The global energy transition and the development of intelligent buildings are advancing at an accelerating pace. The integration of distributed energy systems with building automation solutions significantly enhances ...The global energy transition and the development of intelligent buildings are advancing at an accelerating pace. The integration of distributed energy systems with building automation solutions significantly enhances energy efficiency while improving power supply stability and security. This study focuses on the key technical frameworks for integrating distributed energy into grid systems within building automation environments, examining core challenges in system design and operational optimization along with practical solutions. The paper first outlines the background, fundamental architecture, and practical challenges associated with building automation and grid-integrated distributed energy systems, emphasizing the critical role of coordinated multi-energy synergy and intelligent coordination. Subsequently, it explores integrated system design approaches and collaborative management strategies, proposing a framework for constructing multi-energy information-physical systems tailored to building environments. Specific methods are detailed for achieving balanced control among energy generation, storage, and consumption, as well as implementing rapid connectivity and flexible adjustment mechanisms to ensure stable and efficient system operation. Regarding equipment control and operational assurance, the study analyzes power management techniques and power quality regulation mechanisms employed by grid-connected inverters, while discussing protective measures for detecting islanding phenomena and promptly switching to safety modes to ensure seamless grid integration and sustained power quality maintenance. To address operational optimization and intelligent decision-making challenges, this paper details technical approaches for real-time data-driven dynamic load-energy matching, along with collaborative optimization strategies that strike the optimal balance between enhanced energy efficiency and cost savings.展开更多
Building Automation Systems(BASs)are seeing increased usage in modern society due to the plethora of benefits they provide such as automation for climate control,HVAC systems,entry systems,and lighting controls.Many B...Building Automation Systems(BASs)are seeing increased usage in modern society due to the plethora of benefits they provide such as automation for climate control,HVAC systems,entry systems,and lighting controls.Many BASs in use are outdated and suffer from numerous vulnerabilities that stem from the design of the underlying BAS protocol.In this paper,we provide a comprehensive,up-to-date survey on BASs and attacks against seven BAS protocols including BACnet,EnOcean,KNX,LonWorks,Modbus,ZigBee,and Z-Wave.Holistic studies of secure BAS protocols are also presented,covering BACnet Secure Connect,KNX Data Secure,KNX/IP Secure,ModBus/TCP Security,EnOcean High Security and Z-Wave Plus.LonWorks and ZigBee do not have security extensions.We point out how these security protocols improve the security of the BAS and what issues remain.A case study is provided which describes a real-world BAS and showcases its vulnerabilities as well as recommendations for improving the security of it.We seek to raise awareness to those in academia and industry as well as highlight open problems within BAS security.展开更多
Improving the energy performance of buildings will prove vital for countries worldwide to reduce their energy consumption and emissions.A key player in reaching this goal is building automation and control,as having w...Improving the energy performance of buildings will prove vital for countries worldwide to reduce their energy consumption and emissions.A key player in reaching this goal is building automation and control,as having well-designed and operated building automation and control systems(BACS)provide large capabilities in optimizing the energy performance of different systems.In this regard,building owners and planners must be able to assess and evaluate the current status of their BACS and identify potential improvements.While there has been a large block of work done in Denmark along with regulations aiming to audit the overall building performance and individual systems characteristics,very little has been done in the field of auditing the building automation and control system and evaluating its structure and operation patterns.This lack of systematic BACS auditing and evaluation in Danish buildings is addressed in this work with the first implementation and evaluation of the eu.bac System methodology in a university office building.The building was found to comply with the lowest automation and control class E.Two BACS retrofit packages were proposed and evaluated,and energy savings up to 28.5%are reported.The preliminary assessment results reported demonstrate the potential of building automation and control retrofit measures in a combined holistic improvement package alongside building envelope upgrade.In addition,the impact of the eu.bac System improvements and labeling on the building’s classification based on the recent Danish building regulation BR18 is evaluated.The study discusses the feasibility of eu.bac System tool implementation in Danish buildings and suggests improvements.It also correlates and compares the eu.bac System audit to the upcoming European SRI instrument.In light of the huge efforts to digitalize the Danish energy sector,ensuring proper design and operation of BACS is of great importance.Thus,a systematic and methodical BACS auditing and evaluation methodology will be a crucial part of buildings’initial and retro-commissioning platforms.展开更多
Computer based automation and control systems are becoming increasingly important in smart sustainable buildings,often referred to as automated buildings(ABs),in order to automatically control,optimize and supervise a...Computer based automation and control systems are becoming increasingly important in smart sustainable buildings,often referred to as automated buildings(ABs),in order to automatically control,optimize and supervise a wide range of building performance applications over a network while minimizing energy consumption and associated green house gas emission.This technology generally refers to building automation and control systems(BACS)architecture.Instead of costly and time-consuming experiments,this paper focuses on development and design of a distributed dynamic simulation environment with the capability to represent BACS architecture in simulation by run-time coupling two or more different software tools over a network.This involves using distributed dynamic simulations as means to analyze the performance and enhance networked real-time control systems in ABs and improve the functions of real BACS technology.The application and capability of this new dynamic simulation environment are demonstrated by an experimental design,in this paper.展开更多
This paper demonstrates how achieving optimal integration between design and energy resources management can be particularly attractive in terms of energy consumption saving(cooling and heating)and lowering greenhouse...This paper demonstrates how achieving optimal integration between design and energy resources management can be particularly attractive in terms of energy consumption saving(cooling and heating)and lowering greenhouse gas emissions.The building automation system is based on innovative middleware framework which simplifies the modeling of a software for intelligent management of buildings and allows a multistandard and multiprotocol integration of sensors and actuators.The project has the target of underlining the economical opportunities and perspectives concerning the smart system adoption.Estimating the effects of home automation is essential to help its implementation,especially now that energy cost represents a consistent part of the house/building consumptions and will increase in the next few years.The results of the framework application in a residential building proves the validity of the proposed solution.展开更多
The ways which are used today in order to light houses, offices, and most of the indoor areas are inefficient as a lot of energy is consumed unnecessarily during the day time. Mainly this problem because the interior ...The ways which are used today in order to light houses, offices, and most of the indoor areas are inefficient as a lot of energy is consumed unnecessarily during the day time. Mainly this problem because the interior lighting design consider the worst case when the light service is at night, which is not always valid. Also in most cases the lighting system design relies on people to control the lights switching on and off. This problem is also one of the design concerns in Green Building. In this paper, a solution to this problem and a method for people’s comfort who use the indoor facilities in industrial buildings is presented. In the proposed smart lighting system, lights switch on automatically when there is somebody in the room or in the occupied space and switch off when there is no occupancy. In addition to this known technique, adjustment of the brightness level of the lights will be possible via the personal computer or any other smart device. In this method, for the illumination level in the area, where is needed to be controlled for better energy saving, the light automatically is measured by the sensor and considering the amount of background lights coming from outside, automatically the brightness of lights is controlled to reach the preset level that determined for that room. By the means of this method, it is possible to provide better user comfort, avoid human forcedness to switch the light on and off, and hence effective energy saving. Arduino controller is used to build the controller and to demonstrate the results. Economic analysis was done to calculate the percentage of the energy saving that can be obtained by implementing the proposed smart lighting controller. As an outcome of the economic analysis, energy saving norm for an office with a standard size was calculated.展开更多
Some building components are responsible for achieving more than one environmental function, these functions are usually of different requirements that can never be done by the same actions, and they are usually conne...Some building components are responsible for achieving more than one environmental function, these functions are usually of different requirements that can never be done by the same actions, and they are usually connected to changeable internal and external environment characteristics that vary among them. Minimizing the conflict of achieving the different environmental functions is an important challenge for all designers. Achieving a continuous thermal and optical comfort in an internal building space using the same window is an example of this challenge, as they have different requirements that may be sometimes contrary. It should be notable that there are a lot of recent technologies that may be used to find solutions for such a conflict. The Environmental Assessment Methods of Buildings appeared to set the principles of the optimum relation between buildings and their environment, they also could be used to encourage designers to reach the best environmental relations, and award them by main or additional assessment points. The research paper proposes to use the Environmental Assessment Methods of Buildings to assess the building ability of minimizing its environmental functions achievement conflict. This proposal depends on determining the inconsistency assessment items that depend on common building components to be achieved, and then determining the time periods that these items are achieved together within, to indicate the time periods without conflicting. Thus, the paper aims to raise the building environmental value in the assessment when the designer succeeds to minimize the expected conflict of the building environmental functions.展开更多
The article presents a study based on a joint Italian-Chinese research project located in the northeast part of the Jiangning District,Municipality of Nanjing,China.The priority objectives of the project are to identi...The article presents a study based on a joint Italian-Chinese research project located in the northeast part of the Jiangning District,Municipality of Nanjing,China.The priority objectives of the project are to identify the guidelines for the proper structuring of new self-sustaining urban spaces based on the logic of energy efficiency and reduced consumption,promoting cultural exchange and social relations through innovative forms of aggregation and self-organization,thanks to present-day digital technologies for information and communication(ICT),which could represent a new concept of"urban domotics"to improve the quality of life starting to"public dimension"of cities.The goal of the project is to shift the focus from the issue of sustainability from the indoor building environment,which includes a series of private micro-interventions,to public interventions by designing urban spaces,based on principles of"carbon neutral"energy efficiency,according to the main theme of the Shanghai Expo"Better City,Better Life".The article concludes with some reflection about how the integration between urban planning and the design of innovative urban devices and systems could be an opportunity for setting up processes leading to the definition of"enhanced quality in public spaces".展开更多
Challenges arise in automate design with building information modeling(BIM)in underground space.Industry foundation classes(IFC)standard lacks detailed entity objects for describing excavation retaining structures and...Challenges arise in automate design with building information modeling(BIM)in underground space.Industry foundation classes(IFC)standard lacks detailed entity objects for describing excavation retaining structures and geological information,and automated design based on BIM models is not yet for practical application.This study presents a novel automated framework.It integrates the extended IFC standard with mechanical analysis and BIM modeling,significantly advancing structural optimization and rebar detailing.Direct 3D model generation streamlines complex excavation projects,aligning with the trend towards automated,precision-driven design.Key contributions include:(1)the extension of the IFC standard to support excavation retaining structures with objects like IfcBracedPit and IfcPitWall,improving interoperability between geotechnical models and BIM systems;(2)the integration of heuristic algorithms for automated optimization of deformation control parameters,reducing manual intervention;and(3)the promotion of design methodology that bypasses two-dimensional modeling and directly generates three-dimensional models,enhancing efficiency and allowing engineers to focus on high-level decision-making.However,the framework is primarily suited for standard cross-section projects like subway stations and tunnels.Future work will focus on refining the framework for more complex geotechnical projects,addressing software independence and improving design robustness and independence.展开更多
摘要The global energy transition and the development of intelligent buildings are advancing at an accelerating pace. The integration of distributed energy systems with building automation solutions significantly enhances energy efficiency while improving power supply stability and security. This study focuses on the key technical frameworks for integrating distributed energy into grid systems within building automation environments, examining core challenges in system design and operational optimization along with practical solutions. The paper first outlines the background, fundamental architecture, and practical challenges associated with building automation and grid-integrated distributed energy systems, emphasizing the critical role of coordinated multi-energy synergy and intelligent coordination. Subsequently, it explores integrated system design approaches and collaborative management strategies, proposing a framework for constructing multi-energy information-physical systems tailored to building environments. Specific methods are detailed for achieving balanced control among energy generation, storage, and consumption, as well as implementing rapid connectivity and flexible adjustment mechanisms to ensure stable and efficient system operation. Regarding equipment control and operational assurance, the study analyzes power management techniques and power quality regulation mechanisms employed by grid-connected inverters, while discussing protective measures for detecting islanding phenomena and promptly switching to safety modes to ensure seamless grid integration and sustained power quality maintenance. To address operational optimization and intelligent decision-making challenges, this paper details technical approaches for real-time data-driven dynamic load-energy matching, along with collaborative optimization strategies that strike the optimal balance between enhanced energy efficiency and cost savings.
基金supported in part by US National Science Foundation awards(2325451,1931871,and 1915780)US Department of Energy Award(DE-EE0009152)Anhui University of Technology,China(QD202368-DT2300002594).
摘要Building Automation Systems(BASs)are seeing increased usage in modern society due to the plethora of benefits they provide such as automation for climate control,HVAC systems,entry systems,and lighting controls.Many BASs in use are outdated and suffer from numerous vulnerabilities that stem from the design of the underlying BAS protocol.In this paper,we provide a comprehensive,up-to-date survey on BASs and attacks against seven BAS protocols including BACnet,EnOcean,KNX,LonWorks,Modbus,ZigBee,and Z-Wave.Holistic studies of secure BAS protocols are also presented,covering BACnet Secure Connect,KNX Data Secure,KNX/IP Secure,ModBus/TCP Security,EnOcean High Security and Z-Wave Plus.LonWorks and ZigBee do not have security extensions.We point out how these security protocols improve the security of the BAS and what issues remain.A case study is provided which describes a real-world BAS and showcases its vulnerabilities as well as recommendations for improving the security of it.We seek to raise awareness to those in academia and industry as well as highlight open problems within BAS security.
基金supported by the BuildCOM project,funded by the Danish Energy Agency under the Energy Technology Development and Demonstration Program(EUDP),ID number:64019-0081.
摘要Improving the energy performance of buildings will prove vital for countries worldwide to reduce their energy consumption and emissions.A key player in reaching this goal is building automation and control,as having well-designed and operated building automation and control systems(BACS)provide large capabilities in optimizing the energy performance of different systems.In this regard,building owners and planners must be able to assess and evaluate the current status of their BACS and identify potential improvements.While there has been a large block of work done in Denmark along with regulations aiming to audit the overall building performance and individual systems characteristics,very little has been done in the field of auditing the building automation and control system and evaluating its structure and operation patterns.This lack of systematic BACS auditing and evaluation in Danish buildings is addressed in this work with the first implementation and evaluation of the eu.bac System methodology in a university office building.The building was found to comply with the lowest automation and control class E.Two BACS retrofit packages were proposed and evaluated,and energy savings up to 28.5%are reported.The preliminary assessment results reported demonstrate the potential of building automation and control retrofit measures in a combined holistic improvement package alongside building envelope upgrade.In addition,the impact of the eu.bac System improvements and labeling on the building’s classification based on the recent Danish building regulation BR18 is evaluated.The study discusses the feasibility of eu.bac System tool implementation in Danish buildings and suggests improvements.It also correlates and compares the eu.bac System audit to the upcoming European SRI instrument.In light of the huge efforts to digitalize the Danish energy sector,ensuring proper design and operation of BACS is of great importance.Thus,a systematic and methodical BACS auditing and evaluation methodology will be a crucial part of buildings’initial and retro-commissioning platforms.
摘要Computer based automation and control systems are becoming increasingly important in smart sustainable buildings,often referred to as automated buildings(ABs),in order to automatically control,optimize and supervise a wide range of building performance applications over a network while minimizing energy consumption and associated green house gas emission.This technology generally refers to building automation and control systems(BACS)architecture.Instead of costly and time-consuming experiments,this paper focuses on development and design of a distributed dynamic simulation environment with the capability to represent BACS architecture in simulation by run-time coupling two or more different software tools over a network.This involves using distributed dynamic simulations as means to analyze the performance and enhance networked real-time control systems in ABs and improve the functions of real BACS technology.The application and capability of this new dynamic simulation environment are demonstrated by an experimental design,in this paper.
摘要This paper demonstrates how achieving optimal integration between design and energy resources management can be particularly attractive in terms of energy consumption saving(cooling and heating)and lowering greenhouse gas emissions.The building automation system is based on innovative middleware framework which simplifies the modeling of a software for intelligent management of buildings and allows a multistandard and multiprotocol integration of sensors and actuators.The project has the target of underlining the economical opportunities and perspectives concerning the smart system adoption.Estimating the effects of home automation is essential to help its implementation,especially now that energy cost represents a consistent part of the house/building consumptions and will increase in the next few years.The results of the framework application in a residential building proves the validity of the proposed solution.
摘要The ways which are used today in order to light houses, offices, and most of the indoor areas are inefficient as a lot of energy is consumed unnecessarily during the day time. Mainly this problem because the interior lighting design consider the worst case when the light service is at night, which is not always valid. Also in most cases the lighting system design relies on people to control the lights switching on and off. This problem is also one of the design concerns in Green Building. In this paper, a solution to this problem and a method for people’s comfort who use the indoor facilities in industrial buildings is presented. In the proposed smart lighting system, lights switch on automatically when there is somebody in the room or in the occupied space and switch off when there is no occupancy. In addition to this known technique, adjustment of the brightness level of the lights will be possible via the personal computer or any other smart device. In this method, for the illumination level in the area, where is needed to be controlled for better energy saving, the light automatically is measured by the sensor and considering the amount of background lights coming from outside, automatically the brightness of lights is controlled to reach the preset level that determined for that room. By the means of this method, it is possible to provide better user comfort, avoid human forcedness to switch the light on and off, and hence effective energy saving. Arduino controller is used to build the controller and to demonstrate the results. Economic analysis was done to calculate the percentage of the energy saving that can be obtained by implementing the proposed smart lighting controller. As an outcome of the economic analysis, energy saving norm for an office with a standard size was calculated.
摘要Some building components are responsible for achieving more than one environmental function, these functions are usually of different requirements that can never be done by the same actions, and they are usually connected to changeable internal and external environment characteristics that vary among them. Minimizing the conflict of achieving the different environmental functions is an important challenge for all designers. Achieving a continuous thermal and optical comfort in an internal building space using the same window is an example of this challenge, as they have different requirements that may be sometimes contrary. It should be notable that there are a lot of recent technologies that may be used to find solutions for such a conflict. The Environmental Assessment Methods of Buildings appeared to set the principles of the optimum relation between buildings and their environment, they also could be used to encourage designers to reach the best environmental relations, and award them by main or additional assessment points. The research paper proposes to use the Environmental Assessment Methods of Buildings to assess the building ability of minimizing its environmental functions achievement conflict. This proposal depends on determining the inconsistency assessment items that depend on common building components to be achieved, and then determining the time periods that these items are achieved together within, to indicate the time periods without conflicting. Thus, the paper aims to raise the building environmental value in the assessment when the designer succeeds to minimize the expected conflict of the building environmental functions.
摘要The article presents a study based on a joint Italian-Chinese research project located in the northeast part of the Jiangning District,Municipality of Nanjing,China.The priority objectives of the project are to identify the guidelines for the proper structuring of new self-sustaining urban spaces based on the logic of energy efficiency and reduced consumption,promoting cultural exchange and social relations through innovative forms of aggregation and self-organization,thanks to present-day digital technologies for information and communication(ICT),which could represent a new concept of"urban domotics"to improve the quality of life starting to"public dimension"of cities.The goal of the project is to shift the focus from the issue of sustainability from the indoor building environment,which includes a series of private micro-interventions,to public interventions by designing urban spaces,based on principles of"carbon neutral"energy efficiency,according to the main theme of the Shanghai Expo"Better City,Better Life".The article concludes with some reflection about how the integration between urban planning and the design of innovative urban devices and systems could be an opportunity for setting up processes leading to the definition of"enhanced quality in public spaces".
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2023YFC3009400)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52238009,52208344,and 52278350)+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(Grant No.20223BBG71018)the Innovation Fund of Jiangxi Province for Postgraduate(Grant No.YC2024-B196).
摘要Challenges arise in automate design with building information modeling(BIM)in underground space.Industry foundation classes(IFC)standard lacks detailed entity objects for describing excavation retaining structures and geological information,and automated design based on BIM models is not yet for practical application.This study presents a novel automated framework.It integrates the extended IFC standard with mechanical analysis and BIM modeling,significantly advancing structural optimization and rebar detailing.Direct 3D model generation streamlines complex excavation projects,aligning with the trend towards automated,precision-driven design.Key contributions include:(1)the extension of the IFC standard to support excavation retaining structures with objects like IfcBracedPit and IfcPitWall,improving interoperability between geotechnical models and BIM systems;(2)the integration of heuristic algorithms for automated optimization of deformation control parameters,reducing manual intervention;and(3)the promotion of design methodology that bypasses two-dimensional modeling and directly generates three-dimensional models,enhancing efficiency and allowing engineers to focus on high-level decision-making.However,the framework is primarily suited for standard cross-section projects like subway stations and tunnels.Future work will focus on refining the framework for more complex geotechnical projects,addressing software independence and improving design robustness and independence.