3-2-3 and 3-2-5)of the small layers 3-1 and 3-2 during the regression periods of base-level cycles.The sweet spot sand bodies within the small layer 3-2 are derived from three sets of sources in the northeast,northwest,and south of the basin.The Class I sweet spot is distributed within the single layer 3-2-5,with an average thickness of about 6 m,covering about 25%of the study area.The Class II sweet spot is developed in all five single layers,with the thickest and largest sweet-spot sand body in the Single layer 3-2-3,covering about 90%of the study area.This study highlights the critical importance of establishing a high-resolution sequence stratigraphic framework for the refined delineation of sweet-spot sand bodies within a deltaic-lacustrine depositional system.Additionally,sublacustrine fan deposits formed during the regressive semi-cycle were identified as key sweet spots in the study area.
基金support from the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB36000000)the National Key Basic Research Program of China(No.2021YFA1200302)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.92056204,21890381,21721002,and 22305051).
摘要Photocatalytic methane conversion to high value-added chemicals under mild conditions acts as a promising approach to utilize natural gas and renewable energy.Specifically,aerobic photocatalytic methane conversion that uses molecular oxygen as oxidant has attracted much attention because it is thermodynamic favorable and could generate various reactive oxygen species,resulting in many value-added products like methanol,formaldehyde,ethane,and ethylene.In this review,we classify the aerobic photocatalytic methane conversion into aerobic photocatalytic partial oxidation of methane(APPOM)and aerobic photocatalytic coupling of methane(APCM).We particularly focus on the fundamentals of oxygen activation and methane reaction modes in these conversions.Finally,we provide a brief summary for current challenges and future prospects towards aerobic photocatalytic methane conversion.
基金The authors acknowledge financial support from the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(no.XDB36000000,Z.Y.T.)National Key Basic Research Program of China(no.2021YFA1200302,Z.Y.T.)+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(nos.92056204,21890381,and 21721002,Z.Y.T.)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,China(no.2021A1515110705,Y.Y.F.)On-campus Scientifc Research Project of Guangzhou University(no.RQ2021010,Y.Y.F.).
摘要Mild and direct conversion of methane into high value-added products is a desired goal for chemistry,energy,and environment.The active species generated in the photocatalytic reaction system under mild conditions activate the inert C-H bond in methane and promote methane conversion.This review focuses on the developed mechanisms for C(sp3)-H bond activation in photocatalytic methane conversion,including radical and active site mechanisms.Particular emphasis is placed on the detailed summary of mechanism,characterization method,and corresponding application in photocatalytic methane conversion.We also discuss the challenges and prospects for future direction on C(sp3)-H bond activation mechanism in photocatalytic methane conversion.This review aims to promote the development of photocatalytic methane conversion and provides guidance for the design of high-efficiency photocatalysts.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12102388,T2125009,and 92048302)National Key R&D Program of China 2017 YFA0701100Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.226-2022-00141).
摘要Heterogeneous nucleation plays a critical role in the phase transition of water,which can cause damage in various systems.Here,we report that heterogeneous nucleation can be inhibited by utilizing hydrogel coatings to isolate solid surfaces and water.Hydrogels,which contain over 90%water when fully swelled,exhibit a high degree of similarity to water.Due to this similarity,there is a great energy barrier for heterogeneous nucleation along the water-hydrogel interface.Additionally,hydrogel coatings,which possess polymer networks,exhibit higher fracture energy and more robust adhesion to solid surfaces compared to water.This high fracture and adhesion energy acts as a deterrent for fracture nucleation within the hydrogel or along the hydrogel-solid interface.With a hydrogel layer approximately 100μm thick,the boiling temperature of water under atmospheric pressure can be raised from 100 to 108℃.Notably,hydrogel coatings also result in remarkable reductions in cavitation pressure on multiple solid surfaces.We have demonstrated the efficacy of hydrogel coatings in preventing damages resulting from acceleration-induced cavitation.Hydrogel coatings have the potential to alter the energy landscape of heterogeneous nucleation on the water-solid interface,making them an exciting avenue for innovation in heat transfer and fluidic systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21701059,51902140 and 52102100)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province for Youths(BK20170571).
摘要In this work,we report a novel one-dimensional metal-organic framework(MOF)templated for the synthesis of transition metal sulfides with excellent oxygen evolution reaction(OER)performance via a self-sulfidation process,eliminating the need for additional sulfur sources.After pyrolysis,MOFs containing Co ions as the metal nodes and 1-phenyl-5-mercaptotetrazole(PMTA)as the ligand were transformed to Co9S8nanoparticles,which were encapsulated in a nitrogen and sulfur dual-doped carbon(Co9S8@NSC)matrix.Additionally,PMTA,as a ligand,possesses the unique advantage of forming porous coordination polymers with a wide range of metals(e.g.,Fe,Ni,and Cu),enabling the versatile synthesis of transition metal sulfide electrocatalysts.Consequently,when served as the electrocatalyst for OER,the N,S co-doped Co9S8@NSC porous nanotubes exhibited excellent OER performance with the overpotential of only 248 mV at 10 mA cm−2and long-term stability.These works provide new insights and inspiration for the rational design and development of non-precious metal-based sulfides with practical potential applications.
基金financially supported by the Scientific Research Start-up Funds of Hexi University(KYQD2022004)the 13th Innovation Program Science and Technology for college students of Hexi University(138)。