Research on the solid-liquid mixing process and its enhancement mechanisms in multi-shaft stirred reactors still face challenges that limit its industrial applications.This work employs the RNG k-εmodel combined with...Research on the solid-liquid mixing process and its enhancement mechanisms in multi-shaft stirred reactors still face challenges that limit its industrial applications.This work employs the RNG k-εmodel combined with the EE-KTGF model to numerically simulate the solid-liquid mixing process within a multi-shaft stirred reactor,yielding satisfactory results when compared to experimental data.Comparative analysis of the solid-liquid mixing performance under four different operational conditions reveals that applying variable speed conditions to the bottom impeller results in a smaller solid concentration gradient,reduced particle settling rates,and an improvement in solid homogeneity by 2.74% to 3.22% compared to other operational conditions.This operational condition enables more effective suspension and uniform distribution of solid particles throughout the reactor,thereby enhancing overall mixing efficiency.Flow fieldanalysis under different operational conditions indicates that applying variable speed to the bottom impeller significantlyimproves flow fieldstability,reduces axial back-mixing,and optimizes the axial distribution of solid particles.Further dynamic mode decomposition of the flowfieldand time series analysis of modal coefficientselucidate a multi-scale synergistic nesting chaos-enhanced mechanism characterized by“macroscopic stability,mesoscopic matching,and microscopic resonance”.This work provides a theoretical foundation for the design and operational optimization of multi-shaft stirred reactors.展开更多
Background:Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome(CP/CPPS)is a frequently encountered disorder characterized by voiding symptoms and pelvic or perineal pain.Proinflammatory T helper 17(Th17)cells are essenti...Background:Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome(CP/CPPS)is a frequently encountered disorder characterized by voiding symptoms and pelvic or perineal pain.Proinflammatory T helper 17(Th17)cells are essential for triggering the development of CP/CPPS.High-salt diet(HSD)consumption has been found to cause an accumulation of sodium chloride in peripheral organs,inducing autoimmune responses via the Th17 cell axis.It is currently unknown whether HSD affects the etiology and course of CP/CPPS.Methods:Patients diagnosed with CP/CPPS were evaluated with the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index scoring system,and the correlation between the symptoms of CP/CPPS with HSD was analyzed.The experimental autoimmune prostatitis(EAP)mouse was established and the mice were fed either a normal-salt diet(NSD)or HSD for 6 weeks to investigate the impact of HSD on CP/CPPS.Then,16S ribosomal RNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomics were introduced to detect the differences in the gut microflora composition and metabolite profiles between NSD-fed and HSD-fed mice,followed by fecal microbiota transplantation,5-hydroxyindole acetic acid(5-HIAA)supplementation,aryl hydrocarbon receptor(AHR)inhibition,and in vitro Th17 differentiation experiments,which were performed to explore the mechanisms underlying HSD-aggravated CP/CPPS.Finally,chromatin immunoprecipitation assay and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were conducted to validate whether AHR can serve as a transcription factor by interacting with the serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1(Sgk1)promoter in CD4+T cells.Results:Increased salt consumption had a positive correlation with symptom scores of CP/CPPS patients,which was validated by feeding EAP mice with HSD,and HSD worsened the prostate inflammation and tactile allodynia in EAP mice through promoting the differentiation of CD4+T cells to Th17 cells.HSD exacerbated EAP by significantly reducing the relative abundance of beneficial gut microflora,such as Lactobacillaceae,and gut microbiota metabolite 5-HIAA,which is related to tryptophan metabolism.The prostate inflammation,tactile allodynia,and proportion of Th17 cells in mice that received fecal suspensions from the EAP+HSD group were significantly more severe or higher than those in mice that received fecal suspensions from the EAP+NSD group.However,5-HIAA supplementation ameliorated the symptoms of EAP caused by HSD through inhibiting the differentiation of CD4+T cells to Th17 cells,while AHR inhibition abrogated the protective effects of 5-HIAA supplementation on EAP mice fed a HSD through promoting the differentiation of CD4+T cells to Th17 cells.Mechanistically,it has been revealed that the SGK1/forkhead box protein O1(FOXO1)pathway was significantly activated during cytokine-induced Th17 cell differentiation,and AHR has been shown to inhibit SGK1 transcription by interacting with the Sgk1 promoter in CD4+T cells to inhibit FOXO1 phosphorylation,consequently restoring the equilibrium of Th17 cell differentiation.Conclusions:Our findings indicated that high salt intake represented a risk factor for the development of CP/CPPS as it promoted the differentiation of CD4+T cells to Th17 cells through the 5-HIAA/AHR/SGK1/FOXO1 axis,which might be a potential therapeutic target for CP/CPPS.展开更多
In response to the accelerating demands of industrial development,the scale-up of stirred reactors has become increasingly prevalent.Multi-shaft stirred reactors have emerged as a promising solution;however,a critical...In response to the accelerating demands of industrial development,the scale-up of stirred reactors has become increasingly prevalent.Multi-shaft stirred reactors have emerged as a promising solution;however,a critical challenge remains in achieving efficient mixing while simultaneously minimizing energy consumption.Here,a novel approach based on differential rotation speeds to optimize mixing performance was proposed.Results demonstrate that a carefully configured rotation speed difference significantly enhances mixing efficiency,reducing mixing time by 17.89% and power consumption by 12.07%.This strategy not only amplifies flow field instability but also minimizes instability discrepancies,promoting a more uniform distribution of vortices across various scales.Furthermore,under this approach,the bottom impeller has the strongest impact on mixing,while the middle and lower impellers synergistically strengthen the weaker mixing regions and facilitate the redistribution of energy in the flow field.This method promotes efficient energy transfer from large-scale to small-scale vortices,ultimately improving overall mixing performance.This work offers a promising avenue for the optimal design and operation of multi-shaft stirred reactors,advancing both efficiency and energy sustainability.展开更多
A study of composite laminates under tension–torsion biaxial loading is presented.The focus is placed on fatigue lives of composite laminates under different tension–torsion biaxial fatigue loading paths.A macro-mes...A study of composite laminates under tension–torsion biaxial loading is presented.The focus is placed on fatigue lives of composite laminates under different tension–torsion biaxial fatigue loading paths.A macro-meso model used to predict multiaxial fatigue life of composite laminates is also presented in this paper.Firstly,a macro-scale 3 D RVE corresponding to composite laminates is established to determine strain components in the material principal direction of each layer for each biaxial stress ratio.Secondly,a meso-scale 3 D RVE corresponding to each layer with fibers distributed randomly is established,with progressive damage prediction method,biaxial strength of composite laminates can be predicted,and the final failure layer can be confirmed.Thirdly,select any one of fatigue loading path at which the final failure of composite laminates is fiber failure(matrix failure)to establish the reference curve for fiber(matrix).Finally,with reference curve,fatigue life of composite laminates under any biaxial loading path can be predicted.And numerical results show good agreements with experimental data.展开更多
Efficiently modulating the velocity distribution and flow pattern of non-Newtonian fluids is a critical challenge in the context of dual shaft eccentric mixers for process intensification,posing a significant barrier ...Efficiently modulating the velocity distribution and flow pattern of non-Newtonian fluids is a critical challenge in the context of dual shaft eccentric mixers for process intensification,posing a significant barrier for the existing technologies.Accordingly,this work reports a convenient strategy that changes the kinetic energy to controllably regulate the flow patterns from radial flow to axial flow.Results showed that the desired velocity distribution and flow patterns could be effectively obtained by varying the number and structure of baffles to change kinetic energy,and a more uniform velocity distribution,which could not be reached normally in standard baffle dual shaft mixers,was easily obtained.Furthermore,a comparative analysis of velocity and shear rate distributions is employed to elucidate the mechanism behind the generation of flow patterns in various dual-shaft eccentric mixers.Importantly,there is little difference in the power number of the laminar flow at the same Reynolds number,meaning that the baffle type has no effect on the power consumption,while the power number of both unbaffle and U-shaped baffle mixing systems decreases compared with the standard baffle mixing system in the transition flow.Finally,at the same rotational condition,the dimensionless mixing time of the U-shaped baffle mixing system is 15.3%and 7.9%shorter than that of the standard baffle and the unbaffle mixing system,respectively,which shows the advantage of the U-shaped baffle in stirring rate.展开更多
Boscalid is a pesticide with the advantages of broad spectrum bactericidal activity,high efficiency,low toxicity,and no cross-resistance with other fungicides currently available on the market.Herein,we report the syn...Boscalid is a pesticide with the advantages of broad spectrum bactericidal activity,high efficiency,low toxicity,and no cross-resistance with other fungicides currently available on the market.Herein,we report the synthesis of 40-chloro-2-nitrobiphenyl,a key intermediate of Boscalid using a palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling employing the 2-aryl-substituted indenyl phosphine ligand.40-Chloro-2-nitrobiphenyl was prepared in 94%yield on a 100 g scale.This method allows for the industrial production of alimide and active substances bearing a biphenyl moiety.展开更多
基金supported by the Chongqing Natural Science Foundation Innovation and Development Joint Fund Project(CSTB2022NSCQ-LZX0014)Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities(2022CDJQY-005,2023CDJXY-047)At the same time,this work also received funding from the China Scholarship Council and Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program for Doctoral Students by the China Association for Science and Technology(CAST)to Tong Meng.
摘要Research on the solid-liquid mixing process and its enhancement mechanisms in multi-shaft stirred reactors still face challenges that limit its industrial applications.This work employs the RNG k-εmodel combined with the EE-KTGF model to numerically simulate the solid-liquid mixing process within a multi-shaft stirred reactor,yielding satisfactory results when compared to experimental data.Comparative analysis of the solid-liquid mixing performance under four different operational conditions reveals that applying variable speed conditions to the bottom impeller results in a smaller solid concentration gradient,reduced particle settling rates,and an improvement in solid homogeneity by 2.74% to 3.22% compared to other operational conditions.This operational condition enables more effective suspension and uniform distribution of solid particles throughout the reactor,thereby enhancing overall mixing efficiency.Flow fieldanalysis under different operational conditions indicates that applying variable speed to the bottom impeller significantlyimproves flow fieldstability,reduces axial back-mixing,and optimizes the axial distribution of solid particles.Further dynamic mode decomposition of the flowfieldand time series analysis of modal coefficientselucidate a multi-scale synergistic nesting chaos-enhanced mechanism characterized by“macroscopic stability,mesoscopic matching,and microscopic resonance”.This work provides a theoretical foundation for the design and operational optimization of multi-shaft stirred reactors.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82300872 and 82170787)the Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2408085Y038)+3 种基金the Supporting Projects for Innovative Leading Talents(T000529)the Distinguished Young Scholar of Anhui Colleges(2021-108-10)the Science Foundation for Outstanding Young Scholar of Anhui Colleges(2022AH020073)the Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen Nanshan(SZSM20210300).
摘要Background:Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome(CP/CPPS)is a frequently encountered disorder characterized by voiding symptoms and pelvic or perineal pain.Proinflammatory T helper 17(Th17)cells are essential for triggering the development of CP/CPPS.High-salt diet(HSD)consumption has been found to cause an accumulation of sodium chloride in peripheral organs,inducing autoimmune responses via the Th17 cell axis.It is currently unknown whether HSD affects the etiology and course of CP/CPPS.Methods:Patients diagnosed with CP/CPPS were evaluated with the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index scoring system,and the correlation between the symptoms of CP/CPPS with HSD was analyzed.The experimental autoimmune prostatitis(EAP)mouse was established and the mice were fed either a normal-salt diet(NSD)or HSD for 6 weeks to investigate the impact of HSD on CP/CPPS.Then,16S ribosomal RNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomics were introduced to detect the differences in the gut microflora composition and metabolite profiles between NSD-fed and HSD-fed mice,followed by fecal microbiota transplantation,5-hydroxyindole acetic acid(5-HIAA)supplementation,aryl hydrocarbon receptor(AHR)inhibition,and in vitro Th17 differentiation experiments,which were performed to explore the mechanisms underlying HSD-aggravated CP/CPPS.Finally,chromatin immunoprecipitation assay and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were conducted to validate whether AHR can serve as a transcription factor by interacting with the serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1(Sgk1)promoter in CD4+T cells.Results:Increased salt consumption had a positive correlation with symptom scores of CP/CPPS patients,which was validated by feeding EAP mice with HSD,and HSD worsened the prostate inflammation and tactile allodynia in EAP mice through promoting the differentiation of CD4+T cells to Th17 cells.HSD exacerbated EAP by significantly reducing the relative abundance of beneficial gut microflora,such as Lactobacillaceae,and gut microbiota metabolite 5-HIAA,which is related to tryptophan metabolism.The prostate inflammation,tactile allodynia,and proportion of Th17 cells in mice that received fecal suspensions from the EAP+HSD group were significantly more severe or higher than those in mice that received fecal suspensions from the EAP+NSD group.However,5-HIAA supplementation ameliorated the symptoms of EAP caused by HSD through inhibiting the differentiation of CD4+T cells to Th17 cells,while AHR inhibition abrogated the protective effects of 5-HIAA supplementation on EAP mice fed a HSD through promoting the differentiation of CD4+T cells to Th17 cells.Mechanistically,it has been revealed that the SGK1/forkhead box protein O1(FOXO1)pathway was significantly activated during cytokine-induced Th17 cell differentiation,and AHR has been shown to inhibit SGK1 transcription by interacting with the Sgk1 promoter in CD4+T cells to inhibit FOXO1 phosphorylation,consequently restoring the equilibrium of Th17 cell differentiation.Conclusions:Our findings indicated that high salt intake represented a risk factor for the development of CP/CPPS as it promoted the differentiation of CD4+T cells to Th17 cells through the 5-HIAA/AHR/SGK1/FOXO1 axis,which might be a potential therapeutic target for CP/CPPS.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22078030,52021004)National Key Research and Development Project (2019YFC1905802)+4 种基金Key Project of Independent Research Project of State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control (2011DA105287-zd201902)Chongqing Natural Science Foundation Innovation and Development Joint Fund Project (CSTB2022NSCQ-LZX0014)Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory Open/Innovation Fund (SK211009,SK215001)Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities(2022CDJQY-005)this work also received funding from the China Scholarship Council。
摘要In response to the accelerating demands of industrial development,the scale-up of stirred reactors has become increasingly prevalent.Multi-shaft stirred reactors have emerged as a promising solution;however,a critical challenge remains in achieving efficient mixing while simultaneously minimizing energy consumption.Here,a novel approach based on differential rotation speeds to optimize mixing performance was proposed.Results demonstrate that a carefully configured rotation speed difference significantly enhances mixing efficiency,reducing mixing time by 17.89% and power consumption by 12.07%.This strategy not only amplifies flow field instability but also minimizes instability discrepancies,promoting a more uniform distribution of vortices across various scales.Furthermore,under this approach,the bottom impeller has the strongest impact on mixing,while the middle and lower impellers synergistically strengthen the weaker mixing regions and facilitate the redistribution of energy in the flow field.This method promotes efficient energy transfer from large-scale to small-scale vortices,ultimately improving overall mixing performance.This work offers a promising avenue for the optimal design and operation of multi-shaft stirred reactors,advancing both efficiency and energy sustainability.
摘要A study of composite laminates under tension–torsion biaxial loading is presented.The focus is placed on fatigue lives of composite laminates under different tension–torsion biaxial fatigue loading paths.A macro-meso model used to predict multiaxial fatigue life of composite laminates is also presented in this paper.Firstly,a macro-scale 3 D RVE corresponding to composite laminates is established to determine strain components in the material principal direction of each layer for each biaxial stress ratio.Secondly,a meso-scale 3 D RVE corresponding to each layer with fibers distributed randomly is established,with progressive damage prediction method,biaxial strength of composite laminates can be predicted,and the final failure layer can be confirmed.Thirdly,select any one of fatigue loading path at which the final failure of composite laminates is fiber failure(matrix failure)to establish the reference curve for fiber(matrix).Finally,with reference curve,fatigue life of composite laminates under any biaxial loading path can be predicted.And numerical results show good agreements with experimental data.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22078030,52021004)Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(2022NSCO-LZX0014)+1 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2022CDJQY-005,2023CDJXY-047)National Key Research and Development Project(2022YFC3901204)。
摘要Efficiently modulating the velocity distribution and flow pattern of non-Newtonian fluids is a critical challenge in the context of dual shaft eccentric mixers for process intensification,posing a significant barrier for the existing technologies.Accordingly,this work reports a convenient strategy that changes the kinetic energy to controllably regulate the flow patterns from radial flow to axial flow.Results showed that the desired velocity distribution and flow patterns could be effectively obtained by varying the number and structure of baffles to change kinetic energy,and a more uniform velocity distribution,which could not be reached normally in standard baffle dual shaft mixers,was easily obtained.Furthermore,a comparative analysis of velocity and shear rate distributions is employed to elucidate the mechanism behind the generation of flow patterns in various dual-shaft eccentric mixers.Importantly,there is little difference in the power number of the laminar flow at the same Reynolds number,meaning that the baffle type has no effect on the power consumption,while the power number of both unbaffle and U-shaped baffle mixing systems decreases compared with the standard baffle mixing system in the transition flow.Finally,at the same rotational condition,the dimensionless mixing time of the U-shaped baffle mixing system is 15.3%and 7.9%shorter than that of the standard baffle and the unbaffle mixing system,respectively,which shows the advantage of the U-shaped baffle in stirring rate.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(nos.22371084,21072071,21472060 and 21772058)the 111 Project B17019,self-determined research funds of CCNU from the colleges'basic research and operation of MOE(No.CCNU17CG0011,CCNU17KYZHSY07,and CCNU18KYZHSY06)for financial support.
摘要Boscalid is a pesticide with the advantages of broad spectrum bactericidal activity,high efficiency,low toxicity,and no cross-resistance with other fungicides currently available on the market.Herein,we report the synthesis of 40-chloro-2-nitrobiphenyl,a key intermediate of Boscalid using a palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling employing the 2-aryl-substituted indenyl phosphine ligand.40-Chloro-2-nitrobiphenyl was prepared in 94%yield on a 100 g scale.This method allows for the industrial production of alimide and active substances bearing a biphenyl moiety.