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Proteomic analysis of leaf apoplast reveals that a jasmonateregulated CHIA participates in the response to cold and drought stress in jojoba 认领 引用
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作者 Lamei Zheng Bojing Li +3 位作者 Qi Liu James Edward Richardson Yijun Zhou Fei Gao 《Horticultural Plant Journal》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2026年第7期1697-1718,共22页
Jojoba[Simmondsia chinensis(Link)Schneider]is sensitive to low temperatures,which hinders its cultivation in temperate arid regions.The apoplast is a cellular component outside the plasma membrane of plant cells and i... Jojoba[Simmondsia chinensis(Link)Schneider]is sensitive to low temperatures,which hinders its cultivation in temperate arid regions.The apoplast is a cellular component outside the plasma membrane of plant cells and is widely involved in the response of plants to environmental stress.Here,we used the infiltration-centrifugation method to extract apoplast fluid from jojoba leaves and analyzed changes in the apoplast proteome after cold acclimation using quantitative proteomics.In total,751 apoplast proteins were identified in jojoba,and the abundance of 200 proteins showed significant changes after cold acclimation.These proteins were primarily involved in defense,cell wall modification,carbohydrate metabolism,and redox balance.We also investigated the function and regulation of a cold acclimation-responsive class III chitinase ScCHIA.The results showed that the overexpression of ScCHIA enhanced the tolerance of Arabidopsis,yeast,and jojoba to low temperature and osmotic stress.Under cold stress,ScCHIA-overexpressing Arabidopsis accumulated more osmolytes,activated antioxidant enzymes,and reduced stomatal aperture size,which may contribute to enhanced tolerance to cold stress.ScCHIA was induced by methyl jasmonate(MeJA)application,and electrophoretic mobility shift assay(EMSA),yeast one-hybrid(Y1H),and luciferase activity assays demonstrated that an E-box cis-acting element on the ScCHIA gene promoter mediated regulation of ScCHIA by MeJA signaling,indicating that elevated levels of MeJA caused by cold acclimation may promote the expression of ScCHIA,thereby enhancing the cold tolerance of jojoba.Our research highlights the important role of the apoplast in plant response to low temperature stress and improves the understanding of the functions and regulatory mechanisms of plant chitinases in abiotic stress response. 展开更多
关键词 Simmondsia chinensis Apoplast Proteome Chitinase Abiotic stress
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Foliar nano-molybdenum application mitigates cadmium-induced apoplastic H2O2burst in rice roots by optimizing the antioxidant system 认领 引用
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作者 Lin Tao Wenyi Pan +8 位作者 Jing Li Xiaole Chen Yalin Li Xuewen Li Jiayou Liu Sergey Shabala Xuecheng Sun Fangbai Li Min Yu 《The Crop Journal》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2025年第6期1827-1841,共15页
Cadmium(Cd2+)exhibits pronounced phytotoxicity and poses significant risks to human health through bioaccumulation in agricultural products.This study investigates the mitigative effects of foliar-applied nano-moly... Cadmium(Cd2+)exhibits pronounced phytotoxicity and poses significant risks to human health through bioaccumulation in agricultural products.This study investigates the mitigative effects of foliar-applied nano-molybdenum particles(MoNPs)on Cd accumulation and growth rates in rice(Oryza sativa).Our findings demonstrate that MoNPs application effectively alleviates Cd-induced root growth suppression and reduces Cd deposition in root cell walls,through MoNPs-mediated attenuation of Cd-induced elevation of pectin content.Through cross-sectional analysis combined with ROS-specific fluorescent probes revealed a spatial pattern of Cd-induced H2O2accumulation,with strongest signals observed in the apoplastic regions of root elongation and maturation zones,with minimal accumulation in meristematic regions.This oxidative burst was significantly mitigated by MoNPs treatment,which enhanced plasma membrane(PM)-localized respiratory burst oxidase homolog(RBOH)activity via transcriptional upregulation of OsRBOH genes.Furthermore,foliar MoNPs application activated the ascorbate–glutathione(ASA-GSH)cycle through selective upregulation of OsAPXs and OsGRs,enhancing cellular capacity for H2O2detoxification.These coordinated mechanisms collectively suggest that MoNPs treatment offers dual protection against Cd toxicity by 1)reducing Cd bioavailability in plant tissues and 2)counteracting Cd-induced oxidative damage,thereby effectively ameliorating root growth inhibition under Cd stress. 展开更多
关键词 Cadmium Apoplastic H2O2 RBOH MoNPs Rice
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The influences of citrus apoplast pH on Xanthomonas citri subsp.citri invasion and canker formation 认领 引用
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作者 Rongchun Ye Zhengmin Yang +6 位作者 Lian Liu Jian Han Limei Tan Songliang Jiang Chenxing Hao Xianfeng Ma Ziniu Deng 《Horticultural Plant Journal》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2025年第6期2081-2092,共12页
The p H plays a key role in the growth and colonization of plant pathogens as well as the onset and progression of the symptoms they cause within the host.Plants may quickly alter their apoplastic p H(pHapo)to prot... The p H plays a key role in the growth and colonization of plant pathogens as well as the onset and progression of the symptoms they cause within the host.Plants may quickly alter their apoplastic p H(pHapo)to protect themselves against infection.However,pathogens can also alter the p H of their ambient environment to promote their own growth.Citrus canker is a serious plant disease caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp.citri(Xcc).This Gram-negative aerobic rod is usually cultured in Luria-Bertani(LB)medium at p H 7.However,little is known about the changes in p H both in this medium as Xcc grows and in the leaf apoplast in response to Xcc infection and colonization.Moreover,the differences in leaf apoplast p H between Xcc-resistant and Xcc-susceptible citrus genotypes are also unknown.Here,Xcc grew well in liquid LB medium at initial p H6-8 and the pathogen altered the medium p H to 6.8±0.4.Xcc growth declined at p H 5 and was zero at p H 3,4,9,and 10.In susceptible sweet orange infected with Xcc inoculum,canker symptoms were inhibited at p H 3,4,and 10 but did not differ in the range of p H 5-9.As expected,canker symptoms were absent at all inoculum p H in the resistant Citron C-05.For both genotypes,Xcc only grew well in the leaves exposed to p H 5-8 inoculums.At four days post-inoculation(4 dpi),the foliar pHapoof resistant Citron C-05 had rapidly declined from 5.6 to 4.4.At 2 dpi,the p Hapoof susceptible sweet orange had rapidly increased from 5.6 to 6.7,Xcc grew quickly,and canker symptoms appeared.Plasma membrane(PM)H+-ATPase activation with fusicoccin(FC)acidified the apoplast and upregulated the pathogenesis-related genes(PRs)in the sweet orange leaves.Hence,Xcc colonization and canker development were inhibited.The results of this study revealed that apoplastic acidification is implicated in the resistance of Citron C-05 to Xcc infection and provided insight into the association between pHaporegulation and resistance to bacterial pathogen invasion in plants. 展开更多
关键词 Apoplastic pH Citrus Canker disease Plasma membrane Hþ-ATPase Xcc infection
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Proteomic analysis of pathogen-responsive proteins from maize stem apoplast triggered by Fusarium verticillioides 认领 引用 被引量：2
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作者 Hafiz ABDUL HASEEB ZHANG Jun +2 位作者 GUO Yu-shuang GAO Mei-xu GUO Wei 《Journal of Integrative Agriculture》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2022年第2期446-459,共14页
During the attack of a pathogen, a variety of defense-associated proteins are released by the host plant in the apoplast to impede the perceived attack. This study utilized the mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS) and label-fr... During the attack of a pathogen, a variety of defense-associated proteins are released by the host plant in the apoplast to impede the perceived attack. This study utilized the mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS) and label-free quantification method to analyze the apoplastic fluid(APF) from maize stalk and identified the proteins responsive to the Fusarium verticillioides infection. We have identified 742 proteins, and among these, 119 proteins were differentially accumulated(DAPs), i.e., 35 up-regulated, 18 down-regulated, and 66 proteins were only induced by the pathogen infection. The differentially accumulated proteins were analyzed for their Gene Ontology(GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomes(KEGG) pathway enrichment. The highly enriched Biological Process(BP) term was the L-serine biosynthesis process, whereas the most enriched Molecular Function(MF) term was the cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity. It was also found that the pathways related to the biosynthesis of amino acid, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, and carbohydrate metabolic pathways were significantly enriched. Moreover, 61 out of 119 differentially accumulated proteins were predicted as secretory proteins. The secretory pathways analysis showed that a greater number of proteins were secreted through the conventional secretion system compared to the unconventional secretion system. The identified secreted proteins were related to a variety of pathways in defense responses including cell redox homeostasis, cell wall modification, signal transduction, carbohydrate metabolism, binding proteins(metal ion binding, RNA binding and heme-binding), maintenance and stabilization of other proteins, indicating a complex response from the plant to the fungal infection. Our data suggested that a number of host proteins belonging to various pathways have been modulated in the apoplastic region. 展开更多
关键词 apoplastic proteins maize defense response proteome Fusarium verticillioides
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Iron toxicity resistance strategies in tropical grasses:The role of apoplastic radicular barriers 认领 引用 被引量：2
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作者 Advanio Inacio Siqueira-Silva Camilla Oliveira Rios Eduardo Gusmao Pereira 《Journal of Environmental Sciences》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2019年第4期257-266,共10页
The revegetation of mined areas poses a great challenge to the iron ore mining industry.The initial recovery process in degraded areas might rely on the use of Fe-resistant grasses.Tropical grasses, such as Paspalum d... The revegetation of mined areas poses a great challenge to the iron ore mining industry.The initial recovery process in degraded areas might rely on the use of Fe-resistant grasses.Tropical grasses, such as Paspalum densum and Echinochloa crus-galli, show different resistance strategies to iron toxicity; however, these mechanisms are poorly understood.The Fe-resistance mechanisms and direct iron toxicity as a function of root apex removal were investigated. To achieve this purpose, both grass species were grown for up to 480 hr in a nutrient solution containing 0.019 or 7 mmol/L Fe-EDTA after the root apices had been removed or maintained. Cultivation in the presence of excess iron-induced leaf bronzing and the formation of iron plaque on the root surfaces of both grass species, but was more significant on those plants whose root apex had been removed. Iron accumulation was higher in the roots, but reached phytotoxic levels in the aerial parts as well. It did not hinder the biosynthesis of chloroplastidic pigments. No significant changes in gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence occurred in either grass when their roots were kept intact; the contrary was true for plants with excised root apices. In both studied grasses, the root apoplastic barriers had an important function in the restriction of iron translocation from the root to the aerial plant parts, especially in E. crus-galli. Root apex removal negatively influenced the iron toxicity resistance mechanisms(tolerance in P. densum and avoidance in E. crus-galli). 展开更多
关键词 Paspalum densum Echinochloa crus-galli Apoplastic barrier Iron toxicity
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Editorial: Effect of root anatomy and apoplastic barrier development on cadmium uptake in rice 认领 引用 被引量：1
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作者 Karen S.Hoy Jagdeesh S.Uppal X.Chris Le 《Journal of Environmental Sciences》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2019年第5期361-363,共3页
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal with high mobility from soil and known translocation into plants (Song et al., 2015).Because the main source of human exposure to Cd is from food consumption, there has been increased res... Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal with high mobility from soil and known translocation into plants (Song et al., 2015).Because the main source of human exposure to Cd is from food consumption, there has been increased research examining Cd uptake in agricultural plants (Li et al., 2014;Rizwan et al., 2016;Song et al., 2015). 展开更多
关键词 Metal contamination Cadmium uptake and translocation Rice cultivar and roots Arsenic,lead,manganese,zinc Water and soil Apoplastic barrier
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Accumulation of Sugars and Liquid in Apoplast of Fruit Flesh Result in Pineapple Translucency 认领 引用 被引量：1
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作者 Haiyan Shu You Wang +4 位作者 Keming Li Luqiong He Lifen Ding Rulin Zhan Shenghe Chang 《American Journal of Plant Sciences》 CAS 2022年第5期576-587,共12页
Translucency is a recurring problem for pineapple industry. Translucent fruit contained more sucrose, glucose and fructose in apoplast than those in apoplast of normal fruit. There were more liquid in intercellular sp... Translucency is a recurring problem for pineapple industry. Translucent fruit contained more sucrose, glucose and fructose in apoplast than those in apoplast of normal fruit. There were more liquid in intercellular space of translucent fruit than that of normal flesh. The contents of alcohol and ethylene in translucent fruit were higher than those in normal fruit. Translucent fruit contained less calcium than normal fruit. Electrolyte leakage of translucent flesh was more than that of normal flesh. There were 205 proteins of which the expressions in translucent flesh were higher than those in normal flesh. Calcium-ions-binding protein EF-hand domain-containing protein, ethylene-synthesizing enzyme 1-aminpcyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase, ROS-producing protein universal stress protein A-like protein were the top three proteins of which the expressions in translucent flesh were higher than those in normal fruit. When much sugar was transferred into fruit pulp and accumulated in intercellular space, water will be absorbed from cells around and translucence formed. The accumulation of sugar and liquid in apoplast were due to that cell wall and membrane were degraded, which was from being attacked by ROS. There might be more and larger pores in cell wall and membranes of translucent flesh. These data played foundations for researching methods for controlling pineapple translucency. 展开更多
关键词 Pineapple Translucency Accumulation Sugars Apoplast
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Equilibrium in the apoplast:The molecular tug-of-war between plant and pathogen 认领 引用
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作者 Jiazong Liu Qiyue Xu +1 位作者 Wendi Li Xinhua Ding 《Molecular Plant》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2026年第2期217-220,共4页
The apoplast is a critical interface where plants and pathogens engage in biochemical confrontation.Within this shared extracellular space,plant defense responses provoke countermeasures from pathogens.We introduce ap... The apoplast is a critical interface where plants and pathogens engage in biochemical confrontation.Within this shared extracellular space,plant defense responses provoke countermeasures from pathogens.We introduce apoplastic interactive balance(AIB),a framework depicting the dynamic equilibrium that emerges from these interactions.AIB emphasizes that system-level functional stability arises from both balanced and divergent molecular strategies,with transient imbalances driving coevolutionary refinement.These interactions are classified into four modules:metabolites,proteins,small peptides,and extracellular vesicles(EVs).Across these modules,plants and pathogens deploy parallel molecular tactics shaped by adaptive coevolution.This conceptual view provides a foundation for hypothesis generation,comparative analysis among species,and the design of rational immune strategies. 展开更多
关键词 molecular strategieswith biochemical confrontationwithin apoplastic interactive balance aib apoplast dynamic equilibrium equilibrium pathogen plant
N-glycosylation profiles of apoplast nanoparticles modulate plant immune responses to different pathogens in Arabidopsis 认领 引用
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作者 Guanting Niu Hao Lu +7 位作者 Tunyu Jian Xiaoqin Ding Bei Tong Yanan Gai Xiuhua Meng Han Lv Mimi Li Jian Chen 《Journal of Integrative Plant Biology》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2026年第5期1469-1490,共22页
Plants are constantly challenged by diverse pathogens and respond through multilayered immune mechanisms described by the classical“zig-zag”model.Apoplast nanoparticles(ANs),extracellular vesicle(EV)-like entities,a... Plants are constantly challenged by diverse pathogens and respond through multilayered immune mechanisms described by the classical“zig-zag”model.Apoplast nanoparticles(ANs),extracellular vesicle(EV)-like entities,are dynamically remodeled during plant–pathogen interactions.Although EVs are known to carry immune-regulatory cargos,the specificity and coordination of ANs protein responses to distinct pathogens remain largely unresolved.Here,we show that the glycosylation profiles of ANs and their N-glycoproteins undergo distinct remodeling upon infection with Pseudomonas syringae and Botrytis cinerea,as revealed by lectin microarray and mass spectrometry analyses.We identify SPILR,an ANs protein that modulates bacterial morphology and motility by reducing polygalacturonase activity and inhibiting the bacterial flagellar P-ring protein,FlgI.Additionally,the ESM1 protein enhances Arabidopsis resistance to B.cinerea through modulation of lipase activity and lipid metabolism.Disruption of N-glycosylation sites on ANs proteins compromises their antimicrobial function and alters host resistance to both bacterial and fungal pathogens.Together,our findings uncover N-glycosylation as a critical determinant of ANs-mediated extracellular immunity,highlighting glycosylation as an integrative mechanism linking vesicle biology,pathogen specificity,and immune signaling.This work establishes a framework for glycoengineering-based strategies to enhance crop resistance and advance nano-agricultural applications. 展开更多
关键词 apoplast extracellular vesicles nanoparticles N-glycosylation plant immunity
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Apoplastic proteomic reveals Colletotrichum fructicola effector CfXyn11A recognized by tobacco and suppressed by pear in the apoplast 认领 引用
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作者 Chenyang Han Shutian Tao +2 位作者 Zhihua Xie Fengquan Liu Shaoling Zhang 《Molecular Horticulture》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2025年第1期650-671,共22页
Colletotrichum fructicola is a hemibiotrophic fungal plant pathogen that transitions from biotrophic growth on livinghost tissue to necrotrophic tissue destruction. During the hemibiotrophic phase, numerous proteins a... Colletotrichum fructicola is a hemibiotrophic fungal plant pathogen that transitions from biotrophic growth on livinghost tissue to necrotrophic tissue destruction. During the hemibiotrophic phase, numerous proteins are secretedinto the apoplast, mediating host‒pathogen interactions. In this study, we employed apoplastic proteomics and RNAseqto analyse the proteins secreted during the interaction between C. fructicola and pear. A secreted xylanase,CfXyn11A, was identified as a dual-function effector. In the nonhost Nicotiana benthamiana, it triggered immuneresponses, including reactive oxygen species production and programmed cell death. However, CfXyn11A evadesdetection in the host pear, enabling its role in cell wall degradation and nutrient acquisition. Genetic and biochemicalassays confirmed that the immune-triggering function of CfXyn11A relies on its apoplastic localization and is independentof enzymatic activity. Additionally, we identified an aspartic protease-like protein, PbXIP1, in the pear apoplast,which binds CfXyn11A to suppress its enzymatic activity and virulence. This study highlights the role of apoplasticproteomics in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying plant immunity and pathogen virulenceand emphasizes the contrasting outcomes of CfXyn11A in different host contexts. The findings provide new insightsinto the interplay between extracellular effectors and plant defense proteins during fungal infection. 展开更多
关键词 Colletotrichum fructicola Pear Apoplastic plant‒microbe interaction Fungal effector CfXyn11A
Harnessing the acid growth theory to optimize apoplastic acidification for enhancing cotton fiber elongation 认领 引用
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作者 Cheng Li Roshan Zameer +8 位作者 Leidi Liu Qing Wen Yuge Zheng Jurui Zheng Chengde Yu Guoli Song Chun-Peng Song Zhifang Li Changsong Zou 《Plant Communications》 SCIE CSCD 2025年第7期231-245,共15页
Cotton(Gossypium spp.),a major global fiber crop,serves as an ideal model for research on plant cell development.According to the acid growth theory,plasma membrane(PM)H+-ATPase(HA)regulates cell wall acidification,th... Cotton(Gossypium spp.),a major global fiber crop,serves as an ideal model for research on plant cell development.According to the acid growth theory,plasma membrane(PM)H+-ATPase(HA)regulates cell wall acidification,thereby promoting cell elongation and providing a mechanistic framework for understanding this process.However,its application to cotton fiber cells has remained limited.In this study,the acid growth theory was utilized to investigate the elongation of cotton fibers.Comparative genomics revealed an expansion in the number of gene family members associated with acid growth,including PM HA and transmembrane kinase(TMK)genes,in tetraploid cotton.Transcriptomic analysis highlighted the co-expression of these genes during fiber elongation.Functional validation using chemical modulators and CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout mutants demonstrated that PM HA activity is essential for apoplastic acidification and fiber elongation.Specifically,GhHA4A and GhTMK3A were identified as potential regulators of proton extrusion;their loss-of-function mutants exhibited elevated apoplastic pH and reduced fiber length.Furthermore,the results indicated that an optimal apoplastic pH is required for fiber elongation,whereas insufficient or excessive acidification inhibits growth.Spatiotemporal modulation of PM HA activity in transgenic cotton plants enhanced fiber length without affecting other fiber-and seed-related traits,demonstrating the potential of the acid growth theory for fiber improvement.These findings not only extend the acid growth theory beyond conventional model systems but also provide an innovative strategy for increasing fiber length in cotton breeding. 展开更多
关键词 fiber elongation transmembrane kinase plasma membrane H+-ATPase acid growth apoplastic pH
A G-type lectin receptor-like kinase regulates the perception of oomycete apoplastic expansin-like proteins 认领 引用 被引量：12
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作者 Lei Pi Zhiyuan Yin +4 位作者 Weiwei Duan Nan Wang Yifan Zhang Jinghao Wang Daolong Dou 《Journal of Integrative Plant Biology》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2022年第1期183-201,共19页
Phytophthora capsici is one of the most harmful pathogens in agriculture, which threatens the safe production of multiple crops and causes serious economic losses worldwide. Here, we identified a P. capsici expansin-l... Phytophthora capsici is one of the most harmful pathogens in agriculture, which threatens the safe production of multiple crops and causes serious economic losses worldwide. Here, we identified a P. capsici expansin-like protein, Pc EXLX1, by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry from Nicotiana benthamiana apoplastic fluid infected with P. capsici. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/crispr associated protein9(CRISPR/Cas9)-mediated Pc EXLX1 knockout mutants exhibited significantly enhanced virulence,while the overexpression of Pc EXLX1 impaired the virulence. Prokaryotically expressed Pc EXLX1 activated multiple plant immune responses, which were BRI1-associated kinase 1(BAK1)-and suppressor of BIR1-1(SOBIR1)-dependent. Furthermore, overexpression of Pc EXLX1 homologs in N. benthamiana could also increase plant resistance to P. capsici. A G-type lectin receptor-like kinase from N. benthamiana, expansin-regulating kinase 1(ERK1), was shown to regulate the perception of Pc EXLX1 and positively mediate the plant resistance to P. capsici. These results reveal that the expansin-like protein, Pc EXLX1, is a novel apoplastic effector with plant immunity-inducing activity of oomycetes, perception of which is regulated by the receptor-like kinase, ERK1. 展开更多
关键词 apoplastic effector elicitor Nicotiana benthamiana oomycete receptor-like kinase
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Co-evolved plant and blast fungus ascorbate oxidases orchestrate the redox state of host apoplast to modulate rice immunity 认领 引用 被引量：10
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作者 Jiexiong Hu Muxing Liu +12 位作者 Ao Zhang Ying Dai Weizhong Chen Fang Chen Wenya Wang Danyu Shen Mary Jeanie Telebanco-Yanoria Bin Ren Haifeng Zhang Huanbin Zhou Bo Zhou Ping Wang Zhengguang Zhang 《Molecular Plant》 SCIE CSCD 2022年第8期1347-1366,共20页
Apoplastic ascorbate oxidases(AOs)play a critical role in reactive oxygen species(RoS)-mediated innate host immunity by regulating the apoplast redox state.To date,little is known about how apoplastic effectors of the... Apoplastic ascorbate oxidases(AOs)play a critical role in reactive oxygen species(RoS)-mediated innate host immunity by regulating the apoplast redox state.To date,little is known about how apoplastic effectors of the riceblast fungus Magnaportheoryzaemodulate the apoplast redox state of rice to subvert plant immunity.In this study,we demonstrated that M.oryzae MoAo1 is an Ao that plays a role in virulence by modulating the apoplast redox status of rice cells.We showed that MoAo1 inhibits the activity of rice OsAO3and OsAO4,which also regulate the apoplast redox status and plant immunity.In addition,we found that MoAo1,OsAO3,andOsAO4 allexhibit polymorphic variations whosevaried interactions orchestrate pathogen virulence and rice immunity.Taken together,our results reveal a critical role for extracellular redox enzymes during rice blast infection and shed light on the importance of the apoplast redox state anditsregulation inplant-pathogeninteractions. 展开更多
关键词 apoplast redox state RoS ascorbate oxidase polymorphism rice blast host immunity
Apoplastic Proteases: Powerful Weapons against Pathogen Infection in Plants 认领 引用 被引量：8
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作者 Yan Wang Yuanchao Wang Yiming Wang 《Plant Communications》 SCIE 2020年第4期44-53,共10页
Plants associate with diverse microbes that exert beneficial,neutral,or pathogenic effects inside the host.During the initial stages of invasion,the plant apoplast constitutes a hospitable environment for invading mic... Plants associate with diverse microbes that exert beneficial,neutral,or pathogenic effects inside the host.During the initial stages of invasion,the plant apoplast constitutes a hospitable environment for invading microbes,providing both water and nutrients.In response to microbial infection,a number of secreted proteins from host cells accumulate in the apoplastic space,which is related to microbial association or colonization processes.However,the molecular mechanisms underlying plant modulation of the apoplast environment and how plant-secreted proteases are involved in pathogen resistance are still poorly understood.Recently,several studies have reported the roles of apoplastic proteases in plant resistance against bacteria,fungi,and oomycetes.On the other hand,microbe-secreted proteins directly and/or indirectly inhibit host-derived apoplastic proteases to promote infection.These findings illustrate the importance of apoplastic proteases in plant–microbe interactions.Therefore,understanding the protease-mediated apoplastic battle between hosts and pathogens is of fundamental importance for understanding plant–pathogen interactions.Here,we provide an overviewof plant–microbe interactions in the apoplastic space.We define the apoplast,summarize the physical and chemical properties of these structures,and discuss the roles of plant apoplastic proteases and pathogen protease inhibitors in host–microbe interactions.Challenges and future perspectives for research into protease-mediated apoplastic interactions are discussed,which may facilitate the engineering of resistant crops. 展开更多
关键词 apoplast protease protease inhibitor plant immunity plant-microbe interaction
Uncovering the mechanisms underlying pear leaf apoplast protein‑mediated resistance against Colletotrichum fructicola through transcriptome and proteome profiling 认领 引用 被引量：3
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作者 Chenyang Han Zhiyuan Su +5 位作者 Yancun Zhao Chaohui Li Baodian Guo Qi Wang Fengquan Liu Shaoling Zhang 《Phytopathology Research》 SCIE 2024年第1期918-933,共16页
Pear anthracnose,caused by the fungus Colletotrichum fructicola,is a devastating disease for the pear industry.The apoplast,an extracellular compartment outside the plasma membrane,plays a crucial role in water and nu... Pear anthracnose,caused by the fungus Colletotrichum fructicola,is a devastating disease for the pear industry.The apoplast,an extracellular compartment outside the plasma membrane,plays a crucial role in water and nutrient transport,as well as plant-microbe interactions.This study aimed to uncover the molecular mechanism of pear leaf apoplastic protein-mediated resistance to C.fructicola.Apoplast fluid was isolated using the vacuum infiltration method,and defence-related apoplastic proteins were identified through protein mass spectrometry and transcriptome sequencing.We found 213 apoplastic proteins in the leaf apoplast fluid during early C.fructicola infection,with the majority(74.64%)being enzymes,including glycosidases,proteases,and oxidoreductases.Gene Ontology analysis revealed their involvement in defence response,enzyme inhibition,carbohydrate metabolism,and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis.Transcriptome analysis showed the infection induced expression of certain apoplast proteins,potentially contributing to pear leaf resistance.Notably,the expression of PbrGlu1,an endo-β-1,3-glucanase from the glycoside hydrolase 17 family,was significantly higher in infected leaves.Silencing of the PbrGlu1 gene increased pear leaf susceptibility to C.fructicola,leading to more severe symptoms and higher reactive oxygen species content.Overall,our study provides insights into the apoplast space interaction between pear leaves and C.fructicola,identifies a key gene in infected pears,and offers a foundation and new strategy for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying pear anthracnose and breeding disease-resistant pears. 展开更多
关键词 Colletotrichum fructicola Pear Apoplast Glycoside hydrolases Plant immunity
The pH of the Apoplast: Dynamic Factor with =unctional Impact Under Stress 认领 引用 被引量：10
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作者 Christoph-Martin Geilfus 《Molecular Plant》 SCIE CSCD 2017年第11期1371-1386,共16页
The apoplast is an interconnected compartment with a thin water-film that alkalinizes under stress. This systemic pH increase may be a secondary effect without functional implications, arising from ion movements or pr... The apoplast is an interconnected compartment with a thin water-film that alkalinizes under stress. This systemic pH increase may be a secondary effect without functional implications, arising from ion movements or proton-pump regulations. On the other hand, there are increasing indications that it is part of a mechanism to withstand stress. Regardless of this controversy, alkalinization of the apoplast has received little attention. The apoplastic pH （PHapo） increases not only during plant-pathogen interactions but also in response to salinity or drought. Not much is known about the mechanisms that cause the leaf apoplast to alkalinize, nor whether, and if so, how functional impact is conveyed. Controversial explanations have been given, and the unusual complexity of pHapo regulation is considered as the primary reason behind this lack of knowledge. A gathering of scattered information revealed that changes in PHapo convey functionality by regulating stomatal aperture via the effects exerted on abscisic acid. Moreover, apoplastic alkalinization may regulate growth under stress, whereas this needs to be verified. In this review, a comprehensive survey about several physiological mechanisms that alkalize the apoplast under stress is given, and the suitability of apoplastic alkalinization as transducing element for the transmission of sensory information is discussed. 展开更多
关键词 apoplastic fluid alkalinization abscisic acid PM-H^＋-ATPase S-Type anion channel malate
Anatomical and Chemical Alterations but not Photosynthetic Dynamics and Apoplastic Transport Changes are Involved in the Brittleness Culm Mutation of Rice 认领 引用
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作者 Zhuang-Qin Duan Jun-Min Wang +2 位作者 Lei Bai Zhi-Guang Zhao Kun-Ming Chen 《Journal of Integrative Plant Biology》 SCIE CAS 2008年第12期1508-1517,共10页
Brittleness culm is an important agronomic trait that has a potential usefulness in agricultural activity as animal forage although the developmental mechanism is not clear yet. In the present study, the anatomical an... Brittleness culm is an important agronomic trait that has a potential usefulness in agricultural activity as animal forage although the developmental mechanism is not clear yet. In the present study, the anatomical and chemical characteristics as well as some ecophysiological features in the brittleness culm mutation of rice （Oryza sativa L.） were investigated. Compared with the wild type （WT）, the brittleness culm mutant （bcm） exhibited higher culm vascular bundle distance and lower culm wall thickness, leaf interveinal distance and leaf thickness. Ratio of bundle sheath cell/whole bundle and areas of whole vascular bundles and bundle sheath of leaves were reduced while ratios of xylem and phloem to whole bundles were elevated in bcm. The Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） microspectroscopy analysis and further histochemical and physiological measurements revealed that the different contents and depositions of cell wall components such as pectins, lignin, suberin and cellulose all participated in the mutation of brittleness. However, the mutant presented no significant changes in leaf photosynthetic dynamics and apoplastic transport ability. These results strongly indicate that the alterations in anatomical and chemical characteristics, rather than changes in major ecophysiological features such as photosynthesis and apoplastic transport were involved in the brittleness mutation of rice. 展开更多
关键词 anatomical and chemical characteristics apoplastic transport brittleness culm mutant photosynthetic dynamic rice.
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Proteomic identification of apoplastic proteins from rice,wheat,and barley after Magnaporthe oryzae infection 认领 引用
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作者 Jiyang Wang Josue Diaz +5 位作者 Kangyu Hua Maria Bellizzi Linlu Qi Lin Zhu Menghan Qu Guo‑Liang Wang 《Phytopathology Research》 SCIE 2024年第1期204-216,共13页
The fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae causes devastating blast disease in various cereals,including rice(Oryza sativa),wheat(Triticum aestivum),maize(Zea mays),and barley(Hordeum vulgare).Despite previous reports on ... The fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae causes devastating blast disease in various cereals,including rice(Oryza sativa),wheat(Triticum aestivum),maize(Zea mays),and barley(Hordeum vulgare).Despite previous reports on fungal host specificity,the mechanisms underlying differential host infection strategies remain unclear.This study aimed to identify differentially abundant proteins(DAPs)in the apoplast of rice,barley,and wheat following infection with two M.oryzae pathovars using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC–MS/MS).LC–MS/MS analysis revealed an enrichment of both M.oryzae and host proteins in the apoplast during the compatible reaction compared to the incompatible reaction.DAPs from M.oryzae involved in the host interaction included secreted extracellular enzymes(e.g.,hydrolases),which were significantly increased in the M.oryzae Oryzae(MoO)-infected rice apoplast.Among host proteins,the proportion of protein-modifying enzymes increased in the M.oryzae Triticum(MoT)-infected rice and MoO-infected wheat apoplastic fluids,particularly rice glycosidases,peroxidases,and serine proteases,as well as wheat serine proteases.Furthermore,DAPs from MoL-infected rice were enriched in carbohydrate metabolism,suggesting that carbohydrate metabolism-related proteins may play a vital role in rice resistance to MoL.Additionally,protein-modifying and cytoskeletal proteins,as well as stress-responsive proteins,were enriched in the MoO-infected wheat apoplastic fluid.Finally,DAPs from both MoO-and MoL-infected barley were enriched in hydrogen peroxide catabolism,suggesting that peroxidases may be vital for barley resistance to M.oryzae.The identification of DAPs from both M.oryzae strains and the three host plants offers valuable insights into the host specificity mechanisms of M.oryzae in cereal crops. 展开更多
关键词 Magnaporthe oryzae Rice blast Wheat blast Disease resistance Proteomics and apoplast protein
Iron fractions in the apoplast of intact root tips of Zea mays L. seedlings affected by nitrogen form 认领 引用 被引量：1
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作者 H.E.Goldbach 《Chinese Science Bulletin》 2002年第9期727-731,共5页
The effects of ammonium (NH4+-N) and nitrate (NO3- - N) were examined on Fe fractions and FeCN (ferricyanide) reductase activity in intact root tips (0-3 cm) of young maize (Zea mays L. cv. Lenz) in solution culture b... The effects of ammonium (NH4+-N) and nitrate (NO3- - N) were examined on Fe fractions and FeCN (ferricyanide) reductase activity in intact root tips (0-3 cm) of young maize (Zea mays L. cv. Lenz) in solution culture by using short-term experiment under controlled Fe deficiency conditions (containing high HCO3- concentration in pre-culture solution). The results showed that Fe(Ⅱ) concentrations in root tip apoplast of maize were only 20-40 nmol/g FW which accounted for 7%-13% of total Fe. Most of Fe in root tips existed as Fe(Ⅲ) compounds. Imposition of the roots to NH4+ - N or NO3- - N for 60 min led to an increase of Fe(Ⅱ) in root tip apoplast. NH4+ - N led to an increased concentration of Fe(Ⅱ) and exchangeable Fe (Fe(Ⅱ) and Fe (Ⅲ)) in root tips, while NO3- - N increased FeCN reductase activity. The relationship between pH and Fe fractions, FeCN reductase activity was also discussed. 展开更多
关键词 root apoplast iron fraction nitrogen form.
Pull the fuzes:Processing protein precursors to generate apoplastic danger signals for triggering plant immunity 认领 引用 被引量：1
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作者 Daniele Del Corpo Daniele Coculo +2 位作者 Marco Greco Giulia De Lorenzo Vincenzo Lionetti 《Plant Communications》 SCIE CSCD 2024年第8期113-136,共24页
The apoplast is one of the first cellular compartments outside the plasma membrane encountered by phytopathogenic microbes in the early stages of plant tissue invasion.Plants have developed sophisticated surveillance ... The apoplast is one of the first cellular compartments outside the plasma membrane encountered by phytopathogenic microbes in the early stages of plant tissue invasion.Plants have developed sophisticated surveillance mechanisms to sense danger events at the cell surface and promptly activate immunity.However,a fine tuning of the activation of immune pathways is necessary to mount a robust and effective defense response.Several endogenous proteins and enzymes are synthesized as inactive precursors,and their post-translational processing has emerged as a critical mechanism for triggering alarms in the apoplast.In this review,we focus on the precursors of phytocytokines,cell wall remodeling enzymes,and proteases.The physiological events that convert inactive precursors into immunomodulatory active peptides or enzymes are described.This review also explores the functional synergies among phytocytokines,cell wall damage-associated molecular patterns,and remodeling,highlighting their roles in boosting extracellular immunity and reinforcing defenses against pests. 展开更多
关键词 apoplast immunity activation post-translational processing cell wall proteases pro-peptides proenzymes phytocytokines cell-wall remodeling enzymes phytopathogenic microbes plant immunity
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