Human immunodeficiency virus type 1(HIV-1)drug resistance remains a major challenge in HIV/AIDS management,particularly in individuals with low-level viremia(LLV)where RNA-based drug resistance testing(DRT)often fails...Human immunodeficiency virus type 1(HIV-1)drug resistance remains a major challenge in HIV/AIDS management,particularly in individuals with low-level viremia(LLV)where RNA-based drug resistance testing(DRT)often fails.Although HIV-1 DNA DRT represents a promising alternative,its clinical utility has been constrained by insufficient evidence.This nationwide study in China enrolled 9,428 people living with HIV(PLWH),analyzing 10,903 samples spanning a wide viral load(VL)spectrum.To improve RNA detection,an optimized primer design combined with an extracellular particle(EP)-HIV co-isolation technique was developed.We then evaluated the reproducibility of drug resistance mutation(DRM)profiles between paired RNA and DNA DRTs using Sanger sequencing(SS),with single-molecule sequencing employed to establish a dominant sequence threshold.Our findings demonstrated that primer optimization and EP-co-isolation significantly enhanced RNA amplification success.DRMs were prevalent across all VL strata.The combined concordance and degeneracy rates(C/D rates)(where multiple DNA DRMs included all RNA-derived DRMs)between RNA and DNA DRTs ranged from 90.4%to 100%in different gene regions,with higher discordance rates observed in the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor(NRTI)and non-NRTI(NNRTI)regions.Based on Stanford penalty scores across 25 antiretroviral drugs,the degeneracy group showed a 98.3%±1.7%interpretation agreement.Even within the discordance group,mean agreement remained high(89.5%±5.0%),with only four NNRTIs exhibiting agreement below 85%.The dominant sequence proportion threshold for HIV-1 DNA was determined to be 24.6%.This study provides strong evidence supporting the integration of HIV-1 DNA DRT into clinical practice for reliable drug resistance surveillance and treatment monitoring.展开更多
Solid-state electrolytes are crucial for developing next-generation batteries with enhanced safety and energy density.Among them,the polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA)-based gel polymer electrolytes(GPEs)have emerged as pr...Solid-state electrolytes are crucial for developing next-generation batteries with enhanced safety and energy density.Among them,the polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA)-based gel polymer electrolytes(GPEs)have emerged as promising materials for high-performance battery systems.However,PMMA-based electrolytes suffer from intrinsically low ionic conductivity.While blending with quaternary ammonium salts offers an effective solution,it often leads to salt deposition during cycling,compromising long-term stability.In this work,a novel GPE is developed by grafting long-chain quaternary ammonium salt(C16DMAAC)onto the PMMA backbone.This molecular design simultaneously regulates polymer chain disorder and immobilizes free anions,enabling a high Li-ion transfer number of 0.59,ionic conductivity of 7.23×10-4 S/cm,and an expanded electrochemical stability window of 4.9 V.Moreover,the incorporated ammonium cations in the C16DMAAC segment optimize the Li+solvation structure,promoting the formation of a robust,inorganic-rich solid electrolyte interphase(SEI).The excellent cycling stability is demonstrated by the Li||NCM811 full cell,which retains 92%of its initial capacity over 200 cycles at 0.5 C,and 80%retention after 300 cycles at 2 C.This work presents a promising strategy for designing novel electrolyte structures by grafting quaternary ammonium salts into polymer chains to improve battery stability and lifespan.展开更多
Cyanobacteria, which occurred in eutrophic water harvest solar light to carry out photosynthesis with high efficiency. In this work, cyanobacteria (Microcystis sp.) were used as biotemplate to synthesize titania str...Cyanobacteria, which occurred in eutrophic water harvest solar light to carry out photosynthesis with high efficiency. In this work, cyanobacteria (Microcystis sp.) were used as biotemplate to synthesize titania structure. The synthesized titania sample had similar morphology to that of the original template in spite of the fragile unicellular structures and extremely high water content of cyanobacterial cells. Incorporation of biogenic C, as well as the morphology inherited from biotemplate improved visible- light absorbance of the titania structure. The sample exhibited higher visible-light photocatalytic activity than commercial titania photocatalyst Degussa P25 for Rhodamine B (RhB) degradation. Compared with those C-doped titania photocatalysts prepared by other methods, cyanobacteria templated titania photocatalyst offer some potential for competitive advantages. The reported strategy opened up a new use for the cyanobacteria. It could also be used for titania in applications such as treatment of polluted water, dye-sensitized solar cells, or other regions.展开更多
Highly efficient and sustainable conversion technologies to generate uniform sodalite(Na8(AlSiO4)6(OH)2)zeolite micro spheres with low-grade waste natural diatomite as raw materials via a solution-mediated crystalliza...Highly efficient and sustainable conversion technologies to generate uniform sodalite(Na8(AlSiO4)6(OH)2)zeolite micro spheres with low-grade waste natural diatomite as raw materials via a solution-mediated crystallization route were developed in the present study.The synthesis process can be considered as an in-situ zeolitization of diatomite precursor without involving any me so scale template and any post-synthetic modification.The mass ratios of diatomite and AlCl3·6 H2 O have remarkable effect on the morphology,crystal structure and porosity of sodalite zeolite product.The preferred sodalite microspheres with uniform mesoporous of size 3.5-5.5 nm and large surface area of 162.5 m2/g exhibit well removal performance for heavy metal ions(Pb(II),Cd(II),Zn(II),and Cu(II)),with the highest adsorption abilities for Pb(II)ions of 365 mg/g.In addition,the effect of contact time,initial ion concentration,competitive adsorption and solution pH were evaluated.The removal performance results from synergistic effects of dominating cation-exchange and additional surface chemisorption.The study may broadly help unveil chemical control reactions of the zeolitization processes of diatomite,and thus facilitates the development of promising zeolite materials for the use in natural and engineered aquatic environments by recvcling waste diatomite resources.展开更多
For the hybrid multi-infeed HVDC system in which the receiving-end grid is a strong AC grid including LCC-HVDC subsystems and multiple VSC-HVDC subsystems,it has higher voltage support capability.However,for weak AC g...For the hybrid multi-infeed HVDC system in which the receiving-end grid is a strong AC grid including LCC-HVDC subsystems and multiple VSC-HVDC subsystems,it has higher voltage support capability.However,for weak AC grid,the voltage support capability of the multi-VSC-HVDC subsystems to the LCC-HVDC subsystem(voltage support capability-mVSCs-LCC)can resist the risk of commutation failure.Based on this consideration,this paper proposes an evaluation index called Dynamic Voltage Support Strength Factor(DVSF)for the hybrid multi-infeed system,and uses this index to qualitatively judge the voltage support capability-mVSCs-LCC in weak AC grid.In addition,the proposed evaluation index can also indirectly judge the ability of the LCC-HVDC subsystem to suppress commutation failure.Firstly,the mathematical model of the power flow of the LCC and VSC networks in the steady-state is analyzed,and the concept of DVSF applied to hybrid multi-infeed system is proposed.Furthermore,the DVSF index is also used to qualitatively judge the voltage support capability-mVSCs-LCC.Secondly,the influence of multiple VSC-HVDC subsystems with different operation strategies on the DVSF is analyzed with reference to the concept of DVSF.Finally,the indicators proposed in this paper are compared with other evaluation indicators through MATLAB simulation software to verify its effectiveness.More importantly,the effects of multi-VSC-HVDC subsystems using different coordinated control strategies on the voltage support capability of the receiving-end LCC-HVDC subsystem are also verified.展开更多
The prediction of the steady-state performance of the electrolysis cell is not only crucial for evaluating the rationality of its design and operational benchmarks,but also provides an important foundation for underst...The prediction of the steady-state performance of the electrolysis cell is not only crucial for evaluating the rationality of its design and operational benchmarks,but also provides an important foundation for understanding its dynamic response behavior.This paper presents an efficient data-driven method based on three-dimensional two-phase numerical simulation and machine learning(ML)to rapidly predict the steady-state performance of proton exchange membrane electrolysis cells(PEMEC)under multi-physics field coupling conditions.The framework is based on three key operating parameters-temperature,pressure,and inlet flow velocity.A polarization curve dataset was constructed through multi-condition numerical simulations,and surrogate models were systematically trained using five distinct ML algorithms:random forest(RF),extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost),support vector regression(SVR),gaussian process regression(GPR),and fully connected neural network(FCNN).The results show that the constructed surrogate models can efficiently output complete polarization curves using only operating parameters as inputs.Validation against experimental results confirms that the FCNN performs the best overall prediction performance,achieving high accuracy with prediction errors consistently within±0.5%of the actual values across the interpolation temperature range,and demonstrating adaptability in extrapolation under varying temperatures.This ML collaborative method is applicable to the rapid performance assessment and analysis of PEMEC and provides valuable insights for operation optimization under extreme conditions.展开更多
Due to the increasing demand for the sustainability of modern organic chemistry, the development of green and powerful methods for C-C and C-B bond formation is highly desired. Among them, the transition-metal-free co...Due to the increasing demand for the sustainability of modern organic chemistry, the development of green and powerful methods for C-C and C-B bond formation is highly desired. Among them, the transition-metal-free coupling reactions of gem–diborylalkanes emerge as one valuable tool for organic chemists in the last decade. The review covers selected representative examples. A comparison of these reactions with transition-metal-catalyzed reactions is provided. The recent example of α-boryl radical formation from gem–diborylalkanes is also briefly discussed.展开更多
The article deduces analytic expression of voltage travelling wave for hybrid cascaded DC system and puts forward protection based on amplitude coefficients of line-mode fault component voltage(LFCV).By analyzing time...The article deduces analytic expression of voltage travelling wave for hybrid cascaded DC system and puts forward protection based on amplitude coefficients of line-mode fault component voltage(LFCV).By analyzing time-domain expressions of fault voltage travelling waves,it is derived that under internal faults,for the head of line,the ratio of two amplitude coefficients of the LFCV is 1:2,while for the end of line,the ratio of two amplitude coefficients of the LFCV is 1:0.Then,it is further derived that under internal faults,for either side of line,the sum of two amplitude coefficients of the LFCV is far less than 0.However,under external faults,for the near faulty terminal of the line,the ratio of two amplitude coefficients of the LFCV is 1:−1;thus,the sum of two amplitude coefficients is 0.Therefore,the amplitude coefficients of LFCV can be utilized to distinguish the internal fault from the external fault.Simulation verifies that the method can reliably discriminate the internal and external faults even with high fault resistances and has high robustness confronting noise interference.展开更多
Immune factors secreted by immune cells play a pivotal role in orchestrating inflammatory responses and facilitating tissue regeneration.Fiber dressings,owing to their extracellular matrix-like architecture and tunabl...Immune factors secreted by immune cells play a pivotal role in orchestrating inflammatory responses and facilitating tissue regeneration.Fiber dressings,owing to their extracellular matrix-like architecture and tunable physical properties,have emerged as promising candidates in regenerative medicine.Beyond serving as passive structural supports,fibers are increasingly recognized as active modulators of cell behavior through their inherent physical characteristics.However,how fiber diameter at the micro-and nanoscale influences the immune factor secretion profile of immune cells remains poorly defined.In this study,three types of fibers with distinct diameter scales were fabricated to systematically assess their immunomodulatory effects.In vitro analyses revealed that microscale fibers markedly enhanced the secretion of pro-regenerative and anti-inflammatory factors,such as VEGF,EGF,IL-10 and TGF-β1,while suppressing pro-inflammatory factors including TNF-αand IL-6.Mechanistic investigations indicated that this size-dependent immunomodulation may be driven by activation of the FAK-Wnt signaling pathway triggered by topographical cues.In vivo,microscale fibers significantly promoted neovascularization,attenuated inflammatory responses and accelerated tissue repair,further corroborating their immunoregulatory potential in a physiological setting.These findings establish fiber diameter as a critical physical cue for shaping the immune microenvironment and present a new strategy for immunoregulation through structural design.This work provides a conceptual framework for the development of biomaterials with intrinsic immunomodulatory properties and offers new therapeutic insights for the treatment of chronic inflammation-associated disorders.展开更多
Flowering time is an important agronomic trait for soybean yield and adaptation. However, the genetic basis of soybean adaptation to diverse latitudes is still not clear. Four NIGHT LIGHT-INDUCIBLE AND CLOCK-REGULATED...Flowering time is an important agronomic trait for soybean yield and adaptation. However, the genetic basis of soybean adaptation to diverse latitudes is still not clear. Four NIGHT LIGHT-INDUCIBLE AND CLOCK-REGULATED 2(LNK2) homeologs of Arabidopsis thaliana LNK2 were identified in soybean. Three single-guide RNAs were designed for editing the four LNK2 genes. A transgene-free homozygous quadruple mutant of the LNK2 genes was developed using the CRISPR(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9(CRISPR-associated protein 9). Under long-day(LD) conditions, the quadruple mutant flowered significantly earlier than the wild-type(WT). Quantitative real-time PCR(q RT-PCR)revealed that transcript levels of LNK2 were significantly lower in the quadruple mutant than in the WT under LD conditions. LNK2 promoted the expression of the legume-specific E1 gene and repressed the expression of FT2 a. Genetic markers were developed to identify LNK2 mutants for soybean breeding.These results indicate that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted mutagenesis of four LNK2 genes shortens flowering time in soybean. Our findings identify novel components in flowering-time control in soybean and may be beneficial for further soybean breeding in high-latitude environments.展开更多
Human activities widely exhibit a power-law distribution.Considering stock trading as a typical human activity in the financial domain,the first aim of this paper is to validate whether the well-known power-law distri...Human activities widely exhibit a power-law distribution.Considering stock trading as a typical human activity in the financial domain,the first aim of this paper is to validate whether the well-known power-law distribution can be observed in this activity.Interestingly,this paper determines that the number of accumulated lead–lag days between stock pairs meets the power-law distribution in both the U.S.and Chinese stock markets based on 10 years of trading data.Based on this finding this paper adopts the power-law distribution to formally define the lead–lag effect,detect stock pairs with the lead–lag effect,and then design a pure lead–lag investment strategy as well as enhancement investment strategies by integrating the lead–lag strategy into classic alpha-factor strategies.Tests conducted on 20 different alpha-factor strategies demonstrate that both perform better than the selected benchmark strategy and that the lead–lag strategy provides useful signals that significantly improve the performance of basic alpha-factor strategies.Our results therefore indicate that the lead–lag effect may provide effective information for designing more profitable investment strategies.展开更多
In this paper,a fault location method for the petal-shaped distribution network(PSDN)with inverter-interfaced distributed generators(IIDGs)is proposed to shorten the time of manual inspection.In order to calculate the...In this paper,a fault location method for the petal-shaped distribution network(PSDN)with inverter-interfaced distributed generators(IIDGs)is proposed to shorten the time of manual inspection.In order to calculate the fault position,the closed-loop structure of the PSDN is skillfully exploited,and the common control strategies of IIDGs are considered.For asymmetrical faults,a fault line identification formula based on the negative-sequence current phase differences is presented,and a fault location formula only utilizing the negative-sequence current amplitudes is derived to calculated the fault position.For symmetrical faults,the positive-sequence current at both ends of lines and the current output from IIDGs are used to identify the fault line,and the positive-sequence current on multiple lines are used to pinpoint the fault position.In this method,corresponding current phasors are separated into amplitudes and phases to satisfy the limitation of communication level.The simulation results show that the error is generally less than 1%,and the accuracy of the proposed method is not affected by the fault type,fault position,fault resistance,load current,and the IIDG penetration.展开更多
A new line protection for HVDC systems using the ratio of currents of a DC filter and smoothing reactor is presented.Characteristic analysis on a DC filter shows that it behaves like an inductor at a high frequency ba...A new line protection for HVDC systems using the ratio of currents of a DC filter and smoothing reactor is presented.Characteristic analysis on a DC filter shows that it behaves like an inductor at a high frequency band whose inductance is far less than the sum of smoothing reactor inductance plus converter equivalent inductance.Based on this characteristic,fault analysis shows that during high-frequency DC line faults(on either side),the DC filter current amplitude significantly exceeds that of the smoothing reactor,with a current ratio much greater than 1.Whereas for external faults,near faulty end,DC filter current amplitude is less than the one of a smoothing reactor and current ratio at this end is smaller than 1,while the current ratio at the distance faulty end is still far greater than 1.The effectiveness of the protection is verified by a large number of simulation experiments.It does not need synchronization of signals at both ends.In addition,it has high sensitivity for high-resistance faults,and is insensitive to the length of DC transmission line and power flow change.展开更多
Definite-time zero-sequence over-current protection is presently used in systems whose neutral point is grounded by a low resistance(low-resistance grounding systems).These systems frequently malfunction owing to thei...Definite-time zero-sequence over-current protection is presently used in systems whose neutral point is grounded by a low resistance(low-resistance grounding systems).These systems frequently malfunction owing to their high settings of the action value when a high-impedance grounding fault occurs.In this study,the relationship between the zero-sequence currents of each feeder and the neutral branch was analyzed.Then,a grounding protection method was proposed on the basis of the zero-sequence current ratio coefficient.It is defined as the ratio of the zero-sequence current of the feeder to that of the neutral branch.Nonetheless,both zero-sequence voltage and zero-sequence current are affected by the transition resistance,The influence of transition resistance can be eliminated by calculating this coefficient.Therefore,a method based on the zero-sequence current ratio coefficient was proposed considering the significant difference between the faulty feeder and healthy feeder.Furthermore,unbalanced current can be prevented by setting the starting current.PSCAD simulation results reveal that the proposed method shows high reliability and sensitivity when a high-resistance grounding fault occurs.展开更多
Earth abundant O3-type NaFe0.5Mn0.5O2layered oxide is regarded as one of the most promising cathodes for sodium ion batteries due to its low cost and high energy density.However,its poor structural stability ...Earth abundant O3-type NaFe0.5Mn0.5O2layered oxide is regarded as one of the most promising cathodes for sodium ion batteries due to its low cost and high energy density.However,its poor structural stability and cycle life strongly impede the practical application.Herein,the dynamic phase evolution as well as charge compensation mechanism of O3-type NaFe0.5Mn0.5O2cathode during sodiation/desodiation are revealed by a systemic study with operando X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy,high resolution neutron powder diffraction and neutron pair distribution functions.The layered structure experiences a phase transition of O3→P3→OP2→ramsdellite during the desodiation,and a new O3’phase is observed at the end of the discharge state(1.5 V).The density functional theory(DFT)calculations and nPDF results suggest that depletion of Na+ions induces the movement of Fe into Na layer resulting the formation of an inert ramsdellite phase thus causing the loss of capacity and structural integrity.Meanwhile,the operando XAS clarified the voltage regions for active Mn3+/Mn4+and Fe3+/Fe4+redox couples.This work points out the universal underneath problem for Fe-based layered oxide cathodes when cycled at high voltage and highlights the importance to suppress Fe migration regarding the design of high energy O3-type cathodes for sodium ion batteries.展开更多
The microreactor based hydroxylation process of 1,2,4-trichlorobezene for producing 2,5-dichlorphenol,the key intermediate of dicamba,is energy efficient and cost effective.But the 2,5-dicholorphneol is present in a m...The microreactor based hydroxylation process of 1,2,4-trichlorobezene for producing 2,5-dichlorphenol,the key intermediate of dicamba,is energy efficient and cost effective.But the 2,5-dicholorphneol is present in a mixed state after production.The reaction mixture contained the main by-product 2,4-dichlorophneol,low-content by-product 3,4-dichlorophneol,and other impurities.The difficulty in separation and analysis limits the application of this process widely.The current work aimed at establishing effective analysis methods by gas chromatography(GC)and high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).The GC method was not able to separate 2,5-dichlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol completely,but the developed HPLC method worked efficiently.The linear correlation coefficients of 2,5-dichlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol were both higher than 0.999,and the average recovery was 100.33% for 2,5-dichlorophenol and 100.13% for 2,4-dichlorophenol,respectively.The relative standard deviations from precision tests were both less than 1%.The contents of 2,5-dichlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol were determined with external standard method.The HPLC method has the advantages of simple operation,good separation efficiency,high accuracy and precision,and was successfully applied for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of 2,5-dichlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol of the sample solution.展开更多
With the high-speed development of decentralized applications,account-based blockchain platforms have become a hotbed of various financial scams and hacks due to their anonymity and high financial value.Financial secu...With the high-speed development of decentralized applications,account-based blockchain platforms have become a hotbed of various financial scams and hacks due to their anonymity and high financial value.Financial security has become a top priority with the sustainable development of blockchain-based platforms because of an increasing number of cyber attacks,which have resulted in a huge loss of crypto assets in recent years.Therefore,it is imperative to study the real-time detection of cyber attacks to facilitate effective supervision and regulation.To this end,this paper proposes the weighted and extended isolation forest algorithms and designs a novel framework for the real-time detection of cyber-attack transactions by thoroughly studying and summarizing real-world examples.Furthermore,this study develops a new detection approach for locating the compromised address of a cyber attack to resolve the data scarcity of hack addresses and reduce time consumption.Moreover,three experiments are carried out not only to apply on different types of cyber attacks but also to compare the proposed approach with the widely used existing methods.The results demonstrate the high efficiency and generality of the proposed approach.Finally,the lower time consumption and robustness of our method were validated through additional experiments.In conclusion,the proposed blockchain-oriented approach in this study can handle real-time detection of cyber attacks and has significant scope for applications.展开更多
Introduction:On September 16,2024,the Puyang City CDC received a report of a suspected foodborne disease outbreak involving 14 individuals who developed nausea,vomiting,and diarrhea following attendance at a hotel ban...Introduction:On September 16,2024,the Puyang City CDC received a report of a suspected foodborne disease outbreak involving 14 individuals who developed nausea,vomiting,and diarrhea following attendance at a hotel banquet.Upon notification,the District CDC immediately deployed a specialized investigation team to characterize the epidemiological features of the outbreak,identify the causative pathogen,assess potential transmission risks,and implement effective control and prevention measures.Methods:We integrated comprehensive on-site epidemiological investigations,clinical symptom analyses,and laboratory diagnostics to isolate and identify pathogenic agents from retained food samples,environmental specimens,and anal swabs collected from affected cases.The recovered isolates underwent enterotoxin-virulence-gene profiling,antimicrobialsusceptibility testing,and phylogenetic analyses.Additionally,we characterized the architecture of the enterotoxin-A-linked pathogenicity island vSaβ.Results:A total of 4 S.aureus strains were successfully isolated from 22 leftover food samples,2 environmental swabs,and 2 patient anal swabs.Contaminated donkey and goose meat was identified as the outbreak source.All isolates harbored sea and seb enterotoxin genes,exhibited PEN-OXA-ERY-CLI resistance patterns,and were identified as clonal ST59-spa t441-SCCmec IVa CA-MRSA strains.Phylogenetic analysis positioned the outbreak strains within the Asia-Pacific clade,distinguishing them from the North American ST59 sublineage.Comprehensive analysis of the sea-associated virulence island vSaβidentified a novel structural arrangement containing a type A IEC cluster(sea-sak-chp-scn).Conclusions:The detection of foodborne ST59 CAMRSA clones in this outbreak underscores the prevalence and transmission risks associated with this hypervirulent lineage.These findings emphasize the critical need to strengthen surveillance measures for CA-MRSA among food industry workers.展开更多
'Xiarihong' is a new early-ripening variety selected from seedlings of Chinese dwarf cherry (Cerasus humilis Bunge) in 2006. The fruits are oblate and have red skin; the flesh is yellow, sour and sweet. The averag...'Xiarihong' is a new early-ripening variety selected from seedlings of Chinese dwarf cherry (Cerasus humilis Bunge) in 2006. The fruits are oblate and have red skin; the flesh is yellow, sour and sweet. The average mass of a fruit is 6.74 g, and a fruit has a half freestone. The content of soluble solids reaches 10.9%, and total sugar and total acid content are 8.20% and 1.81% respectively, so the ratio of total sugar content to total acid content is 4.53; the edible rate is up to 94.51%. In the flesh, calcium, iron, zinc, and vitamin C content are 219.7, 4.4, 1.09, and 182 mg/kg respectively. Fruits ripen in late July in Beijing, and the development period of fruits is 96-101 d. Fruits can be kept for 3-5 d at room temperature, about 20 d in cold storage, and one year under freezing conditions. It can be cultivated in Beijing, flowers and fruits in the next year, with strong yielding ability.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.:2022YFC2305003)Science and Technology Project in Guangzhou,China(Grant No.:202102070001)+3 种基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,China(Grant Nos.:2025A1515012532,2023A1515011874,and 2025A1515010405)the Major Scientific Research Project of National Key Clinical Specialty(2023)from Hunan Provincial Health Commission,China(Grant No.:Z2023111)the Fundamental Research Funds for Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine,China,Key Medical Discipline Construction Project of Hunan Province,Chinathe Innovation and Entrepreneurship Leading Team Project of Guangzhou,China(Grant No.:201809010009).
摘要Human immunodeficiency virus type 1(HIV-1)drug resistance remains a major challenge in HIV/AIDS management,particularly in individuals with low-level viremia(LLV)where RNA-based drug resistance testing(DRT)often fails.Although HIV-1 DNA DRT represents a promising alternative,its clinical utility has been constrained by insufficient evidence.This nationwide study in China enrolled 9,428 people living with HIV(PLWH),analyzing 10,903 samples spanning a wide viral load(VL)spectrum.To improve RNA detection,an optimized primer design combined with an extracellular particle(EP)-HIV co-isolation technique was developed.We then evaluated the reproducibility of drug resistance mutation(DRM)profiles between paired RNA and DNA DRTs using Sanger sequencing(SS),with single-molecule sequencing employed to establish a dominant sequence threshold.Our findings demonstrated that primer optimization and EP-co-isolation significantly enhanced RNA amplification success.DRMs were prevalent across all VL strata.The combined concordance and degeneracy rates(C/D rates)(where multiple DNA DRMs included all RNA-derived DRMs)between RNA and DNA DRTs ranged from 90.4%to 100%in different gene regions,with higher discordance rates observed in the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor(NRTI)and non-NRTI(NNRTI)regions.Based on Stanford penalty scores across 25 antiretroviral drugs,the degeneracy group showed a 98.3%±1.7%interpretation agreement.Even within the discordance group,mean agreement remained high(89.5%±5.0%),with only four NNRTIs exhibiting agreement below 85%.The dominant sequence proportion threshold for HIV-1 DNA was determined to be 24.6%.This study provides strong evidence supporting the integration of HIV-1 DNA DRT into clinical practice for reliable drug resistance surveillance and treatment monitoring.
基金financially supported by the Science and Technology Project of State Grid Shanxi Electric Power Company(No.520530240022)。
摘要Solid-state electrolytes are crucial for developing next-generation batteries with enhanced safety and energy density.Among them,the polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA)-based gel polymer electrolytes(GPEs)have emerged as promising materials for high-performance battery systems.However,PMMA-based electrolytes suffer from intrinsically low ionic conductivity.While blending with quaternary ammonium salts offers an effective solution,it often leads to salt deposition during cycling,compromising long-term stability.In this work,a novel GPE is developed by grafting long-chain quaternary ammonium salt(C16DMAAC)onto the PMMA backbone.This molecular design simultaneously regulates polymer chain disorder and immobilizes free anions,enabling a high Li-ion transfer number of 0.59,ionic conductivity of 7.23×10-4 S/cm,and an expanded electrochemical stability window of 4.9 V.Moreover,the incorporated ammonium cations in the C16DMAAC segment optimize the Li+solvation structure,promoting the formation of a robust,inorganic-rich solid electrolyte interphase(SEI).The excellent cycling stability is demonstrated by the Li||NCM811 full cell,which retains 92%of its initial capacity over 200 cycles at 0.5 C,and 80%retention after 300 cycles at 2 C.This work presents a promising strategy for designing novel electrolyte structures by grafting quaternary ammonium salts into polymer chains to improve battery stability and lifespan.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project NSFC-YN U1033603,21063016)the Program for Innovative Research Teams (in Science and Technology) in the University of Yunnan Province(IRTSTYN)
摘要Cyanobacteria, which occurred in eutrophic water harvest solar light to carry out photosynthesis with high efficiency. In this work, cyanobacteria (Microcystis sp.) were used as biotemplate to synthesize titania structure. The synthesized titania sample had similar morphology to that of the original template in spite of the fragile unicellular structures and extremely high water content of cyanobacterial cells. Incorporation of biogenic C, as well as the morphology inherited from biotemplate improved visible- light absorbance of the titania structure. The sample exhibited higher visible-light photocatalytic activity than commercial titania photocatalyst Degussa P25 for Rhodamine B (RhB) degradation. Compared with those C-doped titania photocatalysts prepared by other methods, cyanobacteria templated titania photocatalyst offer some potential for competitive advantages. The reported strategy opened up a new use for the cyanobacteria. It could also be used for titania in applications such as treatment of polluted water, dye-sensitized solar cells, or other regions.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2017YFB0310804)the Scientific and Technological Developing Scheme of Jilin Province(No.20190303119SF)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51974011)the Key R&D Program of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region(No.2019BFG02032)
摘要Highly efficient and sustainable conversion technologies to generate uniform sodalite(Na8(AlSiO4)6(OH)2)zeolite micro spheres with low-grade waste natural diatomite as raw materials via a solution-mediated crystallization route were developed in the present study.The synthesis process can be considered as an in-situ zeolitization of diatomite precursor without involving any me so scale template and any post-synthetic modification.The mass ratios of diatomite and AlCl3·6 H2 O have remarkable effect on the morphology,crystal structure and porosity of sodalite zeolite product.The preferred sodalite microspheres with uniform mesoporous of size 3.5-5.5 nm and large surface area of 162.5 m2/g exhibit well removal performance for heavy metal ions(Pb(II),Cd(II),Zn(II),and Cu(II)),with the highest adsorption abilities for Pb(II)ions of 365 mg/g.In addition,the effect of contact time,initial ion concentration,competitive adsorption and solution pH were evaluated.The removal performance results from synergistic effects of dominating cation-exchange and additional surface chemisorption.The study may broadly help unveil chemical control reactions of the zeolitization processes of diatomite,and thus facilitates the development of promising zeolite materials for the use in natural and engineered aquatic environments by recvcling waste diatomite resources.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China-State Grid Joint Fund for Smart Grid(No.U2066210).
摘要For the hybrid multi-infeed HVDC system in which the receiving-end grid is a strong AC grid including LCC-HVDC subsystems and multiple VSC-HVDC subsystems,it has higher voltage support capability.However,for weak AC grid,the voltage support capability of the multi-VSC-HVDC subsystems to the LCC-HVDC subsystem(voltage support capability-mVSCs-LCC)can resist the risk of commutation failure.Based on this consideration,this paper proposes an evaluation index called Dynamic Voltage Support Strength Factor(DVSF)for the hybrid multi-infeed system,and uses this index to qualitatively judge the voltage support capability-mVSCs-LCC in weak AC grid.In addition,the proposed evaluation index can also indirectly judge the ability of the LCC-HVDC subsystem to suppress commutation failure.Firstly,the mathematical model of the power flow of the LCC and VSC networks in the steady-state is analyzed,and the concept of DVSF applied to hybrid multi-infeed system is proposed.Furthermore,the DVSF index is also used to qualitatively judge the voltage support capability-mVSCs-LCC.Secondly,the influence of multiple VSC-HVDC subsystems with different operation strategies on the DVSF is analyzed with reference to the concept of DVSF.Finally,the indicators proposed in this paper are compared with other evaluation indicators through MATLAB simulation software to verify its effectiveness.More importantly,the effects of multi-VSC-HVDC subsystems using different coordinated control strategies on the voltage support capability of the receiving-end LCC-HVDC subsystem are also verified.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFB4002002).
摘要The prediction of the steady-state performance of the electrolysis cell is not only crucial for evaluating the rationality of its design and operational benchmarks,but also provides an important foundation for understanding its dynamic response behavior.This paper presents an efficient data-driven method based on three-dimensional two-phase numerical simulation and machine learning(ML)to rapidly predict the steady-state performance of proton exchange membrane electrolysis cells(PEMEC)under multi-physics field coupling conditions.The framework is based on three key operating parameters-temperature,pressure,and inlet flow velocity.A polarization curve dataset was constructed through multi-condition numerical simulations,and surrogate models were systematically trained using five distinct ML algorithms:random forest(RF),extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost),support vector regression(SVR),gaussian process regression(GPR),and fully connected neural network(FCNN).The results show that the constructed surrogate models can efficiently output complete polarization curves using only operating parameters as inputs.Validation against experimental results confirms that the FCNN performs the best overall prediction performance,achieving high accuracy with prediction errors consistently within±0.5%of the actual values across the interpolation temperature range,and demonstrating adaptability in extrapolation under varying temperatures.This ML collaborative method is applicable to the rapid performance assessment and analysis of PEMEC and provides valuable insights for operation optimization under extreme conditions.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 22101261)。
摘要Due to the increasing demand for the sustainability of modern organic chemistry, the development of green and powerful methods for C-C and C-B bond formation is highly desired. Among them, the transition-metal-free coupling reactions of gem–diborylalkanes emerge as one valuable tool for organic chemists in the last decade. The review covers selected representative examples. A comparison of these reactions with transition-metal-catalyzed reactions is provided. The recent example of α-boryl radical formation from gem–diborylalkanes is also briefly discussed.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China-State Grid Joint Fund for Smart Grid(U2066210)。
摘要The article deduces analytic expression of voltage travelling wave for hybrid cascaded DC system and puts forward protection based on amplitude coefficients of line-mode fault component voltage(LFCV).By analyzing time-domain expressions of fault voltage travelling waves,it is derived that under internal faults,for the head of line,the ratio of two amplitude coefficients of the LFCV is 1:2,while for the end of line,the ratio of two amplitude coefficients of the LFCV is 1:0.Then,it is further derived that under internal faults,for either side of line,the sum of two amplitude coefficients of the LFCV is far less than 0.However,under external faults,for the near faulty terminal of the line,the ratio of two amplitude coefficients of the LFCV is 1:−1;thus,the sum of two amplitude coefficients is 0.Therefore,the amplitude coefficients of LFCV can be utilized to distinguish the internal fault from the external fault.Simulation verifies that the method can reliably discriminate the internal and external faults even with high fault resistances and has high robustness confronting noise interference.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82202456)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Special Program(2025T180555)+4 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation General Program(2024MD754019)the Young Top Talent Program in Medicine,Chongqing Municipality(YXQN202467)the Chongqing Municipal Special Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023CQBSHTB3105)the Scientific and Technological Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission(KJQN202400424)the Young Top Talent Program of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University(ZYRC2022-01).
摘要Immune factors secreted by immune cells play a pivotal role in orchestrating inflammatory responses and facilitating tissue regeneration.Fiber dressings,owing to their extracellular matrix-like architecture and tunable physical properties,have emerged as promising candidates in regenerative medicine.Beyond serving as passive structural supports,fibers are increasingly recognized as active modulators of cell behavior through their inherent physical characteristics.However,how fiber diameter at the micro-and nanoscale influences the immune factor secretion profile of immune cells remains poorly defined.In this study,three types of fibers with distinct diameter scales were fabricated to systematically assess their immunomodulatory effects.In vitro analyses revealed that microscale fibers markedly enhanced the secretion of pro-regenerative and anti-inflammatory factors,such as VEGF,EGF,IL-10 and TGF-β1,while suppressing pro-inflammatory factors including TNF-αand IL-6.Mechanistic investigations indicated that this size-dependent immunomodulation may be driven by activation of the FAK-Wnt signaling pathway triggered by topographical cues.In vivo,microscale fibers significantly promoted neovascularization,attenuated inflammatory responses and accelerated tissue repair,further corroborating their immunoregulatory potential in a physiological setting.These findings establish fiber diameter as a critical physical cue for shaping the immune microenvironment and present a new strategy for immunoregulation through structural design.This work provides a conceptual framework for the development of biomaterials with intrinsic immunomodulatory properties and offers new therapeutic insights for the treatment of chronic inflammation-associated disorders.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0101305)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31930083,31901568,31801384,31725021,and 31771815)。
摘要Flowering time is an important agronomic trait for soybean yield and adaptation. However, the genetic basis of soybean adaptation to diverse latitudes is still not clear. Four NIGHT LIGHT-INDUCIBLE AND CLOCK-REGULATED 2(LNK2) homeologs of Arabidopsis thaliana LNK2 were identified in soybean. Three single-guide RNAs were designed for editing the four LNK2 genes. A transgene-free homozygous quadruple mutant of the LNK2 genes was developed using the CRISPR(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9(CRISPR-associated protein 9). Under long-day(LD) conditions, the quadruple mutant flowered significantly earlier than the wild-type(WT). Quantitative real-time PCR(q RT-PCR)revealed that transcript levels of LNK2 were significantly lower in the quadruple mutant than in the WT under LD conditions. LNK2 promoted the expression of the legume-specific E1 gene and repressed the expression of FT2 a. Genetic markers were developed to identify LNK2 mutants for soybean breeding.These results indicate that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted mutagenesis of four LNK2 genes shortens flowering time in soybean. Our findings identify novel components in flowering-time control in soybean and may be beneficial for further soybean breeding in high-latitude environments.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72171059,71771041)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(FRFCU5710000220)the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province,China(No.YQ2020G003).
摘要Human activities widely exhibit a power-law distribution.Considering stock trading as a typical human activity in the financial domain,the first aim of this paper is to validate whether the well-known power-law distribution can be observed in this activity.Interestingly,this paper determines that the number of accumulated lead–lag days between stock pairs meets the power-law distribution in both the U.S.and Chinese stock markets based on 10 years of trading data.Based on this finding this paper adopts the power-law distribution to formally define the lead–lag effect,detect stock pairs with the lead–lag effect,and then design a pure lead–lag investment strategy as well as enhancement investment strategies by integrating the lead–lag strategy into classic alpha-factor strategies.Tests conducted on 20 different alpha-factor strategies demonstrate that both perform better than the selected benchmark strategy and that the lead–lag strategy provides useful signals that significantly improve the performance of basic alpha-factor strategies.Our results therefore indicate that the lead–lag effect may provide effective information for designing more profitable investment strategies.
基金supported by State Grid Science and Technology Project:Research on Key Protection Technologies for New-type Urban Distribution Network with Controllable Sources and Loads(5100-201913019A-0-0-00).
摘要In this paper,a fault location method for the petal-shaped distribution network(PSDN)with inverter-interfaced distributed generators(IIDGs)is proposed to shorten the time of manual inspection.In order to calculate the fault position,the closed-loop structure of the PSDN is skillfully exploited,and the common control strategies of IIDGs are considered.For asymmetrical faults,a fault line identification formula based on the negative-sequence current phase differences is presented,and a fault location formula only utilizing the negative-sequence current amplitudes is derived to calculated the fault position.For symmetrical faults,the positive-sequence current at both ends of lines and the current output from IIDGs are used to identify the fault line,and the positive-sequence current on multiple lines are used to pinpoint the fault position.In this method,corresponding current phasors are separated into amplitudes and phases to satisfy the limitation of communication level.The simulation results show that the error is generally less than 1%,and the accuracy of the proposed method is not affected by the fault type,fault position,fault resistance,load current,and the IIDG penetration.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant(U2066210).
摘要A new line protection for HVDC systems using the ratio of currents of a DC filter and smoothing reactor is presented.Characteristic analysis on a DC filter shows that it behaves like an inductor at a high frequency band whose inductance is far less than the sum of smoothing reactor inductance plus converter equivalent inductance.Based on this characteristic,fault analysis shows that during high-frequency DC line faults(on either side),the DC filter current amplitude significantly exceeds that of the smoothing reactor,with a current ratio much greater than 1.Whereas for external faults,near faulty end,DC filter current amplitude is less than the one of a smoothing reactor and current ratio at this end is smaller than 1,while the current ratio at the distance faulty end is still far greater than 1.The effectiveness of the protection is verified by a large number of simulation experiments.It does not need synchronization of signals at both ends.In addition,it has high sensitivity for high-resistance faults,and is insensitive to the length of DC transmission line and power flow change.
基金supported in part by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFB0900603)Technology Projects of State Grid Corporation of China(52094017000W).
摘要Definite-time zero-sequence over-current protection is presently used in systems whose neutral point is grounded by a low resistance(low-resistance grounding systems).These systems frequently malfunction owing to their high settings of the action value when a high-impedance grounding fault occurs.In this study,the relationship between the zero-sequence currents of each feeder and the neutral branch was analyzed.Then,a grounding protection method was proposed on the basis of the zero-sequence current ratio coefficient.It is defined as the ratio of the zero-sequence current of the feeder to that of the neutral branch.Nonetheless,both zero-sequence voltage and zero-sequence current are affected by the transition resistance,The influence of transition resistance can be eliminated by calculating this coefficient.Therefore,a method based on the zero-sequence current ratio coefficient was proposed considering the significant difference between the faulty feeder and healthy feeder.Furthermore,unbalanced current can be prevented by setting the starting current.PSCAD simulation results reveal that the proposed method shows high reliability and sensitivity when a high-resistance grounding fault occurs.
基金financial support of the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2019A1515110897 and 2019B1515120028)。
摘要Earth abundant O3-type NaFe0.5Mn0.5O2layered oxide is regarded as one of the most promising cathodes for sodium ion batteries due to its low cost and high energy density.However,its poor structural stability and cycle life strongly impede the practical application.Herein,the dynamic phase evolution as well as charge compensation mechanism of O3-type NaFe0.5Mn0.5O2cathode during sodiation/desodiation are revealed by a systemic study with operando X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy,high resolution neutron powder diffraction and neutron pair distribution functions.The layered structure experiences a phase transition of O3→P3→OP2→ramsdellite during the desodiation,and a new O3’phase is observed at the end of the discharge state(1.5 V).The density functional theory(DFT)calculations and nPDF results suggest that depletion of Na+ions induces the movement of Fe into Na layer resulting the formation of an inert ramsdellite phase thus causing the loss of capacity and structural integrity.Meanwhile,the operando XAS clarified the voltage regions for active Mn3+/Mn4+and Fe3+/Fe4+redox couples.This work points out the universal underneath problem for Fe-based layered oxide cathodes when cycled at high voltage and highlights the importance to suppress Fe migration regarding the design of high energy O3-type cathodes for sodium ion batteries.
基金This work was supported by National Key Research Development Program of China(2017YFB1103002,2018YFB0604304)National Natural Science Foundation of China(51821004).
摘要The microreactor based hydroxylation process of 1,2,4-trichlorobezene for producing 2,5-dichlorphenol,the key intermediate of dicamba,is energy efficient and cost effective.But the 2,5-dicholorphneol is present in a mixed state after production.The reaction mixture contained the main by-product 2,4-dichlorophneol,low-content by-product 3,4-dichlorophneol,and other impurities.The difficulty in separation and analysis limits the application of this process widely.The current work aimed at establishing effective analysis methods by gas chromatography(GC)and high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).The GC method was not able to separate 2,5-dichlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol completely,but the developed HPLC method worked efficiently.The linear correlation coefficients of 2,5-dichlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol were both higher than 0.999,and the average recovery was 100.33% for 2,5-dichlorophenol and 100.13% for 2,4-dichlorophenol,respectively.The relative standard deviations from precision tests were both less than 1%.The contents of 2,5-dichlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol were determined with external standard method.The HPLC method has the advantages of simple operation,good separation efficiency,high accuracy and precision,and was successfully applied for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of 2,5-dichlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol of the sample solution.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72171059,71771041,72121001)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(FRFCU5710000220)the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province,China(No.YQ2020G003).
摘要With the high-speed development of decentralized applications,account-based blockchain platforms have become a hotbed of various financial scams and hacks due to their anonymity and high financial value.Financial security has become a top priority with the sustainable development of blockchain-based platforms because of an increasing number of cyber attacks,which have resulted in a huge loss of crypto assets in recent years.Therefore,it is imperative to study the real-time detection of cyber attacks to facilitate effective supervision and regulation.To this end,this paper proposes the weighted and extended isolation forest algorithms and designs a novel framework for the real-time detection of cyber-attack transactions by thoroughly studying and summarizing real-world examples.Furthermore,this study develops a new detection approach for locating the compromised address of a cyber attack to resolve the data scarcity of hack addresses and reduce time consumption.Moreover,three experiments are carried out not only to apply on different types of cyber attacks but also to compare the proposed approach with the widely used existing methods.The results demonstrate the high efficiency and generality of the proposed approach.Finally,the lower time consumption and robustness of our method were validated through additional experiments.In conclusion,the proposed blockchain-oriented approach in this study can handle real-time detection of cyber attacks and has significant scope for applications.
摘要Introduction:On September 16,2024,the Puyang City CDC received a report of a suspected foodborne disease outbreak involving 14 individuals who developed nausea,vomiting,and diarrhea following attendance at a hotel banquet.Upon notification,the District CDC immediately deployed a specialized investigation team to characterize the epidemiological features of the outbreak,identify the causative pathogen,assess potential transmission risks,and implement effective control and prevention measures.Methods:We integrated comprehensive on-site epidemiological investigations,clinical symptom analyses,and laboratory diagnostics to isolate and identify pathogenic agents from retained food samples,environmental specimens,and anal swabs collected from affected cases.The recovered isolates underwent enterotoxin-virulence-gene profiling,antimicrobialsusceptibility testing,and phylogenetic analyses.Additionally,we characterized the architecture of the enterotoxin-A-linked pathogenicity island vSaβ.Results:A total of 4 S.aureus strains were successfully isolated from 22 leftover food samples,2 environmental swabs,and 2 patient anal swabs.Contaminated donkey and goose meat was identified as the outbreak source.All isolates harbored sea and seb enterotoxin genes,exhibited PEN-OXA-ERY-CLI resistance patterns,and were identified as clonal ST59-spa t441-SCCmec IVa CA-MRSA strains.Phylogenetic analysis positioned the outbreak strains within the Asia-Pacific clade,distinguishing them from the North American ST59 sublineage.Comprehensive analysis of the sea-associated virulence island vSaβidentified a novel structural arrangement containing a type A IEC cluster(sea-sak-chp-scn).Conclusions:The detection of foodborne ST59 CAMRSA clones in this outbreak underscores the prevalence and transmission risks associated with this hypervirulent lineage.These findings emphasize the critical need to strengthen surveillance measures for CA-MRSA among food industry workers.
基金Supported by Special Project for groundwork of the Ministry of Science and Technology(2013FY111700-2)~~
摘要'Xiarihong' is a new early-ripening variety selected from seedlings of Chinese dwarf cherry (Cerasus humilis Bunge) in 2006. The fruits are oblate and have red skin; the flesh is yellow, sour and sweet. The average mass of a fruit is 6.74 g, and a fruit has a half freestone. The content of soluble solids reaches 10.9%, and total sugar and total acid content are 8.20% and 1.81% respectively, so the ratio of total sugar content to total acid content is 4.53; the edible rate is up to 94.51%. In the flesh, calcium, iron, zinc, and vitamin C content are 219.7, 4.4, 1.09, and 182 mg/kg respectively. Fruits ripen in late July in Beijing, and the development period of fruits is 96-101 d. Fruits can be kept for 3-5 d at room temperature, about 20 d in cold storage, and one year under freezing conditions. It can be cultivated in Beijing, flowers and fruits in the next year, with strong yielding ability.