Huperzine A(HupA) is a highly selective, reversible acetylcholinesterase(AChE) inhibitor that exhibits neuroprotective effects and is clinically used to manage benign memory decline.However, the specific relationship ...Huperzine A(HupA) is a highly selective, reversible acetylcholinesterase(AChE) inhibitor that exhibits neuroprotective effects and is clinically used to manage benign memory decline.However, the specific relationship between the pharmacokinetic(PK) profile of HupA and cerebral acetylcholine(ACh) dynamics remains poorly characterized. Here, we characterize the PK-pharmacodynamic(PD) properties of HupA in rats under both physiological and pathological conditions. Following a single intramuscular injection, HupA exhibits a short halflife but rapid brain penetration, while multiple dosing significantly enhances its brain exposure. In a middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO) rat model, HupA demonstrates increased brain distribution. Furthermore, HupA elevates ACh concentrations across multiple brain regions, concurrently modulating several monoamine neurotransmitters. Using a minimal physiologically based pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic(mPBPK-PD) modeling approach,cerebral ACh dynamics were accurately predicted based on the pharmacokinetics of HupA in systemic circulation. The developed mPBPK-PD model exhibits robust predictive performance and holds potential for guiding the optimization of clinical dosing regimens and improving the therapeutic efficacy of HupA.展开更多
Target therapy represents a paradigm shift to a precise and personalized approach.Unlike the great success of antibody-drug conjugate(ADC)in clinical practice,peptide-drug conjugate(PDC)with good tissue penetration an...Target therapy represents a paradigm shift to a precise and personalized approach.Unlike the great success of antibody-drug conjugate(ADC)in clinical practice,peptide-drug conjugate(PDC)with good tissue penetration and drug loading capacity exhibits poor stability,quick blood clearance and cellular internalization that limit their translation.In this study,a feasible approach for constructing an in vivo self-assembling peptide-drug conjugate(s PDC)was proposed by rationally designing the combination of tumor-specific targeting peptide module,responsive self-assembling peptide module,and therapeutic drug.Two optimized s PDCs(s PDC1 and s PDC2)capable of specifically targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)on the surface of tumors were reported.s PDCs could selectively target HER2-positive tumors and effectively kill HER2 overexpressing tumor cells.In addition,weak but significant efficacy of s PDCs was also observed in HER2-negative tumors,which was likely by-stander effect due to the release of monomethyl auristatin E(MMAE)in the tumor microenvironment.Finally,in HER2-positive xenograft mouse models,s PDC1 showed superior therapeutic efficacy over the clinical HER2-targeted therapeutic agents trastuzumab and lapatinib,and roughly equivalent therapeutic efficacy compared with RC48 even in large tumor-bearing mouse models.Therefore,s PDC1 was promising to serve as a lead compound for further clinical development for oncology therapy.展开更多
Currently,2-fluorodeschloroketamine(2F-DCK),an analog of ketamine(KET),is considered one of the emerging new psychoactive substances(NPS).Its abuse is on the rise globally due to its structural and anesthetic similari...Currently,2-fluorodeschloroketamine(2F-DCK),an analog of ketamine(KET),is considered one of the emerging new psychoactive substances(NPS).Its abuse is on the rise globally due to its structural and anesthetic similarities to KET.The pharmacological properties of KET have been extensively studied,but reports on the pharmacology of 2F-DCK and its metabolites are scarce.In the study,we focused on the pharmacokinetics of 2F-DCK and its phase I metabolite nor-2F-DCK in rodent model.Our aim was to analyse changes in their metabolic profiles over time and to construct a predictive model based on the concentration ratio of 2F-DCK to its metabolite for estimating the last 2F-DCK administration time.Eighteen healthy Sprague-Dawley(SD)male rats were randomly divided into three groups:high-and low-dose 2F-DCK groups and a control group(n=6).Whole blood was collected from the inner canthal vein at different time intervals after oral gavage.The blood samples were extracted via liquid-liquid extraction and analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS/MS)in a positive ion mode using multi-reaction monitoring.Mean blood concentration−time curves showed that 2F-DCK was undetectable at 8 h post-administration,whereas nor-2F-DCK was still detectable at 12 h(low-dose group),demonstrating that nor-2F-DCK could be used as a reliable biomarker for 2F-DCK identification.Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by a pharmacokinetic software DAS 3.2.8,employing a non-compartment model.The results showed the elimination half-lives of 2F-DCK are 0.20 h(low-dose group)and 1.07 h(high-dose group);while those of nor-2F-DCK were 1.51 h(low-dose group)and 5.01 h(high-dose group),respectively.The time of maximum concentration(Tmax)of 2F-DCK in low-dose group was same as that in high-dose group(0.25 h),and the Tmax of nor-2F-DCK in both groups was 1.00 h,which indicated that the Tmax was dose-independent.Significantly,the best predictive model was obtained from the relationship between the concentration ratio of 2F-DCK to nor-2F-DCK and the administration time of 2F-DCK,exhibiting considerable potential for application in clinical drug monitoring and forensic illegal drug identification.展开更多
Hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4(HES130/0.4)is a macromolecular polysaccharide with polydispersity,which is widely used as a plasma expander.Full-profile bioanalysis of HES130/0.4 is required to characterize its plasma pha...Hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4(HES130/0.4)is a macromolecular polysaccharide with polydispersity,which is widely used as a plasma expander.Full-profile bioanalysis of HES130/0.4 is required to characterize its plasma pharmacokinetics,yet current analytical technologies struggle with this task due to its complex structure and composition.To address this existing lacuna within the realm of analytical science,we propose a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry(LC-ESI-MS)methodology for the full-profile bioanalysis of HES130/0.4.Amide column separation with gradient optimization eluted polydisperse HES130/0.4 as a single symmetric peak.In-source collision-induced dissociation(IS-CID)converted the numerous precursor ions of HES130/0.4 into a limited number of characteristic fragment ions,from which m/z 597.4 was selected as the"pseudo-precursor ion"for MRM quantification.The ion transition m/z 597.4→435.3 was identified as the quantitative ion pair.The method demonstrated a linear calibration curve from 40μg/mL to 4000μg/L,with accuracy and precision meeting acceptance criteria,confirming its reliability and reproducibility.Subsequently,the workflow was successfully applied to investigate the pharmacokinetics of HES130/0.4 in rat,revealing its large distribution volume and rapid elimination within 24 h.This work provides a straightforward approach for the full-profile quantification of HES130/0.4 in biological samples,overcoming the limitations of traditional methods in terms of poor specificity,low sensitivity and narrow linear range,and providing a reference for the in vivo full-profile bioanalysis of HES130/0.4 and other polysaccharides.展开更多
BACKGROUND Beta-1 receptor blockade is well characterized for its protective effects against septic symptoms,and esmolol(ES)is a selectiveβ1-adrenoceptor antagonist.AIM To assess the effects of ES on lipopolysacchari...BACKGROUND Beta-1 receptor blockade is well characterized for its protective effects against septic symptoms,and esmolol(ES)is a selectiveβ1-adrenoceptor antagonist.AIM To assess the effects of ES on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced septic intestinal damage and explore the associated mechanism by focusing on the AMPK/m-TOR/ULK1 pathway.METHODS Sepsis was induced via an intraperitoneal injection of LPS in male SD rats or LPS treatment in rat intestine epithelial cells.To assess their anti-sepsis effects,rats and cells were pretreated with ES,3-methyladenine,rapamycin(RAPA),and/or compound C,30 minutes before LPS exposure.Then,intestinal damage,intestinal fatty acid-binding protein(I-FABP)and diamine oxidase(DAO)levels in intestinal tissue,interleukin(IL)-6,IL-1,tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),IL-17,and IL-10 levels,cell viability,autophagic processes,and AMPK/mTOR/ULK1-related signaling transduction were detected via a series of in vivo and in vitro assays.RESULTS LPS induced intestinal damage in a time-dependent manner and suppressed autophagy at 12 and 24 hours.Pretreatment with ES or RAPA reduced I-FABP and DAO release;improved the damage score;and increased the expression of Beclin-1,LC3-II,p-AMPK,p-ULK1 and numbers of autophagosomes,and decreased the expression of p-mTOR at 12 and 24 hours,indicating amelioration of intestinal injury and augmentation of autophagy in rats.The results of in vivo assays were consistent with those in the IEC-6 intestinal epithelial cell line.Pre-treatment with ES reduced IL-1,TNF-α,IL-17,and IL-6 release and increased IL-10 release in cells.CONCLUSION The current findings demonstrate that ES ameliorates LPS-induced septic intestinal damage by activating autophagy through modulation of the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 pathway.展开更多
Isoflurane is frequently employed as an inhalation anesthetic in pediatric medicine.The research found that repeated exposure to isoflurane had adverse effects on neurodevelopment.Despite the elusive nature of the und...Isoflurane is frequently employed as an inhalation anesthetic in pediatric medicine.The research found that repeated exposure to isoflurane had adverse effects on neurodevelopment.Despite the elusive nature of the underlying mechanisms,dimethyl fumarate(DMF)has been recognized as a biologically active compound with neuroprotective properties.This study examines the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of DMF both in vivo and in vitro against cognitive dysfunction in mice induced by repeated exposure to isoflurane.DMF treatment ameliorated cognitive dysfunction in mice subjected to isoflurane,alleviating neuronal and myelin injury and abnormal astrocyte death.In vitro studies demonstrated that DMF enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities,mitigated cellular oxidative stress,and improved mitochondrial function in cells exposed to isoflurane.Overall,we found that DMF alleviates cognitive impairment resulting from repeated isoflurane exposure.This effect is mediated through the hydrolytic metabolism of DMF,which enhances cellular energy production,activates the kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1(Keap1)-nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)pathway,reduces intracellular oxidative stress,and increases cellular antioxidant levels.展开更多
目的:探讨缺氧诱导的基因结构域家族成员1A(hypoxia-induced gene domain family member 1A,HIGD1A)在多柔比星(doxorubicin,DOX)诱导的大鼠H9c2心肌细胞焦亡中的作用及机制。方法:以大鼠H9c2心肌细胞为研究对象,实验分为以下7组:对照组...目的:探讨缺氧诱导的基因结构域家族成员1A(hypoxia-induced gene domain family member 1A,HIGD1A)在多柔比星(doxorubicin,DOX)诱导的大鼠H9c2心肌细胞焦亡中的作用及机制。方法:以大鼠H9c2心肌细胞为研究对象,实验分为以下7组:对照组、DOX组、沉默对照(siNC)组、沉默Higd1a(siHigd1a)组、siNC+DOX组、siHigd1a+DOX组和siHigd1a+DOX+MCC950[核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体蛋白3(nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3,NLRP3)抑制剂]组。DOX(5μmol/L)处理24 h构建大鼠H9c2心肌细胞损伤模型,利用siRNA沉默Higd1a基因。采用DHE染色检测各组细胞中活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)含量;TMRE染色法评估线粒体功能;Western blot法检测各组细胞焦亡相关蛋白的表达量;利用乳酸脱氢酶试剂盒检测心肌细胞的损伤情况。结果:与对照组相比,DOX处理使H9c2心肌细胞活力显著下降(P<0.01),HIGD1A的mRNA和蛋白表达量均显著降低(P<0.05)。与siNC+DOX组相比,沉默Higd1a后加重DOX诱导的ROS生成与线粒体膜电位下降(P<0.01),并且增加NLRP3、焦孔蛋白D剪切片段(gasdermin D cleaved fragment,GSDMD CL)、cleaved caspase-1、白细胞介素18(interleukin-18,IL-18)表达量(P<0.01),促进心肌细胞损伤标志物乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)释放(P<0.01)。进一步加入NLRP3抑制剂MCC950可部分逆转沉默Higd1a导致的心肌细胞焦亡增加(P<0.05)。结论:DOX处理可下调大鼠H9c2心肌细胞HIGD1A表达,沉默Higd1a基因通过促进线粒体功能障碍及心肌细胞焦亡参与DOX导致的心肌细胞损伤,其机制与抑制ROS/NLRP3信号途径介导的心肌细胞焦亡有关。展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2024YFA1308200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 82274009 and81973556)。
摘要Huperzine A(HupA) is a highly selective, reversible acetylcholinesterase(AChE) inhibitor that exhibits neuroprotective effects and is clinically used to manage benign memory decline.However, the specific relationship between the pharmacokinetic(PK) profile of HupA and cerebral acetylcholine(ACh) dynamics remains poorly characterized. Here, we characterize the PK-pharmacodynamic(PD) properties of HupA in rats under both physiological and pathological conditions. Following a single intramuscular injection, HupA exhibits a short halflife but rapid brain penetration, while multiple dosing significantly enhances its brain exposure. In a middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO) rat model, HupA demonstrates increased brain distribution. Furthermore, HupA elevates ACh concentrations across multiple brain regions, concurrently modulating several monoamine neurotransmitters. Using a minimal physiologically based pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic(mPBPK-PD) modeling approach,cerebral ACh dynamics were accurately predicted based on the pharmacokinetics of HupA in systemic circulation. The developed mPBPK-PD model exhibits robust predictive performance and holds potential for guiding the optimization of clinical dosing regimens and improving the therapeutic efficacy of HupA.
基金supported by Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDC0290200)National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFA1205700)Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project(No.2023ZD0508000)。
摘要Target therapy represents a paradigm shift to a precise and personalized approach.Unlike the great success of antibody-drug conjugate(ADC)in clinical practice,peptide-drug conjugate(PDC)with good tissue penetration and drug loading capacity exhibits poor stability,quick blood clearance and cellular internalization that limit their translation.In this study,a feasible approach for constructing an in vivo self-assembling peptide-drug conjugate(s PDC)was proposed by rationally designing the combination of tumor-specific targeting peptide module,responsive self-assembling peptide module,and therapeutic drug.Two optimized s PDCs(s PDC1 and s PDC2)capable of specifically targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)on the surface of tumors were reported.s PDCs could selectively target HER2-positive tumors and effectively kill HER2 overexpressing tumor cells.In addition,weak but significant efficacy of s PDCs was also observed in HER2-negative tumors,which was likely by-stander effect due to the release of monomethyl auristatin E(MMAE)in the tumor microenvironment.Finally,in HER2-positive xenograft mouse models,s PDC1 showed superior therapeutic efficacy over the clinical HER2-targeted therapeutic agents trastuzumab and lapatinib,and roughly equivalent therapeutic efficacy compared with RC48 even in large tumor-bearing mouse models.Therefore,s PDC1 was promising to serve as a lead compound for further clinical development for oncology therapy.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(grant number:2022YFC3302003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant numbers:82101980,82130056)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province(grant number:20210302124181)the Fund Program for the Scientific Activities of Selected Returned Overseas Professionals in Shanxi Province(grant number:20220021).
摘要Currently,2-fluorodeschloroketamine(2F-DCK),an analog of ketamine(KET),is considered one of the emerging new psychoactive substances(NPS).Its abuse is on the rise globally due to its structural and anesthetic similarities to KET.The pharmacological properties of KET have been extensively studied,but reports on the pharmacology of 2F-DCK and its metabolites are scarce.In the study,we focused on the pharmacokinetics of 2F-DCK and its phase I metabolite nor-2F-DCK in rodent model.Our aim was to analyse changes in their metabolic profiles over time and to construct a predictive model based on the concentration ratio of 2F-DCK to its metabolite for estimating the last 2F-DCK administration time.Eighteen healthy Sprague-Dawley(SD)male rats were randomly divided into three groups:high-and low-dose 2F-DCK groups and a control group(n=6).Whole blood was collected from the inner canthal vein at different time intervals after oral gavage.The blood samples were extracted via liquid-liquid extraction and analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS/MS)in a positive ion mode using multi-reaction monitoring.Mean blood concentration−time curves showed that 2F-DCK was undetectable at 8 h post-administration,whereas nor-2F-DCK was still detectable at 12 h(low-dose group),demonstrating that nor-2F-DCK could be used as a reliable biomarker for 2F-DCK identification.Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by a pharmacokinetic software DAS 3.2.8,employing a non-compartment model.The results showed the elimination half-lives of 2F-DCK are 0.20 h(low-dose group)and 1.07 h(high-dose group);while those of nor-2F-DCK were 1.51 h(low-dose group)and 5.01 h(high-dose group),respectively.The time of maximum concentration(Tmax)of 2F-DCK in low-dose group was same as that in high-dose group(0.25 h),and the Tmax of nor-2F-DCK in both groups was 1.00 h,which indicated that the Tmax was dose-independent.Significantly,the best predictive model was obtained from the relationship between the concentration ratio of 2F-DCK to nor-2F-DCK and the administration time of 2F-DCK,exhibiting considerable potential for application in clinical drug monitoring and forensic illegal drug identification.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82030107,82304443,82373944)。
摘要Hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4(HES130/0.4)is a macromolecular polysaccharide with polydispersity,which is widely used as a plasma expander.Full-profile bioanalysis of HES130/0.4 is required to characterize its plasma pharmacokinetics,yet current analytical technologies struggle with this task due to its complex structure and composition.To address this existing lacuna within the realm of analytical science,we propose a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry(LC-ESI-MS)methodology for the full-profile bioanalysis of HES130/0.4.Amide column separation with gradient optimization eluted polydisperse HES130/0.4 as a single symmetric peak.In-source collision-induced dissociation(IS-CID)converted the numerous precursor ions of HES130/0.4 into a limited number of characteristic fragment ions,from which m/z 597.4 was selected as the"pseudo-precursor ion"for MRM quantification.The ion transition m/z 597.4→435.3 was identified as the quantitative ion pair.The method demonstrated a linear calibration curve from 40μg/mL to 4000μg/L,with accuracy and precision meeting acceptance criteria,confirming its reliability and reproducibility.Subsequently,the workflow was successfully applied to investigate the pharmacokinetics of HES130/0.4 in rat,revealing its large distribution volume and rapid elimination within 24 h.This work provides a straightforward approach for the full-profile quantification of HES130/0.4 in biological samples,overcoming the limitations of traditional methods in terms of poor specificity,low sensitivity and narrow linear range,and providing a reference for the in vivo full-profile bioanalysis of HES130/0.4 and other polysaccharides.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82471281Key Medical Research Projects in Jiangsu Province,No.ZD2022021Key R&D Program Projects in Jiangsu Province,No.BE2023709.
摘要BACKGROUND Beta-1 receptor blockade is well characterized for its protective effects against septic symptoms,and esmolol(ES)is a selectiveβ1-adrenoceptor antagonist.AIM To assess the effects of ES on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced septic intestinal damage and explore the associated mechanism by focusing on the AMPK/m-TOR/ULK1 pathway.METHODS Sepsis was induced via an intraperitoneal injection of LPS in male SD rats or LPS treatment in rat intestine epithelial cells.To assess their anti-sepsis effects,rats and cells were pretreated with ES,3-methyladenine,rapamycin(RAPA),and/or compound C,30 minutes before LPS exposure.Then,intestinal damage,intestinal fatty acid-binding protein(I-FABP)and diamine oxidase(DAO)levels in intestinal tissue,interleukin(IL)-6,IL-1,tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),IL-17,and IL-10 levels,cell viability,autophagic processes,and AMPK/mTOR/ULK1-related signaling transduction were detected via a series of in vivo and in vitro assays.RESULTS LPS induced intestinal damage in a time-dependent manner and suppressed autophagy at 12 and 24 hours.Pretreatment with ES or RAPA reduced I-FABP and DAO release;improved the damage score;and increased the expression of Beclin-1,LC3-II,p-AMPK,p-ULK1 and numbers of autophagosomes,and decreased the expression of p-mTOR at 12 and 24 hours,indicating amelioration of intestinal injury and augmentation of autophagy in rats.The results of in vivo assays were consistent with those in the IEC-6 intestinal epithelial cell line.Pre-treatment with ES reduced IL-1,TNF-α,IL-17,and IL-6 release and increased IL-10 release in cells.CONCLUSION The current findings demonstrate that ES ameliorates LPS-induced septic intestinal damage by activating autophagy through modulation of the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 pathway.
摘要Isoflurane is frequently employed as an inhalation anesthetic in pediatric medicine.The research found that repeated exposure to isoflurane had adverse effects on neurodevelopment.Despite the elusive nature of the underlying mechanisms,dimethyl fumarate(DMF)has been recognized as a biologically active compound with neuroprotective properties.This study examines the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of DMF both in vivo and in vitro against cognitive dysfunction in mice induced by repeated exposure to isoflurane.DMF treatment ameliorated cognitive dysfunction in mice subjected to isoflurane,alleviating neuronal and myelin injury and abnormal astrocyte death.In vitro studies demonstrated that DMF enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities,mitigated cellular oxidative stress,and improved mitochondrial function in cells exposed to isoflurane.Overall,we found that DMF alleviates cognitive impairment resulting from repeated isoflurane exposure.This effect is mediated through the hydrolytic metabolism of DMF,which enhances cellular energy production,activates the kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1(Keap1)-nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)pathway,reduces intracellular oxidative stress,and increases cellular antioxidant levels.