With the growing global demand for clean energy, wind power, as an important form of renewable energy generation, has been widely applied. Direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous wind turbine generators have become ...With the growing global demand for clean energy, wind power, as an important form of renewable energy generation, has been widely applied. Direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous wind turbine generators have become a research hotspot in the wind power field due to their advantages such as high efficiency and low maintenance costs. However, under complex and variable operating environments, direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous wind turbine generators inevitably suffer from various faults, which seriously affect the reliability and stability of wind power generation systems. This paper conducts an in-depth study on the fault diagnosis technology and fault-tolerant control strategy of direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous wind turbine generators, analyzes the common fault types and causes of generators, investigates multiple fault diagnosis methods, and proposes corresponding fault-tolerant control strategies. The research aims to improve the fault diagnosis accuracy and fault tolerance of direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous wind turbine generators, and ensure the reliable operation of wind power generation systems.展开更多
Submersible electrical motor direct-drive progressing cavity pump (PCP) rodless lifting was studied to solve the traditional rod-drive pump problems, such as rod-tubing wearing, low efficiency and short running time. ...Submersible electrical motor direct-drive progressing cavity pump (PCP) rodless lifting was studied to solve the traditional rod-drive pump problems, such as rod-tubing wearing, low efficiency and short running time. The theoretical researches and laboratory experiments of key tools such as submersible motor and the construction technology of lifting system were introduced. The field application and economic benefit were analyzed and compared with the traditional rod pumping unit. A new low speed and large torque permanent magnet synchronous motor was developed. This motor was used to drive PCP without gear reducer, which improved the reliability and feasibility. It can run at the speed from 50 to 500 r/min with stepless speed regulation, and it can perform high efficiency and large torque. Besides, other key supporting tools, such as motor protector and flex shaft, were developed. The submersible electrical motor direct- drive PCP technology can be used in a 139.7 mm (5.5 in) casing well, with daily output ranging from 5 to 50 m3. Until now, the technology has been deployed more than 100 wells. The field application results show that it eliminates the rod-tubing wearing and saves electric energy by more than 30% compared with the traditional rod pumping unit. And it also makes the oil produced in a safe and environmental friendly way.展开更多
Low density and low convergence implosion occurs in the exploding-pusher target experiment, and generates neutrons isotropically to develop a high yield platform.In order to validate the performance of ShenGuang(SG) l...Low density and low convergence implosion occurs in the exploding-pusher target experiment, and generates neutrons isotropically to develop a high yield platform.In order to validate the performance of ShenGuang(SG) laser facility and test nuclear diagnostics, all 48-beam lasers with an on-target energy of 48 kJ were firstly used to drive room-temperature, DT gas-filled glass targets.The optimization has been carried out and optimal drive uniformity was obtained by the combination of beam repointing and target.The final irradiation uniformity of less than 5% on polar direct-drive capsules of 540 μm in diameter was achieved, and the highest thermonuclear yield of the polar direct-drive DT fuel implosion at the SG was 1.04 × 1013.The experiment results show neutron yields severely depend on the irradiation uniformity and laser timing,and decrease with the increase of the diameter and fuel pressure of the target.The thin CH ablator does not impact the implosion performance, but the laser drive uniformity is important.The simulated results validate that the cos γ distribution laser design is reasonable and can achieve a symmetric pressure distribution.Further optimization will focus on measuring the symmetry of the hot spot by self-emission imaging, increasing the diameter, and decreasing the fuel pressure.展开更多
Offshore wind energy is an important part of clean energy,and the adoption of wind energy to generate electricity will contribute to the implementation of the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals.The combination...Offshore wind energy is an important part of clean energy,and the adoption of wind energy to generate electricity will contribute to the implementation of the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals.The combination of the fractional frequency transmission system(FFTS) and the direct-drive wind turbine generator will be beneficial to the development of the offshore wind power industry.The use of fractional frequency in FFTS is beneficial to the transmission of electrical energy,but it will also lead to an increase in the volume and weight of the generator,which is unfavorable for wind power generation.Improving the torque density of the generator can effectively reduce the volume of the generators.The vernier permanent magnet machine(VPM) operates on the magnetic flux modulation principle and has the merits of high torque density.In the field of electric machines,the vernier machine based on the principle of magnetic flux modulation has been proved its feasibility to reduce the volume and weight.However,in the field of low-speed direct-drive machines for high-power fractional frequency power generation,there are still few related researches.Therefore,this paper studies the application of magnetic flux modulation in fractional frequency and high-power direct-drive wind turbine generators,mainly analyzes the influence of different pole ratios and different pole pairs on the generator,and draws some conclusions to provide reference for the design of wind turbine generators.展开更多
Low-speed high-torque transmission systems are widely employed in applications such as mining equipment and marine propulsion.However,the commonly used drive method,combining a conventional-speed induction motor with ...Low-speed high-torque transmission systems are widely employed in applications such as mining equipment and marine propulsion.However,the commonly used drive method,combining a conventional-speed induction motor with a reduction gearbox,results in increased system size,higher maintenance costs,and reduced reliability and operational efficiency.These limitations hinder its further development and broader application.As a result,direct-drive technology has emerged as the developmental trend and inevitable choice for low-speed high-torque transmission systems.The permanent magnet synchronous motor(PMSM)is particularly well-suited for low-speed direct drive applications due to its straightforward design,exceptional reliability,high efficiency,and excellent power factor.Domestic and international literature on the development history and fundamental structural features of low-speed high-torque permanent magnet direct-drive motors(LHPMDMs)is reviewed.In-depth research has addressed several persistent issues in LHPMDMs,including large volume,insufficient torque stability,high production costs,air gap eccentricity,and demagnetization.To tackle these challenges,solutions are proposed through new topologies,novel processes,advanced cooling systems,parameter optimization techniques,and online detection technology.Furthermore,the practical application and promotion of LHPMDMs are summarized.Finally,based on the current state of research,unresolved challenges and potential future development directions for LHPMDMs are discussed prospectively.展开更多
In-wheel direct-drive is the most efficient driving mode for electric vehicles,and it is the trend for applications in the future.In this paper,a novel variable-flux outer-rotor permanent magnet synchronous motor with...In-wheel direct-drive is the most efficient driving mode for electric vehicles,and it is the trend for applications in the future.In this paper,a novel variable-flux outer-rotor permanent magnet synchronous motor with a hybrid magnetic structure design is developed.Due to the hybrid magnetic pole with Nd-Fe-B and Al-Ni-Co permanent magnet(PM),the air-gap flux can be adjusted by changing the magnetization states of Al-Ni-Co PM,which is beneficial to realize a wide range of speeds and loads from the electromagnetic structure design.Firstly,basic structure features of the motor and the flux-adjusting principle are introduced.The design and calculation method of the PM dimensions is derived based on magnetic circuit analysis.Then the Preisach hysteresis model of Al-Ni-Co PM is described and is adopted to analyze the motor performance with the coupling of the time step finite element method(FEM),and the magnetization are investigated.Finally,the operational performance of the proposed motor is obtained by simulation,which verifies the design.展开更多
Electric power conversion system (EPCS), which consists of a generator and power converter, is one of the most important subsystems in a direct-drive wind turbine (DD-WT). However, this component accounts for the ...Electric power conversion system (EPCS), which consists of a generator and power converter, is one of the most important subsystems in a direct-drive wind turbine (DD-WT). However, this component accounts for the most failures (approximately 60% of the total number) in the entire DD-WT system according to statistical data. To improve the reliability of EPCSs and reduce the operation and maintenance cost of DD-WTs, numerous researchers have studied condition monitoring (CM) and fault diagnostics (FD). Numerous CM and FD techniques, which have respective advantages and disadvantages, have emerged. This paper provides an overview of the CM, FD, and operation control of EPCSs in DD-WTs under faults. After introducing the functional principle and structure of EPCS, this survey discusses the common failures in wind generators and power converters; briefly reviewed CM and FD methods and operation control of these generators and power converters under faults; and discussed the grid voltage faults related to EPCSs in DD-WTs. These theories and their related technical concepts are systematically discussed. Finally, predicted development trends are presented. The paper provides a valuable reference for developing service quality evaluation methods and fault operation control systems to achieve high-performance and high-intelligence DD-WTs.展开更多
Heat and thermal problems are major obstacles to achieving high power density in compact permanent magnet(PM)topologies.Consequently,a comprehensive,accurate,and rapid temperature rise estimation method is required fo...Heat and thermal problems are major obstacles to achieving high power density in compact permanent magnet(PM)topologies.Consequently,a comprehensive,accurate,and rapid temperature rise estimation method is required for novel electric machines to ensure safe and reliable operations.A unique three-dimensional(3D)lumped parameter thermal network(LPTN)is presented for accurate thermal modeling of a newly developed outer-rotor hybrid-PM flux switching generator(OR-HPMFSG)for direct-drive applications.First,the losses of the OR-HPMFSG are calculated using 3D finite element analysis(FEA).Subsequently,all machine components considering the thermal contact resistance,anisotropic thermal conductivity of materials,and various heat flow paths are comprehensively modeled based on the thermal resistances.In the proposed 3-D LPTN,internal nodes are considered to predict the average temperature as well as the hot spots of all active and passive components.Experimental measurements are performed on a prototype OR-HPMFSG to validate the efficiency of the 3-D LPTN.A comparison of the results at various operating points between the developed 3-D LPTN,experimental test,and FEA indicates that the 3-D LPTN quickly approximates the hotspot and mean temperature of all components under both transient and steady states with high accuracy.展开更多
This paper investigates voltage fluctuations in direct-drive wind farms induced by wide-band oscillations during grid integration.A sequence impedance model of the wind farm is established,incorporating key components...This paper investigates voltage fluctuations in direct-drive wind farms induced by wide-band oscillations during grid integration.A sequence impedance model of the wind farm is established,incorporating key components such as direct-drive wind turbines,static var generators(SVGs),transformers,and transmission lines.Based on this model,positive-and negative-sequence impedance expressions are derived.The quantitative relationship among voltage fluctuation,system strength(short-circuit ratio,SCR),and power imbalance is formulated,leading to a comprehensive expression that highlights the influence of impedance mismatch between positive and negative sequences on wideband oscillations.Simulation results confirm an approximately linear correlation between voltage fluctuation and power imbalance,and validate the inverse relationship between voltage fluctuation and system strength.Sensitivity analysis and modal participation factor analysis are further conducted to identify the voltage response characteristics under active and reactive power disturbances,revealing that capacitor voltage,q-axis current,and phase-locked loop(PLL)states are the dominant factors driving voltage fluctuations in the wide-band frequency domain.To mitigate these effects,a frequency-weighted adaptive virtual impedance shaping(FW-AVZ)method is proposed for both positive and negative sequences.The method effectively equalizes sequence impedances,improves phase margin,and suppresses voltage fluctuations across a wide frequency range.The findings provide theoretical insights and practical guidance for enhancing voltage stability in direct-drive wind farms under weak grid conditions.展开更多
摘要With the growing global demand for clean energy, wind power, as an important form of renewable energy generation, has been widely applied. Direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous wind turbine generators have become a research hotspot in the wind power field due to their advantages such as high efficiency and low maintenance costs. However, under complex and variable operating environments, direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous wind turbine generators inevitably suffer from various faults, which seriously affect the reliability and stability of wind power generation systems. This paper conducts an in-depth study on the fault diagnosis technology and fault-tolerant control strategy of direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous wind turbine generators, analyzes the common fault types and causes of generators, investigates multiple fault diagnosis methods, and proposes corresponding fault-tolerant control strategies. The research aims to improve the fault diagnosis accuracy and fault tolerance of direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous wind turbine generators, and ensure the reliable operation of wind power generation systems.
基金Supported by the PetroChina Science and Technology Project(2016B-4104)
摘要Submersible electrical motor direct-drive progressing cavity pump (PCP) rodless lifting was studied to solve the traditional rod-drive pump problems, such as rod-tubing wearing, low efficiency and short running time. The theoretical researches and laboratory experiments of key tools such as submersible motor and the construction technology of lifting system were introduced. The field application and economic benefit were analyzed and compared with the traditional rod pumping unit. A new low speed and large torque permanent magnet synchronous motor was developed. This motor was used to drive PCP without gear reducer, which improved the reliability and feasibility. It can run at the speed from 50 to 500 r/min with stepless speed regulation, and it can perform high efficiency and large torque. Besides, other key supporting tools, such as motor protector and flex shaft, were developed. The submersible electrical motor direct- drive PCP technology can be used in a 139.7 mm (5.5 in) casing well, with daily output ranging from 5 to 50 m3. Until now, the technology has been deployed more than 100 wells. The field application results show that it eliminates the rod-tubing wearing and saves electric energy by more than 30% compared with the traditional rod pumping unit. And it also makes the oil produced in a safe and environmental friendly way.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11605178)the Science Challenging Project,China(Grant Nos.JCKY2016212A505 and TZ2016001)
摘要Low density and low convergence implosion occurs in the exploding-pusher target experiment, and generates neutrons isotropically to develop a high yield platform.In order to validate the performance of ShenGuang(SG) laser facility and test nuclear diagnostics, all 48-beam lasers with an on-target energy of 48 kJ were firstly used to drive room-temperature, DT gas-filled glass targets.The optimization has been carried out and optimal drive uniformity was obtained by the combination of beam repointing and target.The final irradiation uniformity of less than 5% on polar direct-drive capsules of 540 μm in diameter was achieved, and the highest thermonuclear yield of the polar direct-drive DT fuel implosion at the SG was 1.04 × 1013.The experiment results show neutron yields severely depend on the irradiation uniformity and laser timing,and decrease with the increase of the diameter and fuel pressure of the target.The thin CH ablator does not impact the implosion performance, but the laser drive uniformity is important.The simulated results validate that the cos γ distribution laser design is reasonable and can achieve a symmetric pressure distribution.Further optimization will focus on measuring the symmetry of the hot spot by self-emission imaging, increasing the diameter, and decreasing the fuel pressure.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Foundation of SGCC (5500-202099509A-0-0-00)“Research on Fractional Frequency Transmission Technology for Largely Enhancing Transmission Capacity and Development of Its Key Devices”。
摘要Offshore wind energy is an important part of clean energy,and the adoption of wind energy to generate electricity will contribute to the implementation of the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals.The combination of the fractional frequency transmission system(FFTS) and the direct-drive wind turbine generator will be beneficial to the development of the offshore wind power industry.The use of fractional frequency in FFTS is beneficial to the transmission of electrical energy,but it will also lead to an increase in the volume and weight of the generator,which is unfavorable for wind power generation.Improving the torque density of the generator can effectively reduce the volume of the generators.The vernier permanent magnet machine(VPM) operates on the magnetic flux modulation principle and has the merits of high torque density.In the field of electric machines,the vernier machine based on the principle of magnetic flux modulation has been proved its feasibility to reduce the volume and weight.However,in the field of low-speed direct-drive machines for high-power fractional frequency power generation,there are still few related researches.Therefore,this paper studies the application of magnetic flux modulation in fractional frequency and high-power direct-drive wind turbine generators,mainly analyzes the influence of different pole ratios and different pole pairs on the generator,and draws some conclusions to provide reference for the design of wind turbine generators.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52422704,U22A20215,52377062)Liaoning Provincial Natural Science Foundation Joint Foundation(2023-MSLH-245)。
摘要Low-speed high-torque transmission systems are widely employed in applications such as mining equipment and marine propulsion.However,the commonly used drive method,combining a conventional-speed induction motor with a reduction gearbox,results in increased system size,higher maintenance costs,and reduced reliability and operational efficiency.These limitations hinder its further development and broader application.As a result,direct-drive technology has emerged as the developmental trend and inevitable choice for low-speed high-torque transmission systems.The permanent magnet synchronous motor(PMSM)is particularly well-suited for low-speed direct drive applications due to its straightforward design,exceptional reliability,high efficiency,and excellent power factor.Domestic and international literature on the development history and fundamental structural features of low-speed high-torque permanent magnet direct-drive motors(LHPMDMs)is reviewed.In-depth research has addressed several persistent issues in LHPMDMs,including large volume,insufficient torque stability,high production costs,air gap eccentricity,and demagnetization.To tackle these challenges,solutions are proposed through new topologies,novel processes,advanced cooling systems,parameter optimization techniques,and online detection technology.Furthermore,the practical application and promotion of LHPMDMs are summarized.Finally,based on the current state of research,unresolved challenges and potential future development directions for LHPMDMs are discussed prospectively.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 51407064。
摘要In-wheel direct-drive is the most efficient driving mode for electric vehicles,and it is the trend for applications in the future.In this paper,a novel variable-flux outer-rotor permanent magnet synchronous motor with a hybrid magnetic structure design is developed.Due to the hybrid magnetic pole with Nd-Fe-B and Al-Ni-Co permanent magnet(PM),the air-gap flux can be adjusted by changing the magnetization states of Al-Ni-Co PM,which is beneficial to realize a wide range of speeds and loads from the electromagnetic structure design.Firstly,basic structure features of the motor and the flux-adjusting principle are introduced.The design and calculation method of the PM dimensions is derived based on magnetic circuit analysis.Then the Preisach hysteresis model of Al-Ni-Co PM is described and is adopted to analyze the motor performance with the coupling of the time step finite element method(FEM),and the magnetization are investigated.Finally,the operational performance of the proposed motor is obtained by simulation,which verifies the design.
基金This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2016YFF0203400). The program focuses on studies on service quality monitoring and maintenance quality control technology for large wind turbines. The project leader is Professor Shoudao Huang. The authors are also grateful to the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51377050) for the financial support.
摘要Electric power conversion system (EPCS), which consists of a generator and power converter, is one of the most important subsystems in a direct-drive wind turbine (DD-WT). However, this component accounts for the most failures (approximately 60% of the total number) in the entire DD-WT system according to statistical data. To improve the reliability of EPCSs and reduce the operation and maintenance cost of DD-WTs, numerous researchers have studied condition monitoring (CM) and fault diagnostics (FD). Numerous CM and FD techniques, which have respective advantages and disadvantages, have emerged. This paper provides an overview of the CM, FD, and operation control of EPCSs in DD-WTs under faults. After introducing the functional principle and structure of EPCS, this survey discusses the common failures in wind generators and power converters; briefly reviewed CM and FD methods and operation control of these generators and power converters under faults; and discussed the grid voltage faults related to EPCSs in DD-WTs. These theories and their related technical concepts are systematically discussed. Finally, predicted development trends are presented. The paper provides a valuable reference for developing service quality evaluation methods and fault operation control systems to achieve high-performance and high-intelligence DD-WTs.
摘要Heat and thermal problems are major obstacles to achieving high power density in compact permanent magnet(PM)topologies.Consequently,a comprehensive,accurate,and rapid temperature rise estimation method is required for novel electric machines to ensure safe and reliable operations.A unique three-dimensional(3D)lumped parameter thermal network(LPTN)is presented for accurate thermal modeling of a newly developed outer-rotor hybrid-PM flux switching generator(OR-HPMFSG)for direct-drive applications.First,the losses of the OR-HPMFSG are calculated using 3D finite element analysis(FEA).Subsequently,all machine components considering the thermal contact resistance,anisotropic thermal conductivity of materials,and various heat flow paths are comprehensively modeled based on the thermal resistances.In the proposed 3-D LPTN,internal nodes are considered to predict the average temperature as well as the hot spots of all active and passive components.Experimental measurements are performed on a prototype OR-HPMFSG to validate the efficiency of the 3-D LPTN.A comparison of the results at various operating points between the developed 3-D LPTN,experimental test,and FEA indicates that the 3-D LPTN quickly approximates the hotspot and mean temperature of all components under both transient and steady states with high accuracy.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Project Support of State Grid Corporation of China(No:52272225001F).
摘要This paper investigates voltage fluctuations in direct-drive wind farms induced by wide-band oscillations during grid integration.A sequence impedance model of the wind farm is established,incorporating key components such as direct-drive wind turbines,static var generators(SVGs),transformers,and transmission lines.Based on this model,positive-and negative-sequence impedance expressions are derived.The quantitative relationship among voltage fluctuation,system strength(short-circuit ratio,SCR),and power imbalance is formulated,leading to a comprehensive expression that highlights the influence of impedance mismatch between positive and negative sequences on wideband oscillations.Simulation results confirm an approximately linear correlation between voltage fluctuation and power imbalance,and validate the inverse relationship between voltage fluctuation and system strength.Sensitivity analysis and modal participation factor analysis are further conducted to identify the voltage response characteristics under active and reactive power disturbances,revealing that capacitor voltage,q-axis current,and phase-locked loop(PLL)states are the dominant factors driving voltage fluctuations in the wide-band frequency domain.To mitigate these effects,a frequency-weighted adaptive virtual impedance shaping(FW-AVZ)method is proposed for both positive and negative sequences.The method effectively equalizes sequence impedances,improves phase margin,and suppresses voltage fluctuations across a wide frequency range.The findings provide theoretical insights and practical guidance for enhancing voltage stability in direct-drive wind farms under weak grid conditions.