Pure titanium samples were aluminized at 950,1025 and 1100 ℃ for 0-6 h in a pack containing 10%Al+5%NaF+85%Al2O3 in mass traction.The aluminized layers formed on the samples were characterized.The kinetic studies i...Pure titanium samples were aluminized at 950,1025 and 1100 ℃ for 0-6 h in a pack containing 10%Al+5%NaF+85%Al2O3 in mass traction.The aluminized layers formed on the samples were characterized.The kinetic studies indicated that the diffusion of Al-bearing gases through the pack is the rate-controlling step in this process.The activation energy of 161.8 kJ/mol was calculated for this step.In addition,the mass gains of the aluminized samples were predicted using the partial pressures of gases in the pack and those adjacent to the samples surface.The predicted values are in good agreement wim the experimental measurements at 950 ℃ but are higher than those measured at 1025 and 1100 ℃.展开更多
The high-temperature oxidation resistance of AISI 321 stainless steel used in solar thermal power heat exchangers determines its service life.In this study,aluminizing and subsequent laser shock peening(LSP)treatments...The high-temperature oxidation resistance of AISI 321 stainless steel used in solar thermal power heat exchangers determines its service life.In this study,aluminizing and subsequent laser shock peening(LSP)treatments were employed to improve the high-temperature oxidation resistance of AISI 321 stainless steel at 620°C.These two treatments decreased the oxidation rate of AISI 321 steel.Specifically,the optimal oxidation resistance was observed in aluminized steel before oxidation for 144 h owing to the increased entropy of the LSP-treated specimen.After 144 h,LSP-treated steel achieved the best oxidation resistance because of the formation of a protectiveα-Al2O3film.Moreover,the large amount of subgrain boundaries formed on the aluminized layer of the LSP-treated samples could act as short-circuit paths for the outward diffusion of Al,facilitating the rapid nucleation ofα-Al2O3.Meanwhile,the aluminized layer could isolate the contact between the oxidation environment and matrix,thereby decreasing the oxidation rate.Furthermore,the minimum oxidation parabolic constant was calculated for LSP-treated steel(6.45787×10-14),which was 69.18%and 36.36%that of aluminized and 321 steel,respectively,during the entire oxidation process.Therefore,the combination of aluminizing and LSP treatments can improve the high-temperature oxidation resistance of 321 stainless steel,providing a new idea for its surface treatment to achieve a long service life at high temperatures.展开更多
This study reports the significantly enhanced aluminizing behaviors of a low carbon steel at temperatures far below the austenitizing temperature, with a nanostructured surface layer produced by surface mechanical att...This study reports the significantly enhanced aluminizing behaviors of a low carbon steel at temperatures far below the austenitizing temperature, with a nanostructured surface layer produced by surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT). A much thicker iron aluminide compound layer with a much enhanced growth kinetics of η-Fe2Al5 in the SMAT sample has been observed relative to the coarse-grained steel sample. Compared to the coarse-grained sample, a weakened texture is formed in the aluminide layer in the SMAT sample. The aluminizing kinetics is analyzed in terms of promoted difusivity and nucleation frequency in the nanostructured surface layer.展开更多
Aluminizing coating and aluminizing-dispersed Y 2O 3 composite coating were prepared on 20 steel specimens by pulsed spark technique, which exhibited a micro-crystallized structure with grain size in the range of seve...Aluminizing coating and aluminizing-dispersed Y 2O 3 composite coating were prepared on 20 steel specimens by pulsed spark technique, which exhibited a micro-crystallized structure with grain size in the range of several ten to several hundred nanometers. It is shown that, after oxidation at 600 ℃ in air for 100 h, these two kinds of coatings have excellent resistance to high temperature oxidation and scale spallation, and the aluminizing-dispersed Y 2O 3 composite coating has even better property than the aluminizing coating. AFM, SEM, EDS and XRD were applied to analyze the surface morphology, composition and phases structure of these coatings and the oxide scale formed in oxidation. The mechanism for these coatings that how to enhance the oxidation resistance and scale spallation resistance was discussed by considering the factors, such as Al concentration on the selective oxidation of Fe-Al alloy, the effect of micro-crystallization, reactive element effect (REE) caused by dispersed Y 2O 3, etc.展开更多
Hot dip aluminizing is one of the most effective methods of surface protection for steels and is gradually gaining popularity.Although the pulling speed is one of the most important parameters to control the coating t...Hot dip aluminizing is one of the most effective methods of surface protection for steels and is gradually gaining popularity.Although the pulling speed is one of the most important parameters to control the coating thickness of aluminizing products,however,there are few publications on the mathematical modeling of pulling speed during the hot dip process.In order to describe the correlation among the pulling speed,coating thickness and solidification time,the principle of mass and heat transfer during the aluminizing process is investigated in this paper.The mathematical models are based on Navier-Stokes equation and heat transfer analysis.Experiments using the self-designed equipment are carried out to validate the mathematical models.Specifically,aluminum melt is purified at 730℃.The Cook-Norteman method is used for the pretreatment of Q235 steel plates.The temperature of hot dip aluminizing is set to 690℃and thedipping time is set to 3 min.A direct current motor with stepless speed variation is used to adjust the pulling speed.The temperature change of the coating is recorded by an infrared thermometer,and the coating thickness is measured by using image analysis.The validate experiment results indicate that the coating thickness is proportional to the square root of pulling speed for the Q235 steel plate,and that there is a linear relationship between coating thickness and solidification time when the pulling speed is lower than 0.11 m/s.The prediction of the proposed model fits well with the experimental observations of the coating thickness.展开更多
In this study, the two kinds of Fe-Al coatings were fabricated by pack aluminizing on low-carbon steel at different temperatures. The corrosion behavior of the Fe-Al coatings in artificial seawater was investigated by...In this study, the two kinds of Fe-Al coatings were fabricated by pack aluminizing on low-carbon steel at different temperatures. The corrosion behavior of the Fe-Al coatings in artificial seawater was investigated by the electrochemical and weight loss techniques. Results show that the thickness of coating layer increases with increasing aluminizing temperature. The coatings exhibit high micro-hardness and good metallurgical bonding with the substrate. In comparison with the steel substrate, the corrosion current density Ico^r of the Fe-AI coatings is always lower than that of substrate, about 1/38 or 1/33 after 2 h immersion, and 1/3 or 1/6 for 720 h immersion. As can be seen from the weight loss curve, the Fe-AI coatings show less loss than that of the substrate within 30-day immersion. The corrosion products formed on the surface of the coatings include oxides of Al, Mg, Fe and Ca, and pitting defect has also been found. The Fe-Al coating with higher content of Fe2Al5 has better corrosion resistance.展开更多
The steel surface treatment by rare-earth aluminithermic aluminizing,which was utilized onthermal couple,buried parts of lightning arrester and silencer of automobile,has met with success.This new technique was studie...The steel surface treatment by rare-earth aluminithermic aluminizing,which was utilized onthermal couple,buried parts of lightning arrester and silencer of automobile,has met with success.This new technique was studied by Beijing University of Science and Technology,BeijingIron-steel Institute and Jingdong Work of Corrosion-protective Materials cooperatively.The steel展开更多
Aluminum was deposited by diffusion into Cu-Al-Y alloy substrates by the pack-cementation process.Diffusion was carried out in two kinds of container with pot-type and can-type,and the results are presented.The effect...Aluminum was deposited by diffusion into Cu-Al-Y alloy substrates by the pack-cementation process.Diffusion was carried out in two kinds of container with pot-type and can-type,and the results are presented.The effects of various time and temperature on the coating characteristics of Cu-Al-Y was also investigated.The result shows that the diffusion layer is nearly 170-200μm in thickness by aluminizing treatment at 900-950℃for 6-8 h in pot-type container.The aluminized layers were observed by a scanning electron micrograph(SEM),we can found:A uniform coating was achieved on Cu-Al-Y alloy surface,relatively uniform thickness and even interfaces between the layers and the substrate.The diffusion coefficient of Al in Cu-Al-Y alloys at 900℃in pot-type container can be calculated is 3.65×10-12 m 2 /s.展开更多
Limestone calcined clay cements(LC3)present a sustainable alternative to traditional Portland cement due to their potential to significantly reduce CO2 emissions.However,LC 3 cements often exhibit slower early-a...Limestone calcined clay cements(LC3)present a sustainable alternative to traditional Portland cement due to their potential to significantly reduce CO2 emissions.However,LC 3 cements often exhibit slower early-age strength development,which poses a challenge for their broader adoption.This study critically examines various technological approaches to enhance the early-age strength of LC3 cements,focusing on physical,chemical,and hybrid methods.The findings highlight the effectiveness of increased clinker and supplementary cementitious material(SCM)fineness,chemical acceleration using calcium silicate hydrate(C-S-H)seeds and admixtures that promote the reaction of aluminate phases.Additionally,the study assesses the environmental impact of these strategies,evaluating their global warming potential(GWP)in relation to strength performance.The results demonstrate that while these methods effectively improve early-age strength,they may also inadvertently increase late-age strength,necessitating a bal-anced approach to optimize both performance and sustainability.This research provides a comprehen-sive framework for advancing LC3 adoption in high early-age demand applications.展开更多
Investigating the detonation reaction zone structures of high explosives is significant for understanding detonation reaction mechanism.This study employed an integrated approach combining machine learning prediction,...Investigating the detonation reaction zone structures of high explosives is significant for understanding detonation reaction mechanism.This study employed an integrated approach combining machine learning prediction,theoretical calculation,and experimental characterization to determine the detonation reaction zone width of CL-20-based aluminized explosive.In this study,the detonation reaction zone refers to the reaction zone between the von Neumann(VN)peak and sonic point,which usually means the so-called detonation driving zone(DDZ).For the machine learning prediction,an ensemble model integrating Random Forest and Support Vector Regression was developed to predict the reaction zone width using a dataset of 19 publicly available samples.For the theoretical calculation,the Wood-Kirkwood(W-K)detonation theory model was utilized to implement numerical calculation of the reaction zone structures,incorporating chemical reaction kinetics to describe the detonation reaction progress.In experimental characterization,the Photon Doppler Velocimetry(PDV)was applied with LiF as the optical window to measure the particle velocity profile of detonation products and derive the reaction zone width.The results indicate that the reaction zone width values are 0.25 mm,0.28 mm,and 0.26 mm obtained from machine learning prediction,theoretical calculation,and experimental characterization,respectively.The corresponding velocities at the Chapman-Jouguet(CJ)point are 1,938 m/s,2,047 m/s,and 1,982 m/s,respectively.The maximum relative deviation in reaction zone width among three methods is approximately 7.7%,while that for CJ particle velocity is approximately 3.3%.These results from all three methods agree well within engineering error.This validates the effectiveness of integrating machine learning prediction,theoretical calculation and advanced experimental techniques for studying the detonation reaction zone structures of high explosives.This research provides insights into the detonation reaction mechanism and reaction zone characteristics of CL-20-based aluminized explosive.展开更多
The applications of magnesium aluminate spinel(MgAl2O4)ceramics often require optical transparency,suggesting minimal macroscopic flaws otherwise too strong light scattering would make them opaque.Yet the flexur...The applications of magnesium aluminate spinel(MgAl2O4)ceramics often require optical transparency,suggesting minimal macroscopic flaws otherwise too strong light scattering would make them opaque.Yet the flexural strength typically in 200–350 MPa range is unsatisfactory,suggesting rather large critical flaw size for fracture in brittle materials.Such inconsistency makes MgAl2O4an interesting system to study ceramic processing,strengthening,and toughening.Here,we reported progress in pressurelessly sintered zirconia toughened MgAl2O4ceramics with 700 MPa flexural strength,surpassing those reported in the literature by hot pressing and other techniques.The new advance was achieved by colloidal processing and two-step sintering,for improved microstructural control,minimized microscopic defects,uniform two-phase distribution,and suppressed grain growth.We found ZrO2acts as sintering aid for MgAl2O4,effectively lowering the sintering temperature by 150℃.The optimized two-step sintering was conducted first at 1325°C without holding reaching a critical relative density of 93%,and then at 1225℃for 20 h for full densification.The low pressureless sintering temperature of 1225℃plus the two-phase inter-pinning refine the grain size to 184 nm for MgAl2O4and 155 nm for zirconia,offering microstructural benefits for strengthening.The zirconia grains stabilized by matrix constrain and partial Mg2+alloying are mostly tetragonal and mechanically transformable,offering active toughening mechanism to reduce flaw sensitivity.The fracture is intra-granular for MgAl2O4and mixed intra-and inter-granular for zirconia.Our work demonstrates the possibility to further strengthen MgAl2O4ceramics towards 1 GPa for advanced and new applications.展开更多
New discovery in whisker growth on Cr-Al-B MAB phase,which was formed during hot-dip aluminizing and subsequent thermal diffusion treatment of Fe-Cr-B cast steel,after cultivation under 400℃,was found.Specifically,al...New discovery in whisker growth on Cr-Al-B MAB phase,which was formed during hot-dip aluminizing and subsequent thermal diffusion treatment of Fe-Cr-B cast steel,after cultivation under 400℃,was found.Specifically,along with the growth of Sn whiskers on the whitened Cr-Al-B MAB phase,Al whiskers also formed,mainly attributed to the thermal activation of whisker cultivation at 400℃and promotion effect of Sn in the Cr-(Al,Sn)-B MAB phase solid solution.Partial Al whiskers,interspersed with small amounts of Sn,exhibited transparency under the scanning electron microscopy image.These whiskers underwent random growth and sucking back into the matrix simultaneously.The temperature during whisker cultivation had a significant effect on the whisker growth.展开更多
The new CL-20(hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane)type aluminized explosives in the overdrive detonation(ODD)conditions of the core problem is how to accurately represent the state of the overdrive detonation products.To th...The new CL-20(hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane)type aluminized explosives in the overdrive detonation(ODD)conditions of the core problem is how to accurately represent the state of the overdrive detonation products.To this end,this paper is based on the impedance matching method to test the ODD conditions of CL-20 type aluminium explosive particle velocity.Calculated the interfacial pressure of the shock wave in different media.Determined the characteristic parameters of the reaction zone of the detonation of CL-20 aluminized explosives.Calibrated the parameters of the JoneseWilkinseLee(JWL)+γ equation for the detonation products(DPs).Revealed the effect of different DPs equation of state(EOS)on the Hugoniot pressure of ODD.The results indicate that when the content of aluminum powder ranges from 0%to 30%,the duration of the ODD reaction zone and the width of the detonation reaction zone of the CL-20-based aluminized explosive are directly proportional to the content of aluminum powder.The width of the detonation reaction zone is increased by 1.97 times to 2.7 times compared to that of the reaction zone without the addition of aluminum powder.However,the energy release efficiency of the detonation reaction zone is inversely proportional to the content of aluminum powder.When the aluminum powder content was held constant,the incorporation of AP caused a 25%reduction in the energy release efficiency of the detonation reaction zone.Compared with existing ODD state equations,the JWL +γ equation is superior in calibrating overpressure Hugoniot data and the isentropic expansion in the C-J state.The deviation between calculated pressure results and experimental measurements is within 6%.展开更多
Dissolution kinetics of CaO·2Al2O3(CA2)particles in a synthetic CaO-Al2O3-SiO2steelmaking slag system have been investigated using the high-temperature confocal laser scanning microscope.Effects...Dissolution kinetics of CaO·2Al2O3(CA2)particles in a synthetic CaO-Al2O3-SiO2steelmaking slag system have been investigated using the high-temperature confocal laser scanning microscope.Effects of temperature(i.e.,1500,1550,and 1600℃)and slag composition on the dissolution time of CA2particles are investigated,along with the time dependency of the projection area of the particle during the dissolution process.It is found that the dissolution rate was enhanced by either an increase in temperature or a decrease in slag viscosity.Moreover,a higher ratio of CaO/Al2O3(C/A)leads to an increased dissolution rate of CA2particle at 1600℃.Thermodynamic calculations suggested the dissolution product,i.e.,melilite,formed on the surface of the CA2particle during dissolution in slag with a C/A ratio of 3.8 at 1550℃.Scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry analysis of as-quenched samples confirmed the dissolution path of CA2particles in slags with C/A ratios of 1.8 and 3.8 as well as the melilite formed on the surface of CA2particle.The formation of this layer during the dissolution process was identified as a hindrance,impeding the dissolution of CA2particle.A valuable reference for designing or/and choosing the composition of top slag for clean steel production is provided,especially using calcium treatment during the secondary refining process.展开更多
In order to prepare high density magnesium aluminate spinel materials,the light-burned magnesia and alumina powder were used as the main raw materials.Active magnesium aluminate spinel powders were synthesized at diff...In order to prepare high density magnesium aluminate spinel materials,the light-burned magnesia and alumina powder were used as the main raw materials.Active magnesium aluminate spinel powders were synthesized at different temperatures,and the sintering properties of the synthesized materials were characterized.The results show that the optimal light-burned temperature for synthesizing active magnesium aluminate spinel raw materials with small grain sizes and high sintering activity is 1400℃.The active spinel raw materials were sintered at 1750℃ for 3 h to form a dense spinel material,in which the spinel grains were well developed,exhibited a dense interlocking structure,and were uniformly distributed,with an average grain size of about 7.26μm.The bulk density and apparent porosity of the dense spinel material were 3.29 g·cm-3 and 3.5%,respectively.展开更多
The effects of siderite,hematite,and goethite on pyrite reactions in sodium aluminate solution at high temperatures,based on the coexistence of pyrite and iron-bearing minerals in bauxite,were studied.The addition of ...The effects of siderite,hematite,and goethite on pyrite reactions in sodium aluminate solution at high temperatures,based on the coexistence of pyrite and iron-bearing minerals in bauxite,were studied.The addition of siderite,goethite,and hematite increases the concentrations of S2O32−,SO32−and SO42−,enhancing sulfur removal during desilication.Siderite and hematite facilitate nearly 100%magnetite formation from pyrite,whereas goethite leads to the formation of both hematite and magnetite from pyrite through a multiphase transformation process.Iron-bearing minerals significantly increase the iron content in residues and enhance iron recovery from the red mud.Siderite,goethite,and hematite produce a porous surface in the form of erosive holes due to electrochemical corrosion,improving reaction efficiency of pyrite.Additionally,electrochemical corrosion promotes the pyrite reaction in accordance with the Kröger and Ziegler models,controlled by interfacial diffusion and chemical reactions in the presence of siderite,hematite and magnetite.展开更多
The effect of Si on the growth kinetics of intermetallic compounds during the reaction of solid iron and molten aluminum was investigated with a scanning electron microscope coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray spe...The effect of Si on the growth kinetics of intermetallic compounds during the reaction of solid iron and molten aluminum was investigated with a scanning electron microscope coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope, and hot-dip aluminized experiments. The results show that the intermetallic layer is composed of major Fe2Al5 and minor FeAl3. The Al-Fe-Si ternary phase, rlg, is formed in the Fe2Al5 layer. The tongue-like morphology of the Fe2Als layer becomes less distinct and disappears finally as the content of Si in aluminum bath increases. Si in the bath improves the prohibiting ability to the growth of Fe2Als and FeAl3. When the contents of Si are 0, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0% and 3.0%, the activation energies of Fe2Al5 are evaluated to be 207, 186, 169, 168, 167 and 172 kJ/mol, respectively. The reduction of the activation energy might result from the lattice distortion caused by Si atom penetrating into the Fe2Al5 phase. When Si atom occupies the vacancy site, it blocks easy diffusion path and results in the disappearance of tongue-like morphology.展开更多
Al-containing coatings were prepared on AZ31 magnesium alloy by pack-cementation technology.X-ray diffraction(XRD),backscattered electron imaging(BSEI)and energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS)were jointly employed to ch...Al-containing coatings were prepared on AZ31 magnesium alloy by pack-cementation technology.X-ray diffraction(XRD),backscattered electron imaging(BSEI)and energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS)were jointly employed to characterize the phases,microstructure and composition of the coated samples.The results show that the feedstock composition has a significant impact on the phases,microstructure and thickness of the coatings.For the sample with AlCl3 powder as the activator,the coating is very thick and composed of gradient phases and structures from surface to inside,including small amount ofb-Mg2Al3,coarse eutectic-like structure ofγ-Mg17Al12+δ-Mg,and fineγ-Mg17Al12 precipitations.In contrast,for the sample with AlCl3 and pure Al composite powders as the activator,the coating is relatively thin and contains a thin Al2O3 layer and a small amount of fineγ-Mg17Al12 precipitates.For the pack-cementation aluminizing that is not protected by high-vacuum or inert gas,the addition of pure Al powders can easily introduce the Al2O3 layer into the coating to prevent active Al ions further penetrating into the magnesium matrix,resulting in the thin Al-containing coating.The microhardness and corrosion behavior of the two kinds of aluminized coatings were also studied and discussed.展开更多
The outermost coating with single phase Ni2Al3 was obtained on copper surface by electrodepositing nickel followed by slurry pack aluminizing at 800 °C for 12 h. The oxidation resistance and microstructure of the...The outermost coating with single phase Ni2Al3 was obtained on copper surface by electrodepositing nickel followed by slurry pack aluminizing at 800 °C for 12 h. The oxidation resistance and microstructure of the coating oxidized in ambient air at 1000 °C for 25-250 h were investigated using SEM, X-ray diffraction and optical microscope methods. The results show that the copper with single phase Ni2Al3 coating possesses the best high temperature oxidation resistance, and the mass gain of the coating is 1/15 that of pure copper and 1/2 that of nickel coating, respectively. The specimen surface after being oxidized for 25 h still comprises Ni2Al3 phase. However, when the time of oxidizing treatment increases to 50 h, the Ni Al phase is formed. It is also found that the Ni2Al3 phase completely turns into Ni Al phase after oxidizing treatment for 100 h and above. The Ni Al coating shows excellent high temperature oxidation resistance when oxidation time is 250 h.展开更多
This article investigates the low-temperature formation of aluminide coatings on a Ni-base superalloy by pack cementation process. The pack cemented coatings characteristic of high density and homogeneity possess a tw...This article investigates the low-temperature formation of aluminide coatings on a Ni-base superalloy by pack cementation process. The pack cemented coatings characteristic of high density and homogeneity possess a two-layer structure. The top layer mainly consists of Al3Ni2 and Al3Ni,while the bottom layer of Al3Ni2. Great efforts are made to elucidate the effects of different experimental parameters on the microstructure and the constituent distribution of the coatings. The results show that all the parameters exclusive of the pack activator (NH4Cl) content produce effect on the coating thickness,but do not on the microstructure and the constituent distribution. The pack activator (NH4Cl) content affects neither the coating thickness nor structure and constituent distribution. The parabolic relationship between the coating thickness and the deposition time suggests that the process is diffusion-controlled. Furthermore,the article demonstrates a linear relationship between the coating thickness and the re-ciprocal deposition temperature.展开更多
摘要Pure titanium samples were aluminized at 950,1025 and 1100 ℃ for 0-6 h in a pack containing 10%Al+5%NaF+85%Al2O3 in mass traction.The aluminized layers formed on the samples were characterized.The kinetic studies indicated that the diffusion of Al-bearing gases through the pack is the rate-controlling step in this process.The activation energy of 161.8 kJ/mol was calculated for this step.In addition,the mass gains of the aluminized samples were predicted using the partial pressures of gases in the pack and those adjacent to the samples surface.The predicted values are in good agreement wim the experimental measurements at 950 ℃ but are higher than those measured at 1025 and 1100 ℃.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52075048,51675058,12232004)Hunan Provincial Excellent Youth Project of the Education Department(Grant No.21B0304)+2 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(Grant No.2023JJ30025)Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(Grant No.2023RC1058)Scientific Research Innovation Project for Graduate Student of Changsha University of Science and Technology(Grant No.CLSJCX22096)。
摘要The high-temperature oxidation resistance of AISI 321 stainless steel used in solar thermal power heat exchangers determines its service life.In this study,aluminizing and subsequent laser shock peening(LSP)treatments were employed to improve the high-temperature oxidation resistance of AISI 321 stainless steel at 620°C.These two treatments decreased the oxidation rate of AISI 321 steel.Specifically,the optimal oxidation resistance was observed in aluminized steel before oxidation for 144 h owing to the increased entropy of the LSP-treated specimen.After 144 h,LSP-treated steel achieved the best oxidation resistance because of the formation of a protectiveα-Al2O3film.Moreover,the large amount of subgrain boundaries formed on the aluminized layer of the LSP-treated samples could act as short-circuit paths for the outward diffusion of Al,facilitating the rapid nucleation ofα-Al2O3.Meanwhile,the aluminized layer could isolate the contact between the oxidation environment and matrix,thereby decreasing the oxidation rate.Furthermore,the minimum oxidation parabolic constant was calculated for LSP-treated steel(6.45787×10-14),which was 69.18%and 36.36%that of aluminized and 321 steel,respectively,during the entire oxidation process.Therefore,the combination of aluminizing and LSP treatments can improve the high-temperature oxidation resistance of 321 stainless steel,providing a new idea for its surface treatment to achieve a long service life at high temperatures.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China (Nos.50701044 and 50890171)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (No.2005CB623604)
摘要This study reports the significantly enhanced aluminizing behaviors of a low carbon steel at temperatures far below the austenitizing temperature, with a nanostructured surface layer produced by surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT). A much thicker iron aluminide compound layer with a much enhanced growth kinetics of η-Fe2Al5 in the SMAT sample has been observed relative to the coarse-grained steel sample. Compared to the coarse-grained sample, a weakened texture is formed in the aluminide layer in the SMAT sample. The aluminizing kinetics is analyzed in terms of promoted difusivity and nucleation frequency in the nanostructured surface layer.
摘要Aluminizing coating and aluminizing-dispersed Y 2O 3 composite coating were prepared on 20 steel specimens by pulsed spark technique, which exhibited a micro-crystallized structure with grain size in the range of several ten to several hundred nanometers. It is shown that, after oxidation at 600 ℃ in air for 100 h, these two kinds of coatings have excellent resistance to high temperature oxidation and scale spallation, and the aluminizing-dispersed Y 2O 3 composite coating has even better property than the aluminizing coating. AFM, SEM, EDS and XRD were applied to analyze the surface morphology, composition and phases structure of these coatings and the oxide scale formed in oxidation. The mechanism for these coatings that how to enhance the oxidation resistance and scale spallation resistance was discussed by considering the factors, such as Al concentration on the selective oxidation of Fe-Al alloy, the effect of micro-crystallization, reactive element effect (REE) caused by dispersed Y 2O 3, etc.
基金supported by Guangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.0832001)
摘要Hot dip aluminizing is one of the most effective methods of surface protection for steels and is gradually gaining popularity.Although the pulling speed is one of the most important parameters to control the coating thickness of aluminizing products,however,there are few publications on the mathematical modeling of pulling speed during the hot dip process.In order to describe the correlation among the pulling speed,coating thickness and solidification time,the principle of mass and heat transfer during the aluminizing process is investigated in this paper.The mathematical models are based on Navier-Stokes equation and heat transfer analysis.Experiments using the self-designed equipment are carried out to validate the mathematical models.Specifically,aluminum melt is purified at 730℃.The Cook-Norteman method is used for the pretreatment of Q235 steel plates.The temperature of hot dip aluminizing is set to 690℃and thedipping time is set to 3 min.A direct current motor with stepless speed variation is used to adjust the pulling speed.The temperature change of the coating is recorded by an infrared thermometer,and the coating thickness is measured by using image analysis.The validate experiment results indicate that the coating thickness is proportional to the square root of pulling speed for the Q235 steel plate,and that there is a linear relationship between coating thickness and solidification time when the pulling speed is lower than 0.11 m/s.The prediction of the proposed model fits well with the experimental observations of the coating thickness.
基金supported by the Foundation of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology (No. ASMA 201403)Cooperative Innovation Fund of Jiangsu Province (No. BY 2014004-09)
摘要In this study, the two kinds of Fe-Al coatings were fabricated by pack aluminizing on low-carbon steel at different temperatures. The corrosion behavior of the Fe-Al coatings in artificial seawater was investigated by the electrochemical and weight loss techniques. Results show that the thickness of coating layer increases with increasing aluminizing temperature. The coatings exhibit high micro-hardness and good metallurgical bonding with the substrate. In comparison with the steel substrate, the corrosion current density Ico^r of the Fe-AI coatings is always lower than that of substrate, about 1/38 or 1/33 after 2 h immersion, and 1/3 or 1/6 for 720 h immersion. As can be seen from the weight loss curve, the Fe-AI coatings show less loss than that of the substrate within 30-day immersion. The corrosion products formed on the surface of the coatings include oxides of Al, Mg, Fe and Ca, and pitting defect has also been found. The Fe-Al coating with higher content of Fe2Al5 has better corrosion resistance.
摘要The steel surface treatment by rare-earth aluminithermic aluminizing,which was utilized onthermal couple,buried parts of lightning arrester and silencer of automobile,has met with success.This new technique was studied by Beijing University of Science and Technology,BeijingIron-steel Institute and Jingdong Work of Corrosion-protective Materials cooperatively.The steel
基金Basic Research Priorities Program of the Science and Technology Committee of Shanghai(03JC14063)Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project(J50503)Innovative Program of the Education Commission of Shanghai(11YZ112)
摘要Aluminum was deposited by diffusion into Cu-Al-Y alloy substrates by the pack-cementation process.Diffusion was carried out in two kinds of container with pot-type and can-type,and the results are presented.The effects of various time and temperature on the coating characteristics of Cu-Al-Y was also investigated.The result shows that the diffusion layer is nearly 170-200μm in thickness by aluminizing treatment at 900-950℃for 6-8 h in pot-type container.The aluminized layers were observed by a scanning electron micrograph(SEM),we can found:A uniform coating was achieved on Cu-Al-Y alloy surface,relatively uniform thickness and even interfaces between the layers and the substrate.The diffusion coefficient of Al in Cu-Al-Y alloys at 900℃in pot-type container can be calculated is 3.65×10-12 m 2 /s.
基金Dr.Franco Zunino gratefully acknowledges the financial sup-port from the Swiss National Science Foundation(SNSF)through an Ambizione fellowship(208719).
摘要Limestone calcined clay cements(LC3)present a sustainable alternative to traditional Portland cement due to their potential to significantly reduce CO2 emissions.However,LC 3 cements often exhibit slower early-age strength development,which poses a challenge for their broader adoption.This study critically examines various technological approaches to enhance the early-age strength of LC3 cements,focusing on physical,chemical,and hybrid methods.The findings highlight the effectiveness of increased clinker and supplementary cementitious material(SCM)fineness,chemical acceleration using calcium silicate hydrate(C-S-H)seeds and admixtures that promote the reaction of aluminate phases.Additionally,the study assesses the environmental impact of these strategies,evaluating their global warming potential(GWP)in relation to strength performance.The results demonstrate that while these methods effectively improve early-age strength,they may also inadvertently increase late-age strength,necessitating a bal-anced approach to optimize both performance and sustainability.This research provides a comprehen-sive framework for advancing LC3 adoption in high early-age demand applications.
摘要Investigating the detonation reaction zone structures of high explosives is significant for understanding detonation reaction mechanism.This study employed an integrated approach combining machine learning prediction,theoretical calculation,and experimental characterization to determine the detonation reaction zone width of CL-20-based aluminized explosive.In this study,the detonation reaction zone refers to the reaction zone between the von Neumann(VN)peak and sonic point,which usually means the so-called detonation driving zone(DDZ).For the machine learning prediction,an ensemble model integrating Random Forest and Support Vector Regression was developed to predict the reaction zone width using a dataset of 19 publicly available samples.For the theoretical calculation,the Wood-Kirkwood(W-K)detonation theory model was utilized to implement numerical calculation of the reaction zone structures,incorporating chemical reaction kinetics to describe the detonation reaction progress.In experimental characterization,the Photon Doppler Velocimetry(PDV)was applied with LiF as the optical window to measure the particle velocity profile of detonation products and derive the reaction zone width.The results indicate that the reaction zone width values are 0.25 mm,0.28 mm,and 0.26 mm obtained from machine learning prediction,theoretical calculation,and experimental characterization,respectively.The corresponding velocities at the Chapman-Jouguet(CJ)point are 1,938 m/s,2,047 m/s,and 1,982 m/s,respectively.The maximum relative deviation in reaction zone width among three methods is approximately 7.7%,while that for CJ particle velocity is approximately 3.3%.These results from all three methods agree well within engineering error.This validates the effectiveness of integrating machine learning prediction,theoretical calculation and advanced experimental techniques for studying the detonation reaction zone structures of high explosives.This research provides insights into the detonation reaction mechanism and reaction zone characteristics of CL-20-based aluminized explosive.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(grant no.2023YFB3812000)National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC-No.52472074 and 52372064).
摘要The applications of magnesium aluminate spinel(MgAl2O4)ceramics often require optical transparency,suggesting minimal macroscopic flaws otherwise too strong light scattering would make them opaque.Yet the flexural strength typically in 200–350 MPa range is unsatisfactory,suggesting rather large critical flaw size for fracture in brittle materials.Such inconsistency makes MgAl2O4an interesting system to study ceramic processing,strengthening,and toughening.Here,we reported progress in pressurelessly sintered zirconia toughened MgAl2O4ceramics with 700 MPa flexural strength,surpassing those reported in the literature by hot pressing and other techniques.The new advance was achieved by colloidal processing and two-step sintering,for improved microstructural control,minimized microscopic defects,uniform two-phase distribution,and suppressed grain growth.We found ZrO2acts as sintering aid for MgAl2O4,effectively lowering the sintering temperature by 150℃.The optimized two-step sintering was conducted first at 1325°C without holding reaching a critical relative density of 93%,and then at 1225℃for 20 h for full densification.The low pressureless sintering temperature of 1225℃plus the two-phase inter-pinning refine the grain size to 184 nm for MgAl2O4and 155 nm for zirconia,offering microstructural benefits for strengthening.The zirconia grains stabilized by matrix constrain and partial Mg2+alloying are mostly tetragonal and mechanically transformable,offering active toughening mechanism to reduce flaw sensitivity.The fracture is intra-granular for MgAl2O4and mixed intra-and inter-granular for zirconia.Our work demonstrates the possibility to further strengthen MgAl2O4ceramics towards 1 GPa for advanced and new applications.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42066003 and 51701053)Hainan Province Science and Technology Special Fund(Grant No.ZDYF2023GXJS148)+1 种基金General Program of Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province(Grant Nos.420RC522 and 517076)Evaluation Project of Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory(Grant No.2023B1212060043).
摘要New discovery in whisker growth on Cr-Al-B MAB phase,which was formed during hot-dip aluminizing and subsequent thermal diffusion treatment of Fe-Cr-B cast steel,after cultivation under 400℃,was found.Specifically,along with the growth of Sn whiskers on the whitened Cr-Al-B MAB phase,Al whiskers also formed,mainly attributed to the thermal activation of whisker cultivation at 400℃and promotion effect of Sn in the Cr-(Al,Sn)-B MAB phase solid solution.Partial Al whiskers,interspersed with small amounts of Sn,exhibited transparency under the scanning electron microscopy image.These whiskers underwent random growth and sucking back into the matrix simultaneously.The temperature during whisker cultivation had a significant effect on the whisker growth.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,Grant Nos.11872120,12102050)Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology(Grant No.QNKT22-01).
摘要The new CL-20(hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane)type aluminized explosives in the overdrive detonation(ODD)conditions of the core problem is how to accurately represent the state of the overdrive detonation products.To this end,this paper is based on the impedance matching method to test the ODD conditions of CL-20 type aluminium explosive particle velocity.Calculated the interfacial pressure of the shock wave in different media.Determined the characteristic parameters of the reaction zone of the detonation of CL-20 aluminized explosives.Calibrated the parameters of the JoneseWilkinseLee(JWL)+γ equation for the detonation products(DPs).Revealed the effect of different DPs equation of state(EOS)on the Hugoniot pressure of ODD.The results indicate that when the content of aluminum powder ranges from 0%to 30%,the duration of the ODD reaction zone and the width of the detonation reaction zone of the CL-20-based aluminized explosive are directly proportional to the content of aluminum powder.The width of the detonation reaction zone is increased by 1.97 times to 2.7 times compared to that of the reaction zone without the addition of aluminum powder.However,the energy release efficiency of the detonation reaction zone is inversely proportional to the content of aluminum powder.When the aluminum powder content was held constant,the incorporation of AP caused a 25%reduction in the energy release efficiency of the detonation reaction zone.Compared with existing ODD state equations,the JWL +γ equation is superior in calibrating overpressure Hugoniot data and the isentropic expansion in the C-J state.The deviation between calculated pressure results and experimental measurements is within 6%.
基金the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(NSERC)for funding this researchThis research used a high temperature confocal laser scanning microscope-VL2000DX-SVF17SP funded by Canada Foundation for Innovation John Evans Leaders Fund(CFI JELF,Project Number:32826),a PANalytical X’Pert diffraction instrument located at the Centre for crystal growth,Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research,and a scanning electron microscope-JEOL 6610 located at the Canadian Centre for Electron Microscopy at McMaster University.W.Mu would like to acknowledge Swedish Iron and Steel Research Office(Jernkonteret),STINT and SSF for supporting the time for international collaboration research regarding clean steel.
摘要Dissolution kinetics of CaO·2Al2O3(CA2)particles in a synthetic CaO-Al2O3-SiO2steelmaking slag system have been investigated using the high-temperature confocal laser scanning microscope.Effects of temperature(i.e.,1500,1550,and 1600℃)and slag composition on the dissolution time of CA2particles are investigated,along with the time dependency of the projection area of the particle during the dissolution process.It is found that the dissolution rate was enhanced by either an increase in temperature or a decrease in slag viscosity.Moreover,a higher ratio of CaO/Al2O3(C/A)leads to an increased dissolution rate of CA2particle at 1600℃.Thermodynamic calculations suggested the dissolution product,i.e.,melilite,formed on the surface of the CA2particle during dissolution in slag with a C/A ratio of 3.8 at 1550℃.Scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry analysis of as-quenched samples confirmed the dissolution path of CA2particles in slags with C/A ratios of 1.8 and 3.8 as well as the melilite formed on the surface of CA2particle.The formation of this layer during the dissolution process was identified as a hindrance,impeding the dissolution of CA2particle.A valuable reference for designing or/and choosing the composition of top slag for clean steel production is provided,especially using calcium treatment during the secondary refining process.
摘要In order to prepare high density magnesium aluminate spinel materials,the light-burned magnesia and alumina powder were used as the main raw materials.Active magnesium aluminate spinel powders were synthesized at different temperatures,and the sintering properties of the synthesized materials were characterized.The results show that the optimal light-burned temperature for synthesizing active magnesium aluminate spinel raw materials with small grain sizes and high sintering activity is 1400℃.The active spinel raw materials were sintered at 1750℃ for 3 h to form a dense spinel material,in which the spinel grains were well developed,exhibited a dense interlocking structure,and were uniformly distributed,with an average grain size of about 7.26μm.The bulk density and apparent porosity of the dense spinel material were 3.29 g·cm-3 and 3.5%,respectively.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFC2904404).
摘要The effects of siderite,hematite,and goethite on pyrite reactions in sodium aluminate solution at high temperatures,based on the coexistence of pyrite and iron-bearing minerals in bauxite,were studied.The addition of siderite,goethite,and hematite increases the concentrations of S2O32−,SO32−and SO42−,enhancing sulfur removal during desilication.Siderite and hematite facilitate nearly 100%magnetite formation from pyrite,whereas goethite leads to the formation of both hematite and magnetite from pyrite through a multiphase transformation process.Iron-bearing minerals significantly increase the iron content in residues and enhance iron recovery from the red mud.Siderite,goethite,and hematite produce a porous surface in the form of erosive holes due to electrochemical corrosion,improving reaction efficiency of pyrite.Additionally,electrochemical corrosion promotes the pyrite reaction in accordance with the Kröger and Ziegler models,controlled by interfacial diffusion and chemical reactions in the presence of siderite,hematite and magnetite.
基金Project (51071135) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject (20114301110005) supported by the Ph. D.Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of ChinaProject (10XZX15) supported by the Science Foundation of Xiangtan University,China
摘要The effect of Si on the growth kinetics of intermetallic compounds during the reaction of solid iron and molten aluminum was investigated with a scanning electron microscope coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope, and hot-dip aluminized experiments. The results show that the intermetallic layer is composed of major Fe2Al5 and minor FeAl3. The Al-Fe-Si ternary phase, rlg, is formed in the Fe2Al5 layer. The tongue-like morphology of the Fe2Als layer becomes less distinct and disappears finally as the content of Si in aluminum bath increases. Si in the bath improves the prohibiting ability to the growth of Fe2Als and FeAl3. When the contents of Si are 0, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0% and 3.0%, the activation energies of Fe2Al5 are evaluated to be 207, 186, 169, 168, 167 and 172 kJ/mol, respectively. The reduction of the activation energy might result from the lattice distortion caused by Si atom penetrating into the Fe2Al5 phase. When Si atom occupies the vacancy site, it blocks easy diffusion path and results in the disappearance of tongue-like morphology.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51575073)International Cooperation Special Project in Science and Technology of China(No.2015DFR70480)Scientific and Technological Research Program of Chongqing,China(Nos.cstc2017jcyjBX0031,cstc2018jszx-cyzdX0126).
摘要Al-containing coatings were prepared on AZ31 magnesium alloy by pack-cementation technology.X-ray diffraction(XRD),backscattered electron imaging(BSEI)and energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS)were jointly employed to characterize the phases,microstructure and composition of the coated samples.The results show that the feedstock composition has a significant impact on the phases,microstructure and thickness of the coatings.For the sample with AlCl3 powder as the activator,the coating is very thick and composed of gradient phases and structures from surface to inside,including small amount ofb-Mg2Al3,coarse eutectic-like structure ofγ-Mg17Al12+δ-Mg,and fineγ-Mg17Al12 precipitations.In contrast,for the sample with AlCl3 and pure Al composite powders as the activator,the coating is relatively thin and contains a thin Al2O3 layer and a small amount of fineγ-Mg17Al12 precipitates.For the pack-cementation aluminizing that is not protected by high-vacuum or inert gas,the addition of pure Al powders can easily introduce the Al2O3 layer into the coating to prevent active Al ions further penetrating into the magnesium matrix,resulting in the thin Al-containing coating.The microhardness and corrosion behavior of the two kinds of aluminized coatings were also studied and discussed.
基金Projects(CKJB201205,QKJB201202,YJK201307)supported by the Nanjing Institute of Technology,China
摘要The outermost coating with single phase Ni2Al3 was obtained on copper surface by electrodepositing nickel followed by slurry pack aluminizing at 800 °C for 12 h. The oxidation resistance and microstructure of the coating oxidized in ambient air at 1000 °C for 25-250 h were investigated using SEM, X-ray diffraction and optical microscope methods. The results show that the copper with single phase Ni2Al3 coating possesses the best high temperature oxidation resistance, and the mass gain of the coating is 1/15 that of pure copper and 1/2 that of nickel coating, respectively. The specimen surface after being oxidized for 25 h still comprises Ni2Al3 phase. However, when the time of oxidizing treatment increases to 50 h, the Ni Al phase is formed. It is also found that the Ni2Al3 phase completely turns into Ni Al phase after oxidizing treatment for 100 h and above. The Ni Al coating shows excellent high temperature oxidation resistance when oxidation time is 250 h.
摘要This article investigates the low-temperature formation of aluminide coatings on a Ni-base superalloy by pack cementation process. The pack cemented coatings characteristic of high density and homogeneity possess a two-layer structure. The top layer mainly consists of Al3Ni2 and Al3Ni,while the bottom layer of Al3Ni2. Great efforts are made to elucidate the effects of different experimental parameters on the microstructure and the constituent distribution of the coatings. The results show that all the parameters exclusive of the pack activator (NH4Cl) content produce effect on the coating thickness,but do not on the microstructure and the constituent distribution. The pack activator (NH4Cl) content affects neither the coating thickness nor structure and constituent distribution. The parabolic relationship between the coating thickness and the deposition time suggests that the process is diffusion-controlled. Furthermore,the article demonstrates a linear relationship between the coating thickness and the re-ciprocal deposition temperature.