This research presents a fixed-time three-dimensional formation control strategy for underactuated autonomous underwater vehicles(AUVs)utilizing an event-triggered mechanism.The study introduces virtual AUVs to transf...This research presents a fixed-time three-dimensional formation control strategy for underactuated autonomous underwater vehicles(AUVs)utilizing an event-triggered mechanism.The study introduces virtual AUVs to transform the formation control problem into a trajectory tracking challenge.A virtual velocity regulation law is developed for virtual AUVs,enabling follower AUVs to track the reference position through virtual AUVs without requiring the leader autonomous underwater vehicle’s velocity information.To manage system uncertainties,the research implements a fixed-time disturbance observer based on AUV dynamic models,providing accurate estimations of parameter uncertainties and external disturbances.Through the backstepping approach,an expected velocity regulation law is formulated for underactuated AUVs,ensuring position tracking error convergence within a fixed time.Additionally,a fixed-time dynamic controller is implemented to facilitate rapid achievement of expected velocity by the follower AUV,while the event-triggered mechanism reduces control input triggering frequency.The stability analysis,based on Lyapunov theory,demonstrates that the closed-loop system’s tracking error converges to a compact residual set within a fixed time.Comparative simulation results confirm the proposed algorithm’s enhanced performance.展开更多
In this paper,a class of discontinuous Cohen-Grossberg neural networks with timevarying delays is considered.Firstly,under the extended Filippov differential inclusions framework,the problem of periodic solutions of t...In this paper,a class of discontinuous Cohen-Grossberg neural networks with timevarying delays is considered.Firstly,under the extended Filippov differential inclusions framework,the problem of periodic solutions of the considered neural networks with more relaxed conditions imposed on the amplification functions is analyzed by using set-valued mapping and Kakutani's fixed point theorem,which has rarely been used to study such problem.Secondly,the fixed-time synchronization of the error system of the considered neural networks is also investigated by designing a novel control strategy,which can improve not only the previous ones with sign function greatly,but also can reduce the chattering phenomenon.Finally,two numerical examples are presented to further illustrate the validity of the obtained results.展开更多
Phase transitions are divided into first-order and continuous ones in the current classification.While the latter shows striking phenomena of scaling and universality,the former is typically characterized by discontin...Phase transitions are divided into first-order and continuous ones in the current classification.While the latter shows striking phenomena of scaling and universality,the former is typically characterized by discontinuous jumps in extensive variables and pronounced hysteresis.Recent studies have demonstrated universal scaling behavior controlled by a cubic fixed point in first-order phase transitions.However,more recent investigations of hysteresis in a dynamic mean-field quartic model driven across its first-order phase transitions have revealed new scaling exponents for different driving rates.Here,we discover a new exponent for large driving rates arising surprisingly from critical phenomena and show that,depending on the magnitude of the driving rates and the absence or presence of noise,the same mean-field model remarkably exhibits several universality classes with definite universal scaling exponents governed by their corresponding fixed points,as revealed through a systematic scaling analysis based on renormalization group theory.The theories,the various crossovers between different fixed points,and the complete universal scaling of full curve collapse,are all verified by numerical results.This further confirms universal scaling in first-order phase transitions.展开更多
The issue of fatigue damage to rails has become increasingly prominent with the rise in subway traffic and speed.The hazardous space of the turnout frog significantly intensifies the dynamic interaction between the ve...The issue of fatigue damage to rails has become increasingly prominent with the rise in subway traffic and speed.The hazardous space of the turnout frog significantly intensifies the dynamic interaction between the vehicle and the frog rail,leading to more pronounced fatigue damage in the turnout rail.This paper focuses on the No.9 turnout fixed frog commonly used in subway lines.A three-dimensional explicit transient rolling contact finite element model of the fixed frog is established.The dynamic response of wheel-rail rolling contact is analyzed under various speeds and vertical stiffness conditions.Rolling contact fatigue crack locations,angles,and initiation life were investigated.The research indicates that the 30 mm top width cross-section of the nose rail is most susceptible to fatigue cracks,which initiate on the rail surface.The angle between the crack initiation surface and the lateral direction is between 70°and 95°.Higher speeds result in shorter fatigue life,while the vertical stiffness of the fastener has less of an effect.The simulation results align with findings from field surveys.The established model and research conclusions can provide theoretical support for optimizing fixed frog structures and predicting fatigue life.展开更多
Dear Editor,This letter investigates the fixed-time fault-tolerant control(FTC)problem for small unmanned underwater vehicles(UUVs)subject to the full-state error constraints involving position-layer and velocitylayer...Dear Editor,This letter investigates the fixed-time fault-tolerant control(FTC)problem for small unmanned underwater vehicles(UUVs)subject to the full-state error constraints involving position-layer and velocitylayer.First,a dual-level evolving performance boundary is devised by integrating the fixed-time performance functions and low-complexity error transformation techniques.This novel formulation converts the full-state constrained control issue into a dual-layer unconstrained stabilization,thus ensuring fixed-time convergence regardless of initial conditions.展开更多
The railway signalling system is a key player in controlling train traffic,with the purpose of guaranteeing safety while respecting transport demand.For rail vehicles,visual-based driving is unfeasible,and thus,railwa...The railway signalling system is a key player in controlling train traffic,with the purpose of guaranteeing safety while respecting transport demand.For rail vehicles,visual-based driving is unfeasible,and thus,railway signalling systems have been developed as answers to this issue.Moreover,the increasing demand for railway traffic requires improved signalling system performances.Recent developments have led to the theoretical definition of the Moving Block signalling system as an approach to overcome the limitations of the Fixed Block system,currently adopted in many applications worldwide.This paper focuses on the development of a modular time-based simulation tool for Fixed Block and Moving Block railway signalling systems.The simulator incorporates all main elements for the assessment of signalling system’s performances,including the model of the Radio Block Centre,used for the communication among the trains,the On-Board Unit,which generates the reference speed profile,the vehicle longitudinal dynamics,and the speed control algorithm,emulating a human driver’s behaviour.Different operational conditions have been considered to show the capabilities of the simulator,which may represent a first step towards the reduction of on-site testing of railway signalling systems.展开更多
Dear Editor,This letter presents a novel fixed-time Stackelberg game-based adaptive dynamic programming(FxT-SG-ADP)control scheme for UAV-UGV docking control.The docking problem is formulated as a Stackelberg game,whe...Dear Editor,This letter presents a novel fixed-time Stackelberg game-based adaptive dynamic programming(FxT-SG-ADP)control scheme for UAV-UGV docking control.The docking problem is formulated as a Stackelberg game,where the UGV acts as a leader navigating 2-dimensional space while being tracked by a UAV required to dock with it.The docking performance is optimized by pursuing Stackelberg equilibrium of the Stackelberg game.展开更多
In this paper,the semi-global leader-following consensus issue of multi-agent systems with constrained input under fixed and switching topologies is investigated via a distributed gain scheduling dynamic event-trigger...In this paper,the semi-global leader-following consensus issue of multi-agent systems with constrained input under fixed and switching topologies is investigated via a distributed gain scheduling dynamic event-triggered method.First,a novel distributed gain scheduling consensus protocol is proposed under fixed topology,which integrates time-varying gain and distributed parameter schedulers.This approach enhances the transient performance of consensus tracking by enlarging the gain parameter through the scheduler,while the reliance of the scheduler on global state information is eliminated via a distributed design method.Subsequently,a distributed dynamic event-triggered mechanism is introduced to reduce the controller updates,while the expression of the inter-event times mitigates its explicit reliance on the system matrix.Additionally,to eliminate the need for real-time monitoring of neighboring agents'states and continuous communication,a distributed dynamic self-triggered mechanism is developed.Next,our approaches are extended to solve the semi-global leader-following consensus problem under switching topologies.The average dwell time technique is employed to alleviate the limitations on the switching rate among multiple topologies.Finally,the theoretical analysis is validated through simulation results.展开更多
This paper investigates the dynamical evolution of parallel hybrid dynamical systems on complete bipartite graphs,where the local functions for the two vertex sets are configured as the Boolean XOR and OR functions,re...This paper investigates the dynamical evolution of parallel hybrid dynamical systems on complete bipartite graphs,where the local functions for the two vertex sets are configured as the Boolean XOR and OR functions,respectively.Through mathematical deduction and computer simulation,the results show that when the number of OR-vertices is odd,the system exhibits both fixed points and period-2 points.Conversely,when the number of OR-vertices is even,only fixed points exist.Furthermore,the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of these states,along with their specific counting formulas,are derived.展开更多
The triple bond in N2has an extremely high bond energy and is thus difficult to break.N2is commonly converted into NH3 artificially via the Haber-Bosch process,and NH3can be utilized to produce other nitrogen...The triple bond in N2has an extremely high bond energy and is thus difficult to break.N2is commonly converted into NH3 artificially via the Haber-Bosch process,and NH3can be utilized to produce other nitrogen-containing chemicals.Here,we developed an electron catalyzed method to directly fix N2into azos,by pushing and pulling the electron into and from the aromatic halide with the cyclic voltammetry method.The round-trip journey of electron can successfully weaken the triple bond in N2through the electron pushing-induced aryl radical via a“brick trowel”transition state,and then produce the diazonium ions by pulling the electron out from the diazo radical intermediate.Different azos can be synthesized with this developed electron catalyzed approach.This approach provides a novel concept and practical route for the fixation of N2at atmospheric pressure into chemical products valuable for industrial and commercial applications.展开更多
In order to solve the problems of low overload power in MEMS cantilever beams and low sensitivity in traditional MEMS fixed beams,a novel MEMS microwave power detection chip based on the dual-guided fixed beam is desi...In order to solve the problems of low overload power in MEMS cantilever beams and low sensitivity in traditional MEMS fixed beams,a novel MEMS microwave power detection chip based on the dual-guided fixed beam is designed.A gap between guiding beams and measuring electrodes is designed to accelerate the release of the sacrificial layer,effectively enhanc-ing chip performance.A load sensing model for the MEMS fixed beam microwave power detection chip is proposed,and the mechanical characteristics are analyzed based on the uniform load applied.The overload power and sensitivity are investi-gated using the load sensing model,and experimental results are compared with theoretical results.The detection chip exhibits excellent microwave characteristic in the 9-11 GHz frequency band,with a return loss less than-10 dB.At a signal fre-quency of 10 GHz,the theoretical sensitivity is 13.8 fF/W,closely matching the measured value of 14.3 fF/W,with a relative error of only 3.5%.These results demonstrate that the proposed load sensing model provides significant theoretical support for the design and performance optimization of MEMS microwave power detection chips.展开更多
Fractional discrete systems can enable the modeling and control of the complicated processes more adaptable through the concept of versatility by providing systemdynamics’descriptions withmore degrees of freedom.Nume...Fractional discrete systems can enable the modeling and control of the complicated processes more adaptable through the concept of versatility by providing systemdynamics’descriptions withmore degrees of freedom.Numerical approaches have become necessary and sufficient to be addressed and employed for benefiting from the adaptability of such systems for varied applications.A variety of fractional Layla and Majnun model(LMM)system kinds has been proposed in the current work where some of these systems’key behaviors are addressed.In addition,the necessary and sufficient conditions for the stability and asymptotic stability of the fractional dynamic systems are investigated,as a result of which,the necessary requirements of the LMM to achieve constant and asymptotically steady zero resolutions are provided.As a special case,when Layla and Majnun have equal feelings,we propose an analysis of the system in view of its equilibrium and fixed point sets.Considering that the system has marginal stability if its eigenvalues have both negative and zero real portions,it is demonstrated that the system neither converges nor diverges to a steady trajectory or equilibrium point.It,rather,continues to hover along the line separating stability and instability based on the fractional LMM system.展开更多
In this paper,a high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics(CFD)and rigid body dynamics(RBD)coupled platform for virtual flight simulation is developed to investigate the flight stability of fixed canard dual-spin proj...In this paper,a high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics(CFD)and rigid body dynamics(RBD)coupled platform for virtual flight simulation is developed to investigate the flight stability of fixed canard dual-spin projectile.The platform's reliability is validated by reproducing the characteristic resonance instability of such projectiles.By coupling the solution of the Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations and the seven-degree-of-freedom RBD equations,the virtual flight simulations of fixed canard dual-spin projectiles at various curvature trajectories are achieved,and the dynamic mechanism of the trajectory following process is analyzed.The instability mechanism of the dynamic instability during trajectory following process of the fixed canard dual-spin projectile is elucidated by simulating the rolling/coning coupled forced motion,and subsequently validated through virtual flight simulations.The findings suggest that an appropriate yaw moment can drive the projectile axis to precession in the tangential direction of the trajectory,thereby enhancing the trajectory following stability.However,the damping of the projectile attains its minimum value when the forward body equilibrium rotational speed(-128 rad/s)is equal to the negative of the fast mode frequency of the projectile.Insufficient damping leads to the fixed canard dual-spin projectile exiting the dynamic stability domain during the trajectory following,resulting in weakly damped instability.Keeping the forward body not rotating or increasing the spin rates to-192 rad/s can enhance the projectile's damping,thereby improving its dynamic stability.展开更多
Traditional steganography conceals information by modifying cover data,but steganalysis tools easily detect such alterations.While deep learning-based steganography often involves high training costs and complex deplo...Traditional steganography conceals information by modifying cover data,but steganalysis tools easily detect such alterations.While deep learning-based steganography often involves high training costs and complex deployment.Diffusion model-based methods face security vulnerabilities,particularly due to potential information leakage during generation.We propose a fixed neural network image steganography framework based on secure diffu-sion models to address these challenges.Unlike conventional approaches,our method minimizes cover modifications through neural network optimization,achieving superior steganographic performance in human visual perception and computer vision analyses.The cover images are generated in an anime style using state-of-the-art diffusion models,ensuring the transmitted images appear more natural.This study introduces fixed neural network technology that allows senders to transmit only minimal critical information alongside stego-images.Recipients can accurately reconstruct secret images using this compact data,significantly reducing transmission overhead compared to conventional deep steganography.Furthermore,our framework innovatively integrates ElGamal,a cryptographic algorithm,to protect critical information during transmission,enhancing overall system security and ensuring end-to-end information protection.This dual optimization of payload reduction and cryptographic reinforcement establishes a new paradigm for secure and efficient image steganography.展开更多
Dear Editor,This letter embarks on an examination of fixed-time stability(FxTS)for random nonlinear systems(RNSs)governed by random differential equations.This endeavor encompasses a multifaceted analysis of FxTS,comm...Dear Editor,This letter embarks on an examination of fixed-time stability(FxTS)for random nonlinear systems(RNSs)governed by random differential equations.This endeavor encompasses a multifaceted analysis of FxTS,commencing with its rigorous definition and its integration with Lyapunov theory,along which a consequential corollary emerges.Particularly,the positive definiteness of the expectation of settling time is established,and a less conservative upper bound is derived.The effectiveness of the proposed fixed-time theorem is verified by an example.展开更多
Let X be a closed simply connected rationally elliptic 4-manifold.The rational homotopy type of homotopy fixed point sets XhS^(1)is determined,and based on some relations between XhS^(1)and XS^(1),the rationa...Let X be a closed simply connected rationally elliptic 4-manifold.The rational homotopy type of homotopy fixed point sets XhS^(1)is determined,and based on some relations between XhS^(1)and XS^(1),the rational homotopy type of the fixed point set XS^(1)is determined.展开更多
The system consisting of(2+1)-dimensional quasirelativistic birefringent Dirac fermions with Coulomb interactions and retarded current–current interactions is described by a quantum field theory similar to reduced qu...The system consisting of(2+1)-dimensional quasirelativistic birefringent Dirac fermions with Coulomb interactions and retarded current–current interactions is described by a quantum field theory similar to reduced quantum electrodynamics.We used the perturbative renormalization group method to study the low-energy behavior of the system and found that it flows to a fixed point of the non-Fermi liquid composed of relativistic pseudospin-1/2 Dirac fermions in the deep infrared limit.At the fixed point,the fermion Green function exhibits a finite anomalous dimension,and the residue of the quasiparticle pole vanishes in a power-law fashion.Our research provides new theoretical perspectives for understanding the origin of spin-1/2 fermions in the standard model.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. U24B20115, 52471346, and 51909206)the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China (Grant No. 2024JC-YBMS-300)+1 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 2021M692616)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 31020200QD044)
摘要This research presents a fixed-time three-dimensional formation control strategy for underactuated autonomous underwater vehicles(AUVs)utilizing an event-triggered mechanism.The study introduces virtual AUVs to transform the formation control problem into a trajectory tracking challenge.A virtual velocity regulation law is developed for virtual AUVs,enabling follower AUVs to track the reference position through virtual AUVs without requiring the leader autonomous underwater vehicle’s velocity information.To manage system uncertainties,the research implements a fixed-time disturbance observer based on AUV dynamic models,providing accurate estimations of parameter uncertainties and external disturbances.Through the backstepping approach,an expected velocity regulation law is formulated for underactuated AUVs,ensuring position tracking error convergence within a fixed time.Additionally,a fixed-time dynamic controller is implemented to facilitate rapid achievement of expected velocity by the follower AUV,while the event-triggered mechanism reduces control input triggering frequency.The stability analysis,based on Lyapunov theory,demonstrates that the closed-loop system’s tracking error converges to a compact residual set within a fixed time.Comparative simulation results confirm the proposed algorithm’s enhanced performance.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62576008)University Annual Scientific Research Plan of Anhui Province(2022AH030023)。
摘要In this paper,a class of discontinuous Cohen-Grossberg neural networks with timevarying delays is considered.Firstly,under the extended Filippov differential inclusions framework,the problem of periodic solutions of the considered neural networks with more relaxed conditions imposed on the amplification functions is analyzed by using set-valued mapping and Kakutani's fixed point theorem,which has rarely been used to study such problem.Secondly,the fixed-time synchronization of the error system of the considered neural networks is also investigated by designing a novel control strategy,which can improve not only the previous ones with sign function greatly,but also can reduce the chattering phenomenon.Finally,two numerical examples are presented to further illustrate the validity of the obtained results.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12175316).
摘要Phase transitions are divided into first-order and continuous ones in the current classification.While the latter shows striking phenomena of scaling and universality,the former is typically characterized by discontinuous jumps in extensive variables and pronounced hysteresis.Recent studies have demonstrated universal scaling behavior controlled by a cubic fixed point in first-order phase transitions.However,more recent investigations of hysteresis in a dynamic mean-field quartic model driven across its first-order phase transitions have revealed new scaling exponents for different driving rates.Here,we discover a new exponent for large driving rates arising surprisingly from critical phenomena and show that,depending on the magnitude of the driving rates and the absence or presence of noise,the same mean-field model remarkably exhibits several universality classes with definite universal scaling exponents governed by their corresponding fixed points,as revealed through a systematic scaling analysis based on renormalization group theory.The theories,the various crossovers between different fixed points,and the complete universal scaling of full curve collapse,are all verified by numerical results.This further confirms universal scaling in first-order phase transitions.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2023YFB2603702)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52472458,52478474,and 52388102)+1 种基金Sichuan Science and Technology Program(Nos.2025NSFTD0013,2025YFHZ0035,2024NSFTD0010,and 2025ZNSFSC1318)Major Program of Sichuan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.2024NSFSC0003)。
摘要The issue of fatigue damage to rails has become increasingly prominent with the rise in subway traffic and speed.The hazardous space of the turnout frog significantly intensifies the dynamic interaction between the vehicle and the frog rail,leading to more pronounced fatigue damage in the turnout rail.This paper focuses on the No.9 turnout fixed frog commonly used in subway lines.A three-dimensional explicit transient rolling contact finite element model of the fixed frog is established.The dynamic response of wheel-rail rolling contact is analyzed under various speeds and vertical stiffness conditions.Rolling contact fatigue crack locations,angles,and initiation life were investigated.The research indicates that the 30 mm top width cross-section of the nose rail is most susceptible to fatigue cracks,which initiate on the rail surface.The angle between the crack initiation surface and the lateral direction is between 70°and 95°.Higher speeds result in shorter fatigue life,while the vertical stiffness of the fastener has less of an effect.The simulation results align with findings from field surveys.The established model and research conclusions can provide theoretical support for optimizing fixed frog structures and predicting fatigue life.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62573278,62203286,62233001,U24B20183)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(GK202602006)。
摘要Dear Editor,This letter investigates the fixed-time fault-tolerant control(FTC)problem for small unmanned underwater vehicles(UUVs)subject to the full-state error constraints involving position-layer and velocitylayer.First,a dual-level evolving performance boundary is devised by integrating the fixed-time performance functions and low-complexity error transformation techniques.This novel formulation converts the full-state constrained control issue into a dual-layer unconstrained stabilization,thus ensuring fixed-time convergence regardless of initial conditions.
基金carried out within the MOST-Sustainable Mobility National Research Center and received funding from the European Union Next-GenerationEU (PIANO NAZIONALE DI RIPRESA E RESILIENZA (PNRR)-MISSIONE 4 COMPONENTE 2, INVESTIMENTO 1.4-D.D. 1033 17/06/2022, CN00000023)
摘要The railway signalling system is a key player in controlling train traffic,with the purpose of guaranteeing safety while respecting transport demand.For rail vehicles,visual-based driving is unfeasible,and thus,railway signalling systems have been developed as answers to this issue.Moreover,the increasing demand for railway traffic requires improved signalling system performances.Recent developments have led to the theoretical definition of the Moving Block signalling system as an approach to overcome the limitations of the Fixed Block system,currently adopted in many applications worldwide.This paper focuses on the development of a modular time-based simulation tool for Fixed Block and Moving Block railway signalling systems.The simulator incorporates all main elements for the assessment of signalling system’s performances,including the model of the Radio Block Centre,used for the communication among the trains,the On-Board Unit,which generates the reference speed profile,the vehicle longitudinal dynamics,and the speed control algorithm,emulating a human driver’s behaviour.Different operational conditions have been considered to show the capabilities of the simulator,which may represent a first step towards the reduction of on-site testing of railway signalling systems.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62311540022,U21A20485)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2024M762602)。
摘要Dear Editor,This letter presents a novel fixed-time Stackelberg game-based adaptive dynamic programming(FxT-SG-ADP)control scheme for UAV-UGV docking control.The docking problem is formulated as a Stackelberg game,where the UGV acts as a leader navigating 2-dimensional space while being tracked by a UAV required to dock with it.The docking performance is optimized by pursuing Stackelberg equilibrium of the Stackelberg game.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62322307,51939001,52471376)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(ZYGX2024Z018)the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2023NSFSC1968)。
摘要In this paper,the semi-global leader-following consensus issue of multi-agent systems with constrained input under fixed and switching topologies is investigated via a distributed gain scheduling dynamic event-triggered method.First,a novel distributed gain scheduling consensus protocol is proposed under fixed topology,which integrates time-varying gain and distributed parameter schedulers.This approach enhances the transient performance of consensus tracking by enlarging the gain parameter through the scheduler,while the reliance of the scheduler on global state information is eliminated via a distributed design method.Subsequently,a distributed dynamic event-triggered mechanism is introduced to reduce the controller updates,while the expression of the inter-event times mitigates its explicit reliance on the system matrix.Additionally,to eliminate the need for real-time monitoring of neighboring agents'states and continuous communication,a distributed dynamic self-triggered mechanism is developed.Next,our approaches are extended to solve the semi-global leader-following consensus problem under switching topologies.The average dwell time technique is employed to alleviate the limitations on the switching rate among multiple topologies.Finally,the theoretical analysis is validated through simulation results.
基金"Smart Curriculum"Project of Donghua University(ZHH-2025-08)Shanghai Philosophy and Social Sciences Planning Project(2021BPX005)。
摘要This paper investigates the dynamical evolution of parallel hybrid dynamical systems on complete bipartite graphs,where the local functions for the two vertex sets are configured as the Boolean XOR and OR functions,respectively.Through mathematical deduction and computer simulation,the results show that when the number of OR-vertices is odd,the system exhibits both fixed points and period-2 points.Conversely,when the number of OR-vertices is even,only fixed points exist.Furthermore,the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of these states,along with their specific counting formulas,are derived.
摘要The triple bond in N2has an extremely high bond energy and is thus difficult to break.N2is commonly converted into NH3 artificially via the Haber-Bosch process,and NH3can be utilized to produce other nitrogen-containing chemicals.Here,we developed an electron catalyzed method to directly fix N2into azos,by pushing and pulling the electron into and from the aromatic halide with the cyclic voltammetry method.The round-trip journey of electron can successfully weaken the triple bond in N2through the electron pushing-induced aryl radical via a“brick trowel”transition state,and then produce the diazonium ions by pulling the electron out from the diazo radical intermediate.Different azos can be synthesized with this developed electron catalyzed approach.This approach provides a novel concept and practical route for the fixation of N2at atmospheric pressure into chemical products valuable for industrial and commercial applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61904089)the Province Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu(BK20190731).
摘要In order to solve the problems of low overload power in MEMS cantilever beams and low sensitivity in traditional MEMS fixed beams,a novel MEMS microwave power detection chip based on the dual-guided fixed beam is designed.A gap between guiding beams and measuring electrodes is designed to accelerate the release of the sacrificial layer,effectively enhanc-ing chip performance.A load sensing model for the MEMS fixed beam microwave power detection chip is proposed,and the mechanical characteristics are analyzed based on the uniform load applied.The overload power and sensitivity are investi-gated using the load sensing model,and experimental results are compared with theoretical results.The detection chip exhibits excellent microwave characteristic in the 9-11 GHz frequency band,with a return loss less than-10 dB.At a signal fre-quency of 10 GHz,the theoretical sensitivity is 13.8 fF/W,closely matching the measured value of 14.3 fF/W,with a relative error of only 3.5%.These results demonstrate that the proposed load sensing model provides significant theoretical support for the design and performance optimization of MEMS microwave power detection chips.
基金supported by Ajman University Internal Research Grant No.(DRGS Ref.2024-IRGHBS-3).
摘要Fractional discrete systems can enable the modeling and control of the complicated processes more adaptable through the concept of versatility by providing systemdynamics’descriptions withmore degrees of freedom.Numerical approaches have become necessary and sufficient to be addressed and employed for benefiting from the adaptability of such systems for varied applications.A variety of fractional Layla and Majnun model(LMM)system kinds has been proposed in the current work where some of these systems’key behaviors are addressed.In addition,the necessary and sufficient conditions for the stability and asymptotic stability of the fractional dynamic systems are investigated,as a result of which,the necessary requirements of the LMM to achieve constant and asymptotically steady zero resolutions are provided.As a special case,when Layla and Majnun have equal feelings,we propose an analysis of the system in view of its equilibrium and fixed point sets.Considering that the system has marginal stability if its eigenvalues have both negative and zero real portions,it is demonstrated that the system neither converges nor diverges to a steady trajectory or equilibrium point.It,rather,continues to hover along the line separating stability and instability based on the fractional LMM system.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U2141254 and U23B6009)。
摘要In this paper,a high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics(CFD)and rigid body dynamics(RBD)coupled platform for virtual flight simulation is developed to investigate the flight stability of fixed canard dual-spin projectile.The platform's reliability is validated by reproducing the characteristic resonance instability of such projectiles.By coupling the solution of the Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations and the seven-degree-of-freedom RBD equations,the virtual flight simulations of fixed canard dual-spin projectiles at various curvature trajectories are achieved,and the dynamic mechanism of the trajectory following process is analyzed.The instability mechanism of the dynamic instability during trajectory following process of the fixed canard dual-spin projectile is elucidated by simulating the rolling/coning coupled forced motion,and subsequently validated through virtual flight simulations.The findings suggest that an appropriate yaw moment can drive the projectile axis to precession in the tangential direction of the trajectory,thereby enhancing the trajectory following stability.However,the damping of the projectile attains its minimum value when the forward body equilibrium rotational speed(-128 rad/s)is equal to the negative of the fast mode frequency of the projectile.Insufficient damping leads to the fixed canard dual-spin projectile exiting the dynamic stability domain during the trajectory following,resulting in weakly damped instability.Keeping the forward body not rotating or increasing the spin rates to-192 rad/s can enhance the projectile's damping,thereby improving its dynamic stability.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 62102450,62272478 and the Independent Research Project of a Certain Unit under Grant ZZKY20243127。
摘要Traditional steganography conceals information by modifying cover data,but steganalysis tools easily detect such alterations.While deep learning-based steganography often involves high training costs and complex deployment.Diffusion model-based methods face security vulnerabilities,particularly due to potential information leakage during generation.We propose a fixed neural network image steganography framework based on secure diffu-sion models to address these challenges.Unlike conventional approaches,our method minimizes cover modifications through neural network optimization,achieving superior steganographic performance in human visual perception and computer vision analyses.The cover images are generated in an anime style using state-of-the-art diffusion models,ensuring the transmitted images appear more natural.This study introduces fixed neural network technology that allows senders to transmit only minimal critical information alongside stego-images.Recipients can accurately reconstruct secret images using this compact data,significantly reducing transmission overhead compared to conventional deep steganography.Furthermore,our framework innovatively integrates ElGamal,a cryptographic algorithm,to protect critical information during transmission,enhancing overall system security and ensuring end-to-end information protection.This dual optimization of payload reduction and cryptographic reinforcement establishes a new paradigm for secure and efficient image steganography.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62103203).
摘要Dear Editor,This letter embarks on an examination of fixed-time stability(FxTS)for random nonlinear systems(RNSs)governed by random differential equations.This endeavor encompasses a multifaceted analysis of FxTS,commencing with its rigorous definition and its integration with Lyapunov theory,along which a consequential corollary emerges.Particularly,the positive definiteness of the expectation of settling time is established,and a less conservative upper bound is derived.The effectiveness of the proposed fixed-time theorem is verified by an example.
摘要Let X be a closed simply connected rationally elliptic 4-manifold.The rational homotopy type of homotopy fixed point sets XhS^(1)is determined,and based on some relations between XhS^(1)and XS^(1),the rational homotopy type of the fixed point set XS^(1)is determined.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant Nos.2021YFA1400900,2021YFA0718300,and 2021YFA1400243)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61835013,12174461,and 12234012)Space Application System of China Manned Space Program.
摘要The system consisting of(2+1)-dimensional quasirelativistic birefringent Dirac fermions with Coulomb interactions and retarded current–current interactions is described by a quantum field theory similar to reduced quantum electrodynamics.We used the perturbative renormalization group method to study the low-energy behavior of the system and found that it flows to a fixed point of the non-Fermi liquid composed of relativistic pseudospin-1/2 Dirac fermions in the deep infrared limit.At the fixed point,the fermion Green function exhibits a finite anomalous dimension,and the residue of the quasiparticle pole vanishes in a power-law fashion.Our research provides new theoretical perspectives for understanding the origin of spin-1/2 fermions in the standard model.