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Fabrication of Cu_2O@Cu_2O core-shell nanoparticles and conversion to Cu_2O@Cu core-shell nanoparticles in solution 认领 引用 被引量：6
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作者 杨爱玲 李顺嫔 +3 位作者 王玉金 王乐乐 包西昌 杨仁强 《Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2015年第11期3643-3650,共8页
Cu2O@Cu2O core-shell nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by using solution phase strategy. It was found that Cu2O@Cu2O NPs were easily converted to Cu2O@Cu NPs with the help of polyvinylpyrrolidine (PVP) and excessive a... Cu2O@Cu2O core-shell nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by using solution phase strategy. It was found that Cu2O@Cu2O NPs were easily converted to Cu2O@Cu NPs with the help of polyvinylpyrrolidine (PVP) and excessive ascorbic acid (AA) in air at room temperature, which was an interesting phenomenon. The features of the two kinds of NPs were characterized by XRD, TEM and extinction spectra. Cu2O@Cu NPs with different shell thicknesses showed wide tunable optical properties for the localized surface plasmon (LSP) in metallic Cu. But Cu2O@Cu2O NPs did not indicate this feature. FTIR results reveal that Cu+ ions on the surface of Cu2O shell coordinate with N and O atoms in PVP and are further reduced to metallic Cu by excessive AA and then form a nucleation site on the surface of Cu2O nanocrystalline. PVP binds onto different sites to proceed with the reduction utill all the Cu sources in Cu2O shell are completely assumed. 展开更多
关键词 Cu2O@Cu2O core-shell nanoparticles Cu2O@Cu core-shell nanoparticles solution phase strategy reducing agent tunable optical properties polyvinylpyrrolidine
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N-doped core-shell mesoporous carbon spheres embedded by Ni nanoparticles for CO2electroreduction 认领 引用 被引量：5
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作者 Juan Du Qin-Yan Lin +2 位作者 Jian-Qi Zhang Sen-Lin Hou Ai-Bing Chen 《Rare Metals》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2023年第7期2284-2293,共10页
Herein,we successfully prepare highly dispersed and uniform small nano-size nickel nanoparticles embedded on core-shell carbon spheres by confined-deposition method.The mesoporous silica layer containing surfactant co... Herein,we successfully prepare highly dispersed and uniform small nano-size nickel nanoparticles embedded on core-shell carbon spheres by confined-deposition method.The mesoporous silica layer containing surfactant coated on the surface of the polymer sphere provides confined space and effectively controls the growth of nickel nanoparticles during pyrolysis.At the same time,the introduction of nickel species has an impact on structure of the obtained carbon spheres,and it can promote the deposition of carbon to realize the adjustment from hollow to core-shell and then to solid spheres.Owing to the uniform distribution of Ni nanoparticles with small size,mesoporous structure,N-doping groups,high specified surface areas,and core-shell structure,the obtained catalyst shows exciting ability for the production of CO by reduction of CO2with a maximum CO Faradaic efficiency of 98%,indicating its promising prospect in electro-reduction of CO2. 展开更多
关键词 Core-shell carbon spheres Small nano-size nickel nanoparticles Confined space Carbon deposition CO2electroreduction
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Synthesis and Characterization of Poly (Methyl Methacrylate)/Polyethylenimine Grafting Core-Shell Nanoparticles for CO2 Adsorption Using Soap-Free Emulsion Copolymerization 认领 引用 被引量：1
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作者 Jun-Won Kook Ji Young Lee +3 位作者 Ki Seob Hwang In Park Jung Hyun Kim Jun-Young Lee 《Advances in Materials Physics and Chemistry》 CAS 2016年第7期220-229,共10页
Unlike previous emulsion polymerization, we used grafting reactions in soap-free emulsion systems. In this study, we synthesized grafted PMMA/PEI core-shell nanoparticles by varying the MMA/PEI content and molecular w... Unlike previous emulsion polymerization, we used grafting reactions in soap-free emulsion systems. In this study, we synthesized grafted PMMA/PEI core-shell nanoparticles by varying the MMA/PEI content and molecular weight of PEI (Mn = 600, 8000, and 10,000). The size and morphology of the core-shell nanoparticles were characterized by a particle size analyzer and scanning electron microscopy. The nanoparticles were 178 - 408 nm in diameter and swelled in water or methanol by 30 - 75 nm. The size of the nanoparticles increased with MMA contents, whereas the size distribution progressively became homogeneous with increasing molecular weight of PEI. Lastly, we measured CO2 adsorption capacity of the grafted PMMA/PEI core-shell nanoparticles, and we found the capacity to be limited at a level of 0.69 mg, which occurred for nanoparticles prepared from emulsions at a pH value of 11. 展开更多
关键词 Polyethylenimine Core-Shell Nanoparticle CO2 Adsorption Grafting Reaction Soap-Free Emulsion
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Fabrication of Ag@Cu2O core-shell metal-semiconductor nanoparticles and high efficiency photocatalysis under visible- near-infrared light irradiation 认领 引用
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作者 Lele Wang Ailing Yang +1 位作者 Xichang Bao Renqiang Yang 《纳米科技》 2015年第5期43-50,共8页
Ag@Cu2O core-shell metal-semiconductor nanoparticles （NPs） were prepared by using solution phase strategy. The composites, structures, morphologies and absorption properties of Ag@Cu2O core-shell NPs were systematic... Ag@Cu2O core-shell metal-semiconductor nanoparticles （NPs） were prepared by using solution phase strategy. The composites, structures, morphologies and absorption properties of Ag@Cu2O core-shell NPs were systematically characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD） , transmission electron microscope （TEM） and ultraviolet-visible （UV-VIS） absorption spectra. The Ag@Cu2O core-shell metal-semiconductor NPs indicate tunable light absorption over the visible-light region. Under visible-near-infrared （VIS-NIR） light irradiation, up to 83.0% MO dye could be degraded after 150 min irradiation. The calculated apparent pseudo-first-order reaction rate constant is 0.0038 min-1. The high photocatalytic efficiency attributes to the decreasing recombination of photo-induced electrons and holes for the electron sink of Ag core, the better spectra overlap between the absorption spectra of Ag@Cu2O NPs and the emission spectra of the VIS-NIR lamp, and the good adsorption ability and rich catalytic active points for the poroused shell structure of Cu2O. 展开更多
关键词 Ag@Cu2O core-shell metal-semiconductor nanoparticles high efficiency photocatalysis visible-near-infrared light irradiation
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Dual-step hybrid SERS scheme through the blending of CV and MoS2 NPs on the AuPt core-shell hybrid NPs 认领 引用 被引量：3
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作者 Rutuja Mandavkar Shusen Lin +6 位作者 Rakesh Kulkarni Sanchaya Pandit Shalmali Burse Md Ahasan Habib Puran Pandey Sundar Kunwar Jihoon Lee 《Journal of Materials Science & Technology》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2022年第12期1-13,共13页
Along with a wide range of applications,the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy(SERS)is a promi-nent analytical technique to recognize and detect molecules and materials even at an extremely low mo-lar concentration.I... Along with a wide range of applications,the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy(SERS)is a promi-nent analytical technique to recognize and detect molecules and materials even at an extremely low mo-lar concentration.In this work,a unique hybrid SERS platform is demonstrated by the incorporation of molybdenum disulfate(MoS2)nanoparticles(NPs)onto the core-shell AuPt hybrid NPs(HNPs)for the en-hanced molecular Raman vibration of crystal violet(CV).The hybrid platform takes the advantage of both the electromagnetic mechanism(EM)offered by the AuPt HNPs and chemical mechanism(CM)owing to the MoS2NPs.The distinctive core-shell morphology of AuPt HNPs with the high-density background Au NPs is attained by a unique two-step solid-state dewetting method,which can offer a high concentration of electromagnetic hot spots.At the same time,the MoS2NPs can provide an ample charge transfer with abundant active sites.Through the hybrid SERS approach,a dramatic SERS enhancement of CV Raman vibration is demonstrated,and the SERS capability is thoroughly studied.In addition,the finite-difference time-domain(FDTD)simulations provide a deeper understanding of the electromagnetic field distributions for various configurations of nanostructures and their hybrid combinations:i.e.,HNPs,alloy NPs,MoS2/HNPs configurations. 展开更多
关键词 Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy(SERS) Hybrid core-shell nanoparticles Plasmonic nanoparticles MoS2nanoparticles FDTD simulation
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PREPARATION OF POLYSTYRENE/SiO2COMPOSITE NANOPARTICLES BEARING SULFONIC GROUPS ON THE SURFACE VIA EMULSION COPOLYMERIZATION USING A POLYMERIZABLE EMULSIFIER 认领 引用 被引量：2
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作者 Yi-zhang Chen Zhao-xia Guo +1 位作者 Jian Yu Mao-sheng Zhan 《Chinese Journal of Polymer Science》 SCIE CAS 2009年第5期629-637,共9页
Functionalized PS/SiO:composite nanoparticles bearing sulfonic groups on the surface were successfully synthesized via emulsion copolymerization using a polymerizable emulsifier ar olefin solfonate(AOS).As demonstrate... Functionalized PS/SiO:composite nanoparticles bearing sulfonic groups on the surface were successfully synthesized via emulsion copolymerization using a polymerizable emulsifier ar olefin solfonate(AOS).As demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy,well-defined core-shel]PS/SiO:composite nanoparticles with a diameter of 50 nm were obtained.Sulfonic groups introduced onto the surface of the composite nanoparticles were quantified by FTIR.and can be controlled to some extent via a two-stage procedure. 展开更多
关键词 PS/SiO2composite nanoparticles Polymerizable emulsifier Core-shell structure Sulfonic functionalization.
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Carbon-supported Ni nanoparticles in CO2methanation:role of a superficial NiO shell observed by in situ TEM 认领 引用
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作者 Katherine E.MacArthur Liliana P.L.Gonçalves +10 位作者 Juliana P.S.Sousa O.Salome G.P.Soares Hans Kungl Eva Jodat Andre Karl Marc Heggen Rafal E.Dunin-Borkowski Shibabrata Basak Rüdiger-A.Eichel Yury V.Kolen'ko M.Fernando R.Pereira 《Industrial Chemistry & Materials》 EI CAS CSCD 2026年第2期237-243,共7页
CO2methanation offers a pathway to produce a carbon-neutral methane fuel.Although a number of research efforts have been conducted on this topic,a greater understanding of the mechanism of the reaction,which is sti... CO2methanation offers a pathway to produce a carbon-neutral methane fuel.Although a number of research efforts have been conducted on this topic,a greater understanding of the mechanism of the reaction,which is still under debate,is needed.Here,using in situ transmission electron microscopy,we provide direct insights into the dynamics of a metallic nickel catalyst supported on activated carbon during CO2methanation.The keys to the high performance of the catalyst are the in situ formation and dynamic behavior of a Ni@NiO core@shell nanostructure.Based on the detailed electron microscopy investigation,the mechanism of such nanostructure formation during methanation is proposed.Our studies revealed that the deactivation of the catalyst is not due to the accumulation of carbon coke over nickel nanoparticles,but an increase in the size of the nickel nanoparticles that is responsible for the deactivation of the catalyst over time. 展开更多
关键词 CO2valorization Hydrogenation in situ TEM Carbon catalysts Core-shell nanoparticles Microstructure
Mixed transition-metal oxides@carbon core-shell nanostructures derived from heterometallic clusters for enhanced lithium storage 认领 引用 被引量：3
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作者 Yanting Chu Shenglin Xiong 《Chinese Chemical Letters》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2022年第1期486-490,共5页
Multicomponent binary metal oxide-involved hybrid structures with unique physicochemical properties have received extensive attention due to their fascinating electrochemical performance.Herein,a flexible strategy,whi... Multicomponent binary metal oxide-involved hybrid structures with unique physicochemical properties have received extensive attention due to their fascinating electrochemical performance.Herein,a flexible strategy,which involves the preparation of dual-functional heterometallic Fe2M clusters and their subsequent sintering treatment,is developed to engineer novel 3D hierarchical porous structures assembled with MFe2O4(M=Co,Mn,Ni and Zn)nanoparticles confined within carbon outer shell(denoted as MFe2O4@C HPSs).In this intriguing construction,it can be observed that MFe2O4@C HPSs comprised of carbon coated secondary MFe2O4nanoparticles with an interconnected carbon network.The as-prepared MFe2O4@C HPSs possess combined advantages of high capacity of MFe2O4and high conductivity of carbon.As expected,the MFe2O4@C HPSs offer a high reversible capacity,high cycling stability and superior rate performance.The interconnected conductive carbon shells facilitates fast ion and electron transport and accommodates the mechanical strain.In addition,nanosized MFe2O4particles,which shorten the ion-transport path and provide extra electroactive sites,also improve the reaction kinetics.Moreover,these MFe2O4@C HPSs exhibit good structural integrity during repeated charging and discharging.The research perspective and strategy reported here are highly versatile and shed new light on the synthesis of other advanced electrode for various applications. 展开更多
关键词 MFe2O4 Core-shell nanoparticles Heterometallic clusters Anode Lithium-ion batteries
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MoS2core-shell nanoparticles prepared through liquid-phase ablation and light exfoliation of femtosecond laser for chemical sensing 认领 引用
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作者 ZUO Pei JIANG Lan +7 位作者 LI Xin TIAN MengYao YUAN YongJiu HAN WeiNa MA Le HU LiFei HE ZhiCong LI Fang 《Science China(Technological Sciences)》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2023年第3期853-862,共10页
Molybdenum disulfide(MoS2)-based nanostructures are highly desirable for applications such as chemical and biological sensing,photo/electrochemical catalysis,and energy storage due to their unique physical and chem... Molybdenum disulfide(MoS2)-based nanostructures are highly desirable for applications such as chemical and biological sensing,photo/electrochemical catalysis,and energy storage due to their unique physical and chemical properties.In this work,MoS2core-shell nanoparticles were first prepared through the liquid-phase processing of bulk MoS2by a femtosecond laser.The core of prepared nanoparticles was incompletely and weakly crystalline MoS2;the shell of prepared nanoparticles was highly crystalline MoS2,which wrapped around the core layer by layer.The femtosecond laser simultaneously achieved liquid-phase ablation and light exfoliation.The formation mechanism of the core-shell nanoparticles is to prepare the nanonuclei first by laser liquid-phase ablation and then the nanosheets by light exfoliation;the nanosheets will wrap the nanonuclei layer by layer through van der Waals forces to form core-shell nanoparticles.The MoS2core-shell nanoparticles,because of Mo-S bond breakage and recombination,have high chemical activity for chemical catalysis.Afterward,the nanoparticles were used as a reducing agent to directly prepare three-dimensional(3D)Au-MoS2microanostructures,which were applied as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy(SERS)substrates to explore chemical sensing activity.The ultrahigh enhancement factor(1.06×1011),ultralow detection limit(10-13M),and good SERS adaptability demonstrate highly sensitive SERS activity,great ability of ultralow concentration detection,and ability to detect diverse analytes,respectively.This work reveals the tremendous potential of 3D Au-MoS2composite structures as excellent SERS substrates for chemical and biological sensing. 展开更多
关键词 MoS2core-shell nanoparticle femtosecond laser liquid-phase ablation light exfoliation 3D Au-MoS2composite structure chemical sensing
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A Novel Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Reaction Scheme Using Core-Shell LuminoI-Based SiO2 Nanoparticles as a Regulator and Its Analytical Application 认领 引用 被引量：1
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作者 张犁黎 郑行望 郭志慧 《Chinese Journal of Chemistry》 SCIE CAS 2007年第3期351-355,共5页
A novel core-shell luminol-based SiO2 nanoparticle While these nanoparticles were used as electrogenerated was synthesized by two step micro-emulsion method. chemiluminescence （ECL） reagent, the electrochemical （EC... A novel core-shell luminol-based SiO2 nanoparticle While these nanoparticles were used as electrogenerated was synthesized by two step micro-emulsion method. chemiluminescence （ECL） reagent, the electrochemical （EC） reaction as well as the subsequent chemiluminescence （CL） reaction not only could be separated spatially, but also presented high efficiency for analytical purpose. In this case, the core-shell luminol-based SiO2 nanoparticles offered more potential to avoid the contradiction between the EC and the CL reaction conditions. A new ECL method based on the nanoparticle was developed, and isoniazid was selected as a model analyte to illustrate the characteristics of this new ECL method. Under the selected conditions, the proposed ECL response to isoniazid concentration was linear in the range of 1.0 ×10^-10 to 1.0 × 10^-6 g/mL with 2 × 10^-11g/mL detection limit. 展开更多
关键词 electrogenerated chemiluminescence core-shell luminol-based SiO2 nanoparticle isoniazid
ZrO2/PMMA Nanocomposites:Preparation and Its Dispersion in Polymer Matrix 认领 引用 被引量：4
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作者 FAN Fangqiang XIA Zhengbin +2 位作者 LI Qingying LI Zhong CHEN Huanqin 《Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2013年第2期113-120,共8页
ZrO2/PMMA nanocomposite particles are synthesized through an in-situ free radical emulsion polymerization based on the silane coupling agent(Z-6030)modified ZrO2nanoparticles,and the morphology,size and its dist... ZrO2/PMMA nanocomposite particles are synthesized through an in-situ free radical emulsion polymerization based on the silane coupling agent(Z-6030)modified ZrO2nanoparticles,and the morphology,size and its distribution of nanocomposite particles are investigated.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)images demonstrate that the methyl methacrylate(MMA)feeding rate has a significant effect on the particle size and morphology.When the MMA feeding rate decreases from 0.42 ml-min-1 to 0.08 ml.min-1,large particles(about 200-550.nm)will not form,and the size distribution become narrow(36-54 nm).The average nanocomposite particles size increases from 34 nm to 55 nm,as the MMA/ZrO2 nanoparticles mass ratio increased from 4:1 to 16:1.Regular spherical ZrO2/PMMA nanocomposite particles are synthesized when the emulsifier OP-10 concentration is 2 mg.m1-1.The nanocomposite particles could be mixed with VAc-VeoVa10 polymer matrix just by magnetic stirring to prepare the ZrOE/PMMA/VAc-VeoVal0 hybrid coatings.SEM and atomic force microscopy(AFM)photos reveal that the distribution of the ZrO2/PMMA nanocomposite particles in the VAc-VeoVal0 polymer matrix is homogenous and stable.Here,the grafted-PMMA polymer on ZrO2 nanoparticles plays as a bridge which effectively connects the ZrO2 nanoparticles and the VAc-VeoVal0 polymer matrix with improved comparability.In consequence,the hybrid coating with good dispersion stability is obtained. 展开更多
关键词 ZrO2nanoparticles core-shell structure monomer feeding rate dispersion stability
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Dispersion behavior of core-shell silica-polymer nanoparticles 认领 引用 被引量：5
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作者 Yi Wang Yangchuan Ke +2 位作者 Jingzi Li Shouqin Du Yanfeng Xia 《China Particuology》 2007年第4期300-304,共5页
Core-shell silica nanoparticles are superior in modifying surface wetting behavior,enhancing nucleation and growth in crystallization,improving dispersion of naked nanoparticles,and thus upgrading the overall properti... Core-shell silica nanoparticles are superior in modifying surface wetting behavior,enhancing nucleation and growth in crystallization,improving dispersion of naked nanoparticles,and thus upgrading the overall properties of organic polymers.The dispersion behavior and morphology of monodisperse core-shell silica particles in several polymers including polyesters are reviewed and their potential applications are discussed. 展开更多
关键词 Core-shell SiO2 Nanoparticles Preparation Dispersion Application
Fluorescence enhancement of Tb3+ complexes by adding silica-coated silver nanoparticles 认领 引用 被引量：3
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作者 Dan Zhou Xuemei Lin +4 位作者 Ailing Wang Jingjing Li Yanrong Qu Haibin Chu Yongliang Zhao 《Science China Chemistry》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2015年第6期979-985,共7页
Six kinds of terbium ternary complexes with halo-benzoic acids were synthesized. Their compositions were determined by C, H elemental analyzer and EDTA titration. The infrared spectra, ultraviolet absorption spectra, ... Six kinds of terbium ternary complexes with halo-benzoic acids were synthesized. Their compositions were determined by C, H elemental analyzer and EDTA titration. The infrared spectra, ultraviolet absorption spectra, and fluorescence spectra were also measured to identify the complexes. Elemental analysis showed that the compositions of these complexes were Tb（p-BrBA）3- H20, Tb（p-CIBA）3- 2H20, Tb（p-FBA）3- H20, Tb（o-FBA）3·2H20, Tb（o-CIBA）3· H20, and Tb（o-BrBA）3. H20, respectively. The monodispersed Ag@SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles with silica thicknesses of 10, 15, and 25 nm were success- fully prepared and characterized by transmission-electron microscopy. Fluorescence intensities of the complexes were detected before and after Ag@SiO2core-shell nanoparticles were added; the enhancement times were related to the silica-shell thick- ness. The fluorescence enhancement times were largest when the thickness of the silica shell was 25 nm. The mechanism may be attributed to the localized surface-plasmon resonance. Furthermore, the enhancement effect of terbium fluoro-benzoate complexes was the strongest in these complexes. This result may be attributed to the hydrogen bond between the hydroxyl on the surface of the silica shell and the fluorine atom. 展开更多
关键词 Tb3＋ complexes halobenzoic acids Ag@SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles metal-enhanced fluorescence
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Nanoreactors derived from silica-protection-assisted metal-organic framework 认领 引用
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作者 Ling Jin Xiaxia Li +1 位作者 Chunsen Liu Huan Pang 《Chinese Chemical Letters》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2020年第9期2207-2210,共4页
The construction of highly stable and regular nanoreactors is a major challenge.In this work,we use a facile template protection method to obtain ZIF-67@SiO2(JS)and to encapsulate metal oxide nanoparticles(Co3O_... The construction of highly stable and regular nanoreactors is a major challenge.In this work,we use a facile template protection method to obtain ZIF-67@SiO2(JS)and to encapsulate metal oxide nanoparticles(Co3O4)into nanoreactors(SiO2).ZIF-67 crystals provide a cobalt species;SiO2was first used as a protective layer of ZIF-67 and then as a nanoreactor for metastable metal oxide nanoparticles.On this basis,Co3O4@SiO2with dodecahedron morphology were synthesized by calcining JS at different tempe ratures,followed by a hydrothermal reaction to obtain Co3(OH)4Si2O5.Subsequently,CoSx and CoP-SiO2were fabricated through sulfuration and phosphorization.The results in this work show that nanoreactors derived from metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)with a rational structure have broad development prospects. 展开更多
关键词 Core-shell structure Metal oxide nanoparticles Co3(OH)4Si2O5 Nanoreactors Silicon shell
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Hot spots engineering by dielectric support for enhanced photocatalytic redox reactions 认领 引用
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作者 Yan Yu Yujun Xie +5 位作者 Pengfei Zhang Wei Zhang Wenxing Wang Shuyu Zhang Qiongrong Ou Wei Li 《Nano Research》 SCIE EI CSCD 2023年第1期239-247,共9页
Regulating the surface plasmon resonance(SPR)of metallic nanostructures is of great interests for optical and catalytic applications,however,it is still a great challenge for tuning SPR features of small metallic nano... Regulating the surface plasmon resonance(SPR)of metallic nanostructures is of great interests for optical and catalytic applications,however,it is still a great challenge for tuning SPR features of small metallic nanoparticles(<10 nm).In this work,we design a unique dielectric support-urchin-like mesoporous silica nanoparticles(U-SiO2)with ordered long spikes on its surface,which can well enhance the SPR properties of~3 nm gold nanocrystals(AuNCs).The U-SiO2not only realizes the uniform self-assembly of AuNCs,but also prevents their aggregation due to the unique confinement effect.The finite-difference time-domain simulations show that the AuNCs on U-SiO2can generate plasmonic hot spots with highly enhanced electromagnetic field.Moreover,the hot electrons can be effectively and rapidly transferred through the interface junction to TiO2.Thus,a high visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity can be observed,which is 3.8 times higher than that of smooth photocatalysts.The concept of dielectric supports engineering provides a new strategy for tuning SPR of small metallic nanocrystals towards the development of advanced plasmon-based applications. 展开更多
关键词 surface plasmon resonance hot spots urchin-like silica nanoparticles photocatalysis core-shell structures TiO2
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