Nitrogen is a key nutrient for wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)growth and yield,particularly during the grain-filling stage,where most nitrogen is redistributed from vegetative organs to the grain,significantly influencing...Nitrogen is a key nutrient for wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)growth and yield,particularly during the grain-filling stage,where most nitrogen is redistributed from vegetative organs to the grain,significantly influencing yield.However,it remains unclear during which period the nitrogen translocation from the vegetative phase to grain maturation occurs and how it correlates with flag leaf senescence.In this study,a field experiment was conducted using the winter wheat cultivar‘Xinong 511'under two nitrogen fertilizer treatments:regular nitrogen supply(240 kg ha-1(N240))and no nitrogen supply(0 kg ha-1(N0)).The results revealed that nitrogen accumulation in wheat flag leaves peaked at 7-14 days,with a nitrogen content 4.55%,after which nitrogen was redistributed to the grains.Nitrogen content in flag leaves decreased by 56%during 21-35 days,while that in the grains increased by 51%.The plant analysis development value(relative chlorophyll content),photosynthetic rate,free amino acid concentration,and soluble protein content in flag leaves peaked at 7-14 days,indicating nitrogen transportation from the flag leaves to the grains.Nitrogen application significantly increased the nitrogen remobilization rate in flag leaves by 20%compared with that of N0,reduced reactive oxygen species accumulation by 21%,and delayed flag leaf senescence.Under nitrogen deficiency,autophagy was induced earlier,with a 5-7-fold increase in the expression of autophagy-related genes(TaATG8),suggesting that regulation of the autophagy pathway and enhancement of autophagy activity can optimize nitrogen fertilization.Our study demonstrates that the remobilization of nitrogen from vegetative parts to grains initiates leaf senescence and is closely correlated with the expression of autophagy-related genes.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the impact of depression-like behavior on ocular surface homeostasis in a mouse model,with a focus on dry eye-like alterations.METHODS:Male C57BL/6J mice(10-12 weeks old)were randomly assigned to co...AIM:To investigate the impact of depression-like behavior on ocular surface homeostasis in a mouse model,with a focus on dry eye-like alterations.METHODS:Male C57BL/6J mice(10-12 weeks old)were randomly assigned to control or restraint stress(RS)groups.The RS group underwent three intermittent 24-hour restraint sessions to induce depressive-like behavior.Behavioral testing,tear secretion measurement,and corneal Oregon Green Dextran(OGD)staining were performed.Postmortem analyses included histological evaluation of lacrimal glands,goblet cell quantification using periodic acid-Schiff staining,and assessment of key inflammatory and apoptotic markers:interleukin(IL)-17,matrix metalloproteinases(MMP)-3,MMP-9,IL-13,interferon(IFN)-γ,and cleaved caspase-3 and-8.RESULTS:Repeated RS induced depression-like behavior and significant ocular surface changes.RStreated mice showed increased corneal OGD uptake and upregulation of gene/protein expression of IL-17,MMP-3,and MMP-9(P<0.05).Goblet cell density and IL-13 protein expression were reduced,while IFN-γprotein expression was elevated(P<0.05).Cleaved caspase-3 and-8 levels were significantly increased in both cornea and conjunctiva.Tear volume and lacrimal gland size were unchanged;however,mild inflammatory infiltration was observed in lacrimal glands.CONCLUSION:Repeated RS leads to ocular surface inflammation and dry eye-like pathology,including corneal barrier disruption,goblet cell loss,and epithelial apoptosis.These findings suggest that depression contributes to the pathogenesis of dry eye disease via immune-mediated mechanisms.展开更多
Layered nitrogen(N)application to wheat is intended to avert nutrient retention in the topsoil,which limits deep root development and grain yield.In a two-year field experiment on the Loess Plateau comparing two N tre...Layered nitrogen(N)application to wheat is intended to avert nutrient retention in the topsoil,which limits deep root development and grain yield.In a two-year field experiment on the Loess Plateau comparing two N treatments:240 kg N ha-1applied at the 8-cm soil depth or in a 1:2:1 ratio to the 8-,16-,and 24-cm soil layers,the layered treatment increased grain yield,post-anthesis N accumulation,phosphorus(P)accumulation,root biomass,and soil organic carbon and available P in the 8-24 cm layers.It also upregulated N and P transporter genes in roots across different soil layers.Layered N application optimized the vertical nutrient distribution in the wheat root zone,induced adaptive root architectural development,and activated the transcriptional regulatory network of nutrient uptake,which peomoted post-anthesis nutrient assimilation and ultimately improving grain yield.展开更多
Since the first design of tactile sensors was proposed by Harmon in 1982,tactile sensors have evolved through four key phases:industrial applications(1980s,basic pressure detection),miniaturization via MEMS(1990s),fle...Since the first design of tactile sensors was proposed by Harmon in 1982,tactile sensors have evolved through four key phases:industrial applications(1980s,basic pressure detection),miniaturization via MEMS(1990s),flexible electronics(2010s,stretchable materials),and intelligent systems(2020s-present,AI-driven multimodal sensing).With the innovation of material,processing techniques,and multimodal fusion of stimuli,the application of tactile sensors has been continuously expanding to a diversity of areas,including but not limited to medical care,aerospace,sports and intelligent robots.Currently,researchers are dedicated to develop tactile sensors with emerging mechanisms and structures,pursuing high-sensitivity,high-resolution,and multimodal characteristics and further constructing tactile systems which imitate and approach the performance of human organs.However,challenges in the combination between the theoretical research and the practical applications are still significant.There is a lack of comprehensive understanding in the state of the art of such knowledge transferring from academic work to technical products.Scaled-up production of laboratory materials faces fatal challenges like high costs,small scale,and inconsistent quality.Ambient factors,such as temperature,humidity,and electromagnetic interference,also impair signal reliability.Moreover,tactile sensors must operate across a wide pressure range(0.1 k Pa to several or even dozens of MPa)to meet diverse application needs.Meanwhile,the existing algorithms,data models and sensing systems commonly reveal insufficient precision as well as undesired robustness in data processing,and there is a realistic gap between the designed and the demanded system response speed.In this review,oriented by the design requirements of intelligent tactile sensing systems,we summarize the common sensing mechanisms,inspired structures,key performance,and optimizing strategies,followed by a brief overview of the recent advances in the perspectives of system integration and algorithm implementation,and the possible roadmap of future development of tactile sensors,providing a forward-looking as well as critical discussions in the future industrial applications of flexible tactile sensors.展开更多
Winter wheat is a key staple crop in Northwest China,yet optimizing its productivity and economic returns remains a challenge due to water constraints and suboptimal planting densities.This study evaluates the combine...Winter wheat is a key staple crop in Northwest China,yet optimizing its productivity and economic returns remains a challenge due to water constraints and suboptimal planting densities.This study evaluates the combined effects of irrigation strategies and planting density(PD) on winter wheat yield,resource-use efficiency,and net economic benefits(NEB).A two-year field experiment was conducted under four irrigation treatments(I1,no irrigation;I2,before winter and jointing;I3,jointing;I4,jointing and anthesis) and three PD treatments(PD1,562.5×104 plants ha-1;PD2,375×104 plants ha-1;PD3,187.5×104 plants ha-1).Through field trials,we identified optimal water-saving irrigation regimes and planting densities that maximize grain yield while enhancing water productivity.Our results demonstrated that lower PD(187.5×104 plants ha-1) under reduced irrigation significantly improved dry matter accumulation(DMA),SPAD,and leaf area index(LAI),leading to higher grain yield.Moderate irrigation at the jointing stage(I3) enhanced grain yield in higher planting densities by up to 18.42% compared to other irrigation regimes,while the highest overall yield(6,310 kg ha-1) was achieved in medium PD under the I3 irrigation.Water-use efficiency(WUE) was significantly improved by reducing irrigation at specific growth stages,mitigating excessive evapotranspiration.PD3-I3 achieved the highest NEB,exceeding I1,I2,and I4 by11.9,18.4,and 16.4%,respectively,in 2022-2023 and by 15.1,14.0,and 8.4%,respectively,in 2023-2024.The findings provide practical insights for sustainable wheat production,ensuring higher profitability while conserving water resources.Implementing optimized irrigation and PD strategies offers a strategic pathway to improving food security and farm income in the semi-arid regions of Northwest China.展开更多
With the development of sophisticated image editing and manipulation tools, the originality and authen- ticity of a digital image is usually hard to determine visually, In order to detect digital image forgeries, vari...With the development of sophisticated image editing and manipulation tools, the originality and authen- ticity of a digital image is usually hard to determine visually, In order to detect digital image forgeries, various kinds of digital image forensics techniques have been proposed in the last decade, Compared with active forensics approaches that require embedding additional information, passive forensics approaches are more popular due to their wider application scenario, and have attracted increasing academic and industrial research interests, Generally speaking, passive digital image forensics detects image forgeries based on the fact that there are certain intrinsic patterns in the original image left during image acqui- sition or storage, or specific patterns in image forgeries left during the image storage or editing, By ana- lyzing the above patterns, the originality of an image can he authenticated, In this paper, a brief review on passive digital image forensic methods is presented in order to provide a comprehensive introduction on recent advances in this rapidly developing research area, These forensics approaches are divided into three categories based on the various kinds of traces they can he used to track-that is, traces left in image acquisition, traces left in image storage, and traces left in image editing, For each category, the forensics scenario, the underlying rationale, and state-of-the-art methodologies are elaborated, Moreover, the major limitations of the current image forensics approaches are discussed in order to point out some possible research directions or focuses in these areas,展开更多
基金supported by the Key Research and Development Technology Projects in Shaanxi Province,China(2023-ZDLNY-01)the Xi’an Science and Technology Plan Projects,China(23NYGG0001)+1 种基金the Key Research and Development Technology Projects in Shandong Province,China(2022LZGCQY002)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD2300802)。
摘要Nitrogen is a key nutrient for wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)growth and yield,particularly during the grain-filling stage,where most nitrogen is redistributed from vegetative organs to the grain,significantly influencing yield.However,it remains unclear during which period the nitrogen translocation from the vegetative phase to grain maturation occurs and how it correlates with flag leaf senescence.In this study,a field experiment was conducted using the winter wheat cultivar‘Xinong 511'under two nitrogen fertilizer treatments:regular nitrogen supply(240 kg ha-1(N240))and no nitrogen supply(0 kg ha-1(N0)).The results revealed that nitrogen accumulation in wheat flag leaves peaked at 7-14 days,with a nitrogen content 4.55%,after which nitrogen was redistributed to the grains.Nitrogen content in flag leaves decreased by 56%during 21-35 days,while that in the grains increased by 51%.The plant analysis development value(relative chlorophyll content),photosynthetic rate,free amino acid concentration,and soluble protein content in flag leaves peaked at 7-14 days,indicating nitrogen transportation from the flag leaves to the grains.Nitrogen application significantly increased the nitrogen remobilization rate in flag leaves by 20%compared with that of N0,reduced reactive oxygen species accumulation by 21%,and delayed flag leaf senescence.Under nitrogen deficiency,autophagy was induced earlier,with a 5-7-fold increase in the expression of autophagy-related genes(TaATG8),suggesting that regulation of the autophagy pathway and enhancement of autophagy activity can optimize nitrogen fertilization.Our study demonstrates that the remobilization of nitrogen from vegetative parts to grains initiates leaf senescence and is closely correlated with the expression of autophagy-related genes.
基金Supported by the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82530034)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82271054)the Nature Science Foundation of Xiamen,China(No.3502Z20227121).
摘要AIM:To investigate the impact of depression-like behavior on ocular surface homeostasis in a mouse model,with a focus on dry eye-like alterations.METHODS:Male C57BL/6J mice(10-12 weeks old)were randomly assigned to control or restraint stress(RS)groups.The RS group underwent three intermittent 24-hour restraint sessions to induce depressive-like behavior.Behavioral testing,tear secretion measurement,and corneal Oregon Green Dextran(OGD)staining were performed.Postmortem analyses included histological evaluation of lacrimal glands,goblet cell quantification using periodic acid-Schiff staining,and assessment of key inflammatory and apoptotic markers:interleukin(IL)-17,matrix metalloproteinases(MMP)-3,MMP-9,IL-13,interferon(IFN)-γ,and cleaved caspase-3 and-8.RESULTS:Repeated RS induced depression-like behavior and significant ocular surface changes.RStreated mice showed increased corneal OGD uptake and upregulation of gene/protein expression of IL-17,MMP-3,and MMP-9(P<0.05).Goblet cell density and IL-13 protein expression were reduced,while IFN-γprotein expression was elevated(P<0.05).Cleaved caspase-3 and-8 levels were significantly increased in both cornea and conjunctiva.Tear volume and lacrimal gland size were unchanged;however,mild inflammatory infiltration was observed in lacrimal glands.CONCLUSION:Repeated RS leads to ocular surface inflammation and dry eye-like pathology,including corneal barrier disruption,goblet cell loss,and epithelial apoptosis.These findings suggest that depression contributes to the pathogenesis of dry eye disease via immune-mediated mechanisms.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFD2300205)the Open Project of Shaanxi Laboratory for Agriculture in Arid Areas(2024ZYJCYJ-02-30)the Key Research and Development Technology Projects in Shaanxi province(2023-ZDLNY-01)。
摘要Layered nitrogen(N)application to wheat is intended to avert nutrient retention in the topsoil,which limits deep root development and grain yield.In a two-year field experiment on the Loess Plateau comparing two N treatments:240 kg N ha-1applied at the 8-cm soil depth or in a 1:2:1 ratio to the 8-,16-,and 24-cm soil layers,the layered treatment increased grain yield,post-anthesis N accumulation,phosphorus(P)accumulation,root biomass,and soil organic carbon and available P in the 8-24 cm layers.It also upregulated N and P transporter genes in roots across different soil layers.Layered N application optimized the vertical nutrient distribution in the wheat root zone,induced adaptive root architectural development,and activated the transcriptional regulatory network of nutrient uptake,which peomoted post-anthesis nutrient assimilation and ultimately improving grain yield.
基金the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NO.52173028)。
摘要Since the first design of tactile sensors was proposed by Harmon in 1982,tactile sensors have evolved through four key phases:industrial applications(1980s,basic pressure detection),miniaturization via MEMS(1990s),flexible electronics(2010s,stretchable materials),and intelligent systems(2020s-present,AI-driven multimodal sensing).With the innovation of material,processing techniques,and multimodal fusion of stimuli,the application of tactile sensors has been continuously expanding to a diversity of areas,including but not limited to medical care,aerospace,sports and intelligent robots.Currently,researchers are dedicated to develop tactile sensors with emerging mechanisms and structures,pursuing high-sensitivity,high-resolution,and multimodal characteristics and further constructing tactile systems which imitate and approach the performance of human organs.However,challenges in the combination between the theoretical research and the practical applications are still significant.There is a lack of comprehensive understanding in the state of the art of such knowledge transferring from academic work to technical products.Scaled-up production of laboratory materials faces fatal challenges like high costs,small scale,and inconsistent quality.Ambient factors,such as temperature,humidity,and electromagnetic interference,also impair signal reliability.Moreover,tactile sensors must operate across a wide pressure range(0.1 k Pa to several or even dozens of MPa)to meet diverse application needs.Meanwhile,the existing algorithms,data models and sensing systems commonly reveal insufficient precision as well as undesired robustness in data processing,and there is a realistic gap between the designed and the demanded system response speed.In this review,oriented by the design requirements of intelligent tactile sensing systems,we summarize the common sensing mechanisms,inspired structures,key performance,and optimizing strategies,followed by a brief overview of the recent advances in the perspectives of system integration and algorithm implementation,and the possible roadmap of future development of tactile sensors,providing a forward-looking as well as critical discussions in the future industrial applications of flexible tactile sensors.
基金supported by the Open Project of Shaanxi Laboratory for Agriculture in Arid Areas, China (2024ZYJCYJ-02-30)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2024YFD2300205)the Key Research and Development Technology Projects in Shaanxi Province, China (2023-ZDLNY-01)。
摘要Winter wheat is a key staple crop in Northwest China,yet optimizing its productivity and economic returns remains a challenge due to water constraints and suboptimal planting densities.This study evaluates the combined effects of irrigation strategies and planting density(PD) on winter wheat yield,resource-use efficiency,and net economic benefits(NEB).A two-year field experiment was conducted under four irrigation treatments(I1,no irrigation;I2,before winter and jointing;I3,jointing;I4,jointing and anthesis) and three PD treatments(PD1,562.5×104 plants ha-1;PD2,375×104 plants ha-1;PD3,187.5×104 plants ha-1).Through field trials,we identified optimal water-saving irrigation regimes and planting densities that maximize grain yield while enhancing water productivity.Our results demonstrated that lower PD(187.5×104 plants ha-1) under reduced irrigation significantly improved dry matter accumulation(DMA),SPAD,and leaf area index(LAI),leading to higher grain yield.Moderate irrigation at the jointing stage(I3) enhanced grain yield in higher planting densities by up to 18.42% compared to other irrigation regimes,while the highest overall yield(6,310 kg ha-1) was achieved in medium PD under the I3 irrigation.Water-use efficiency(WUE) was significantly improved by reducing irrigation at specific growth stages,mitigating excessive evapotranspiration.PD3-I3 achieved the highest NEB,exceeding I1,I2,and I4 by11.9,18.4,and 16.4%,respectively,in 2022-2023 and by 15.1,14.0,and 8.4%,respectively,in 2023-2024.The findings provide practical insights for sustainable wheat production,ensuring higher profitability while conserving water resources.Implementing optimized irrigation and PD strategies offers a strategic pathway to improving food security and farm income in the semi-arid regions of Northwest China.
基金The work described in this paper was supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016QY01W0104) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (61771310).
摘要With the development of sophisticated image editing and manipulation tools, the originality and authen- ticity of a digital image is usually hard to determine visually, In order to detect digital image forgeries, various kinds of digital image forensics techniques have been proposed in the last decade, Compared with active forensics approaches that require embedding additional information, passive forensics approaches are more popular due to their wider application scenario, and have attracted increasing academic and industrial research interests, Generally speaking, passive digital image forensics detects image forgeries based on the fact that there are certain intrinsic patterns in the original image left during image acqui- sition or storage, or specific patterns in image forgeries left during the image storage or editing, By ana- lyzing the above patterns, the originality of an image can he authenticated, In this paper, a brief review on passive digital image forensic methods is presented in order to provide a comprehensive introduction on recent advances in this rapidly developing research area, These forensics approaches are divided into three categories based on the various kinds of traces they can he used to track-that is, traces left in image acquisition, traces left in image storage, and traces left in image editing, For each category, the forensics scenario, the underlying rationale, and state-of-the-art methodologies are elaborated, Moreover, the major limitations of the current image forensics approaches are discussed in order to point out some possible research directions or focuses in these areas,
基金financially supported by Shanghai Clinical Center for Mental Disorders(2014)the Medical Guidance Program of Shanghai Science and Technology Committee(No.15411961400)