Tree failure is an international problem,a major risk to public safety,and of growing concern because of extreme weather events.Tree biomechanics can inform the probability of tree failure,but empirical data from trop...Tree failure is an international problem,a major risk to public safety,and of growing concern because of extreme weather events.Tree biomechanics can inform the probability of tree failure,but empirical data from tropical settings are scarce.As a case study,we analyze the biomechanics(safety factor)of large heritage trees in public spaces in Indonesia.We examined critical buckling height using the Euler and Ylinen bending stress method.Tree morphometry(height,diameter at breast height,crown diameter),stability(modulus of elasticity),critical buckling height,and safety factor were quantified during this study.We found that large heritage trees in public spaces with buttresses have taller and larger morphometry and higher trunk and crown weights than small trees without buttresses.These trees are highly stable against external pressure.The presence of buttresses protects the target tree from rain and wind,resulting in a higher critical buckling height(Hcr)of large(58.9 m)and buttressed target trees(58.8)than small(33.5 m)and unbuttressed trees(42.6 m),and a safety factor level of 68%safer.We make recommendations for selecting and managing trees in public spaces in a way that(i)can enhance wellbeing and biodiversity in urban planning,and(ii)is informed by risk to public safety.展开更多
Tree root-soil interaction is important for problems such as uprooting of trees subjected to wind loads or the stability of vegetated slopes.This paper examines the stability of laterally loaded trees(e.g.,subjected t...Tree root-soil interaction is important for problems such as uprooting of trees subjected to wind loads or the stability of vegetated slopes.This paper examines the stability of laterally loaded trees(e.g.,subjected to wind)and introduces a novel methodology for characterizing the uprooting capacity of tree root-soil systems.The novelty of the methodology originates from the coupling between the Space Colonization Algorithm(SCA)for the geometry characterization of the root system with an efficient Finite Element Method(FEM)model.Each tree is unique,and finding a generalized model would need to account for multiple scenarios involving different a priori uncertain tree root geometries and soil types.The proposed methodology allows for the assessment of uncertain root geometries and their effects on the mechanical response of the root-soil system,thanks to the stochastic nature of the SCA.It introduces a competitive growth algorithm that models root branch expansion in the soil as a dynamic and stochastic process.The study captures the mechanical response of a tree root system with a 3D FEM model by using an elastoplastic mechanical model for the soil,while the roots are modeled with elastoplastic embedded beams.The proposed model enables the identification of the locations of root breakage and soil failure paths in multiple scenarios.Model outputs allow quantitative investigation into the relationship between root system geometry and the root-soil system uprooting capacity and base stiffness.展开更多
摘要Tree failure is an international problem,a major risk to public safety,and of growing concern because of extreme weather events.Tree biomechanics can inform the probability of tree failure,but empirical data from tropical settings are scarce.As a case study,we analyze the biomechanics(safety factor)of large heritage trees in public spaces in Indonesia.We examined critical buckling height using the Euler and Ylinen bending stress method.Tree morphometry(height,diameter at breast height,crown diameter),stability(modulus of elasticity),critical buckling height,and safety factor were quantified during this study.We found that large heritage trees in public spaces with buttresses have taller and larger morphometry and higher trunk and crown weights than small trees without buttresses.These trees are highly stable against external pressure.The presence of buttresses protects the target tree from rain and wind,resulting in a higher critical buckling height(Hcr)of large(58.9 m)and buttressed target trees(58.8)than small(33.5 m)and unbuttressed trees(42.6 m),and a safety factor level of 68%safer.We make recommendations for selecting and managing trees in public spaces in a way that(i)can enhance wellbeing and biodiversity in urban planning,and(ii)is informed by risk to public safety.
基金financed through the European Union's Next Generation EU initiative under PNRR Italian National funding Grant ID:B83C22004820002(2022–2025).
摘要Tree root-soil interaction is important for problems such as uprooting of trees subjected to wind loads or the stability of vegetated slopes.This paper examines the stability of laterally loaded trees(e.g.,subjected to wind)and introduces a novel methodology for characterizing the uprooting capacity of tree root-soil systems.The novelty of the methodology originates from the coupling between the Space Colonization Algorithm(SCA)for the geometry characterization of the root system with an efficient Finite Element Method(FEM)model.Each tree is unique,and finding a generalized model would need to account for multiple scenarios involving different a priori uncertain tree root geometries and soil types.The proposed methodology allows for the assessment of uncertain root geometries and their effects on the mechanical response of the root-soil system,thanks to the stochastic nature of the SCA.It introduces a competitive growth algorithm that models root branch expansion in the soil as a dynamic and stochastic process.The study captures the mechanical response of a tree root system with a 3D FEM model by using an elastoplastic mechanical model for the soil,while the roots are modeled with elastoplastic embedded beams.The proposed model enables the identification of the locations of root breakage and soil failure paths in multiple scenarios.Model outputs allow quantitative investigation into the relationship between root system geometry and the root-soil system uprooting capacity and base stiffness.