Polymeric hole transport layers(HTLs)are emerging as one of the most promising classes of hole transporting materials for inverted(p-i-n)perovskite solar cells,offering tunable molecular design,reliable film formation...Polymeric hole transport layers(HTLs)are emerging as one of the most promising classes of hole transporting materials for inverted(p-i-n)perovskite solar cells,offering tunable molecular design,reliable film formation,and potential for scalable processing.Within this class,fluorene-based polymers stand out due to their rigidπ-conjugated backbone,which imparts thermal stability and optical transparency,and the unique C9 substitution site,which enables precise control over solubility,morphology,interfacial chemistry,and energy alignment.By linking the fluorene core with alkyl,functionalized alkyl,vinylene,biphenyl/spiro,or in situ crosslinkable motifs,researchers have created a diverse family of HTLs that balance mobility,stability,and manufacturability.Recent studies show that well-engineered fluorene polymers can deliver power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)above 20%and retain over 90%of their initial performance after 1000 h of operational stress.Despite advances,challenges remain,as fabrication and stability inconsistencies hinder comparison,and few fluorene-based sys-tems combine efficiency,stability,and scalability.Bridging this gap will require systematic mapping of C9 substitution patterns to device metrics,hybrid designs that merge complementary traits,and ISOS-compliant benchmarking.This review provides a unifying framework to guide the development of next-generation fluo-rene-based polymeric HTLs for durable,commercially viable perovskite photovoltaics.展开更多
Cesium lead iodide(CsPbI3)is widely employed as the absorber material for perovskite solar cells(PSC)with its excellent photothermal stability.Here,an electron transport layer(ETL)-free CsPbI3 PSC was modeled using th...Cesium lead iodide(CsPbI3)is widely employed as the absorber material for perovskite solar cells(PSC)with its excellent photothermal stability.Here,an electron transport layer(ETL)-free CsPbI3 PSC was modeled using the solar cell capacitance simulator(SCAPS)program.The simulation involves a series of parameters optimization,including the thickness,doping concentration,defect density and permittivity of the fluorine-doped tin oxide(FTO)electrode,the hole transport layer(HTL),and the perovskite(PVK)layer.Additionally,the defect density at the FTO/PVK interface and the PVK/HTL interface were considered.The study revealed that the power conversion efficiency(PCE)of the device is significantly affected by variations in the parameters of the PVK layer,especially the thickness and defect density.Moreover,the defect density at the contact interfaces also notably influences the device efficiency.After systematic computational optimization,the best device exhibited an open-circuit voltage(VOC)of 1.16 V,a short-circuit current(JSC)of 21.52 mA/cm2,a fill factor(FF)of 87.83%,and a PCE of 21.9%,which is close to the full-structured device reported in experiment,demonstrating the potential of all inorganic PSCs with simplified structures.展开更多
This study focuses on the factors that may affect the feasibility of performing elliptical anisotropy analysis on azimuthal PP and PS-wave data in HTI media, with the aim of using the modeling results as guidance in r...This study focuses on the factors that may affect the feasibility of performing elliptical anisotropy analysis on azimuthal PP and PS-wave data in HTI media, with the aim of using the modeling results as guidance in real seismic data application. Our results reveal that there is an offset limitation for both PP- and PS-waves in elliptical anisotropy fitting, and that PS-waves show a wider applicable offset range and larger observable azimuthal anisotropy than PP-waves. The major axis of the elliptical fit to the amplitudes of the R-component is perpendicular to the fracture strike, which is opposite to that in PP-wave analysis. The azimuthal interval travel time of PS-waves shows a nearly elliptical distribution and the major axis of the fit ellipse is perpendicular to the fracture strike, which is same as that in PP-wave analysis. For data within the applicable offset range, the anisotropic magnitude obtained from amplitude and travel time attributes of PP- and PS-waves exhibits a dependence on fracture density, and the major to minor axis ratio of the fit ellipse may be used to infer the relative distribution of fracture densities.展开更多
AIM: To design and construct an exogenous multiple epitope of helper T lymphocytes (HTL), and to evaluate its effect on anti-HBs response through DNA immunization. METHODS: Artificial HTL epitope, PADRE and four other...AIM: To design and construct an exogenous multiple epitope of helper T lymphocytes (HTL), and to evaluate its effect on anti-HBs response through DNA immunization. METHODS: Artificial HTL epitope, PADRE and four other HTL epitopes from different proteins were linked together using splicing by overlap extension to generate exogenous multiple epitopes of HTL, MTE5. pcMTE5 and pcHB were generated by cloning MTE5 and fragments of HBV pre-S2/S gene into mammalian expression plasmid pcDNA3. Four chimeric plasmids were constructed by cloning MTE5 into the region of pre-S2 gene (Barn HI), 5' terminal of S gene (HincII, Xba I) and 3' terminal of S gene (Acc I) of pcHB respectively. BALB/c mice were used in DNA immunization of the recombinant plasmids. Anti-HBs was detected using Abbott IMx AUSAB test kits.RESULTS: The sequences of MTE5 and the 6 constructs ofrecombinant plasmids were confirmed to be correct by DNA sequencing. The anti-HBs response of the coinoculation of pcHB and pcMTE5 was much higher than that of the inoculation of pcHB only (136.7+69.1 mIU/mL vs 27.6+17.3 mIU/mL, P<0.01, t =-6.56). Among the 4 chimeric plasmids, only the plasmid in which MTE5 was inserted into the pre-S2 region had good anti-HBs response (57.54±7.68 mIU/mL), and had no significant difference compared with those of pcHB and the co-inoculation of pcHB and pcMTE5. CONCLUSION: Exogenous multiple epitopes of HTL had immune enhancement when they were co-inoculated with pre-S2/S gene or inoculated in the chimeric form at a proper site of pre-S2/S gene of HBV. It might suggest that it was possible to improve hepatitis B vaccine using exogenous multiple epitopes of HTL. The antibody responses were very low using DNA immunization in the study. Thus, the immune enhancement effect of exogenous multiple epitopes of HTL has to be confirmed and the effect on overcoming the drawback of the polymorphism of HLA II antigens should also be evaluated after these chimeric plasmids are expressed in mammalian cell lines.展开更多
We improve the performance of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with both a MoO3 hole injection layer (HIL) and a MoO3 doped hole transport layer (HTL), and present a systematical and comparative investigati...We improve the performance of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with both a MoO3 hole injection layer (HIL) and a MoO3 doped hole transport layer (HTL), and present a systematical and comparative investigation on these devices. Compared with OLEDs with only MoO3 HIL or MoO3 doped HTL, OLEDs with both MoO3 HIL and MoO3 doped HTL show superior performance in driving voltage, power efficiency, and stability. Based on the typical NPB/Alq3 heterojunction structure, OLEDs with both MoO3 HIL and MoO3 doped HTL show a driving voltage of 5.4 V and a power efficiency of 1.41 lm/W for 1000 cd/m2, and a lifetime of around 0. 88 h with an initial luminance of 5268 cd/m2 under a constant current of 190 mA/cm2 operation in air without encapsulation. While OLEDs with only MoO3 HIL or MoO3 doped HTL show higher driving voltages of 6.4 V or 5.8 V and lower power efficiencies of 1.201m/W or 1.341m/W for 1000cd/m2, and a shorter lifetime of 0.33 or 0.60h with an initial luminance of around 5122 or 5300cd/m2 under a constant current of 200 or 216mA/cm2 operation. Our results demonstrate clearly that using both MoO3 HIL and MoO3 doped HTL is a simple and effective approach to simultaneoasly improve both the hole injection and transport efficiency, resulting from the lowered energy barrier at the anode interface and the increased hole carrier density in MoO3 doped HTL.展开更多
Climate change is an important issue facing the world today and carbon reduction has become the fo-cus of attention for all countries.Alternative bio-fuels are an important means to achieve carbon emis-sion reduction....Climate change is an important issue facing the world today and carbon reduction has become the fo-cus of attention for all countries.Alternative bio-fuels are an important means to achieve carbon emis-sion reduction.The production of jet fuel precursors from biomass by hydrothermal liquefaction(HTL)has received a lot of attention due to its mild conditions and environmental friendliness.Lignocellulosic biomass and algal biomass are considered as the second and the third generation biomasses as promising raw materials for alternative fuel preparation.Among them,lignocellulosic biomass has been extensively studied due to its wide range of sources and can be divided into one-step HTL and stepwise HTL accord-ing to the process method.Algal biomass has been extensively studied experimentally due to its short growth cycle and the fact that it can sequester large amounts of carbon without taking up arable land.In this paper,the feedstock composition of different biomasses is reviewed for the HTL of biomass.A detailed review of the process characteristics,reaction pathways and influencing factors for the HTL pro-duction of jet fuel precursors from lignocellulosic biomass and algal biomass is also presented.Theoretical references are provided for further process optimization and bio-crude quality upgrading.展开更多
目的探索不同HTL处理方法和剂量对鸡胚神经管发育的影响,构建鸡胚神经管畸形的最佳动物模型。方法采用白来航鸡种蛋于孵化28h分别采用胚胎滴注,胚盘注射,神经沟注射三种方法给予不同浓度的HTL处理,于E5收集胚胎,观察胚胎表型并记录分析...目的探索不同HTL处理方法和剂量对鸡胚神经管发育的影响,构建鸡胚神经管畸形的最佳动物模型。方法采用白来航鸡种蛋于孵化28h分别采用胚胎滴注,胚盘注射,神经沟注射三种方法给予不同浓度的HTL处理,于E5收集胚胎,观察胚胎表型并记录分析,并进一步对有意义的剂量组及发育时期扩大样本量。结果胚胎滴注组畸形发生率较低,胚盘注射组虽然畸形率有所升高,但胚胎存活率低,神经沟注射组胚胎E5的神经管畸形总发生率达到了41.5%。且在0.5m M HTL神经沟注射时胚胎的畸形率最高。结论 0.5m M HTL神经沟注射可诱导鸡胚神经管畸形的发生。展开更多
A high-efficiency green phosphorescent organic light emitting diode with a simplified structure is achieved that is free of a hole transport layer. The design of this kind of device structure not only saves the consum...A high-efficiency green phosphorescent organic light emitting diode with a simplified structure is achieved that is free of a hole transport layer. The design of this kind of device structure not only saves the consumption of organic materials but also greatly reduces the structural heterogeneities and effectively facilitates the charge injection into the emissive layer. The resulting green phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (PHOLEDs) exhibit higher electroluminescent efficiency. The maximum external quantum efficiency and current efficiency reach 23.7% and 88 cd/A, respectively. Moreover the device demonstrates satisfactory stability, keeping 23.7% and 88cd/A, 22% and 82cd/A, respectively, at a luminance of 100 and 1000cd/m2. The working mechanism for achieving high efficiency based on such a simple device structure is discussed correspondingly. The improved charge carrier injection and transport balance are proved to prominently contribute to achieve the high efficiency and great stability at high luminance in the green PHOLEDs.展开更多
基金P.G.and S.O.acknowledge the financial support from the Bilateral Project CNR-NSFC(2024/2025,No.52311530673)P.G.thanks Xiamen Independent Deployment Project,Frontier Technology Innovation,2023CX03+1 种基金Xiamen Natural Science Foundation Project,2024,3502Z202473100A.R.B.M.Y.and P.G.also acknowledge Universiti Teknologi Malaysia AJ090000.6700.09453-Tabung Pembayaran Lantikan Skim Prominent Visiting Researcher Scheme JTNCPI.
摘要Polymeric hole transport layers(HTLs)are emerging as one of the most promising classes of hole transporting materials for inverted(p-i-n)perovskite solar cells,offering tunable molecular design,reliable film formation,and potential for scalable processing.Within this class,fluorene-based polymers stand out due to their rigidπ-conjugated backbone,which imparts thermal stability and optical transparency,and the unique C9 substitution site,which enables precise control over solubility,morphology,interfacial chemistry,and energy alignment.By linking the fluorene core with alkyl,functionalized alkyl,vinylene,biphenyl/spiro,or in situ crosslinkable motifs,researchers have created a diverse family of HTLs that balance mobility,stability,and manufacturability.Recent studies show that well-engineered fluorene polymers can deliver power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)above 20%and retain over 90%of their initial performance after 1000 h of operational stress.Despite advances,challenges remain,as fabrication and stability inconsistencies hinder comparison,and few fluorene-based sys-tems combine efficiency,stability,and scalability.Bridging this gap will require systematic mapping of C9 substitution patterns to device metrics,hybrid designs that merge complementary traits,and ISOS-compliant benchmarking.This review provides a unifying framework to guide the development of next-generation fluo-rene-based polymeric HTLs for durable,commercially viable perovskite photovoltaics.
基金supported by the Ningbo Natural Science Foundation (No.2023J093)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.61904182)the K. C. Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University
摘要Cesium lead iodide(CsPbI3)is widely employed as the absorber material for perovskite solar cells(PSC)with its excellent photothermal stability.Here,an electron transport layer(ETL)-free CsPbI3 PSC was modeled using the solar cell capacitance simulator(SCAPS)program.The simulation involves a series of parameters optimization,including the thickness,doping concentration,defect density and permittivity of the fluorine-doped tin oxide(FTO)electrode,the hole transport layer(HTL),and the perovskite(PVK)layer.Additionally,the defect density at the FTO/PVK interface and the PVK/HTL interface were considered.The study revealed that the power conversion efficiency(PCE)of the device is significantly affected by variations in the parameters of the PVK layer,especially the thickness and defect density.Moreover,the defect density at the contact interfaces also notably influences the device efficiency.After systematic computational optimization,the best device exhibited an open-circuit voltage(VOC)of 1.16 V,a short-circuit current(JSC)of 21.52 mA/cm2,a fill factor(FF)of 87.83%,and a PCE of 21.9%,which is close to the full-structured device reported in experiment,demonstrating the potential of all inorganic PSCs with simplified structures.
摘要This study focuses on the factors that may affect the feasibility of performing elliptical anisotropy analysis on azimuthal PP and PS-wave data in HTI media, with the aim of using the modeling results as guidance in real seismic data application. Our results reveal that there is an offset limitation for both PP- and PS-waves in elliptical anisotropy fitting, and that PS-waves show a wider applicable offset range and larger observable azimuthal anisotropy than PP-waves. The major axis of the elliptical fit to the amplitudes of the R-component is perpendicular to the fracture strike, which is opposite to that in PP-wave analysis. The azimuthal interval travel time of PS-waves shows a nearly elliptical distribution and the major axis of the fit ellipse is perpendicular to the fracture strike, which is same as that in PP-wave analysis. For data within the applicable offset range, the anisotropic magnitude obtained from amplitude and travel time attributes of PP- and PS-waves exhibits a dependence on fracture density, and the major to minor axis ratio of the fit ellipse may be used to infer the relative distribution of fracture densities.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,NO.39970677 and the Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,NO.99M04801G
摘要AIM: To design and construct an exogenous multiple epitope of helper T lymphocytes (HTL), and to evaluate its effect on anti-HBs response through DNA immunization. METHODS: Artificial HTL epitope, PADRE and four other HTL epitopes from different proteins were linked together using splicing by overlap extension to generate exogenous multiple epitopes of HTL, MTE5. pcMTE5 and pcHB were generated by cloning MTE5 and fragments of HBV pre-S2/S gene into mammalian expression plasmid pcDNA3. Four chimeric plasmids were constructed by cloning MTE5 into the region of pre-S2 gene (Barn HI), 5' terminal of S gene (HincII, Xba I) and 3' terminal of S gene (Acc I) of pcHB respectively. BALB/c mice were used in DNA immunization of the recombinant plasmids. Anti-HBs was detected using Abbott IMx AUSAB test kits.RESULTS: The sequences of MTE5 and the 6 constructs ofrecombinant plasmids were confirmed to be correct by DNA sequencing. The anti-HBs response of the coinoculation of pcHB and pcMTE5 was much higher than that of the inoculation of pcHB only (136.7+69.1 mIU/mL vs 27.6+17.3 mIU/mL, P<0.01, t =-6.56). Among the 4 chimeric plasmids, only the plasmid in which MTE5 was inserted into the pre-S2 region had good anti-HBs response (57.54±7.68 mIU/mL), and had no significant difference compared with those of pcHB and the co-inoculation of pcHB and pcMTE5. CONCLUSION: Exogenous multiple epitopes of HTL had immune enhancement when they were co-inoculated with pre-S2/S gene or inoculated in the chimeric form at a proper site of pre-S2/S gene of HBV. It might suggest that it was possible to improve hepatitis B vaccine using exogenous multiple epitopes of HTL. The antibody responses were very low using DNA immunization in the study. Thus, the immune enhancement effect of exogenous multiple epitopes of HTL has to be confirmed and the effect on overcoming the drawback of the polymorphism of HLA II antigens should also be evaluated after these chimeric plasmids are expressed in mammalian cell lines.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 11274402the National Basic Research Program of China under Grant No 2012CB933704+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province under Grant No S2012020011003the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University under Grant No IRT13042
摘要We improve the performance of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with both a MoO3 hole injection layer (HIL) and a MoO3 doped hole transport layer (HTL), and present a systematical and comparative investigation on these devices. Compared with OLEDs with only MoO3 HIL or MoO3 doped HTL, OLEDs with both MoO3 HIL and MoO3 doped HTL show superior performance in driving voltage, power efficiency, and stability. Based on the typical NPB/Alq3 heterojunction structure, OLEDs with both MoO3 HIL and MoO3 doped HTL show a driving voltage of 5.4 V and a power efficiency of 1.41 lm/W for 1000 cd/m2, and a lifetime of around 0. 88 h with an initial luminance of 5268 cd/m2 under a constant current of 190 mA/cm2 operation in air without encapsulation. While OLEDs with only MoO3 HIL or MoO3 doped HTL show higher driving voltages of 6.4 V or 5.8 V and lower power efficiencies of 1.201m/W or 1.341m/W for 1000cd/m2, and a shorter lifetime of 0.33 or 0.60h with an initial luminance of around 5122 or 5300cd/m2 under a constant current of 200 or 216mA/cm2 operation. Our results demonstrate clearly that using both MoO3 HIL and MoO3 doped HTL is a simple and effective approach to simultaneoasly improve both the hole injection and transport efficiency, resulting from the lowered energy barrier at the anode interface and the increased hole carrier density in MoO3 doped HTL.
基金supported by National High-tech Research and Development Program,China(No.2018YFB1501505).
摘要Climate change is an important issue facing the world today and carbon reduction has become the fo-cus of attention for all countries.Alternative bio-fuels are an important means to achieve carbon emis-sion reduction.The production of jet fuel precursors from biomass by hydrothermal liquefaction(HTL)has received a lot of attention due to its mild conditions and environmental friendliness.Lignocellulosic biomass and algal biomass are considered as the second and the third generation biomasses as promising raw materials for alternative fuel preparation.Among them,lignocellulosic biomass has been extensively studied due to its wide range of sources and can be divided into one-step HTL and stepwise HTL accord-ing to the process method.Algal biomass has been extensively studied experimentally due to its short growth cycle and the fact that it can sequester large amounts of carbon without taking up arable land.In this paper,the feedstock composition of different biomasses is reviewed for the HTL of biomass.A detailed review of the process characteristics,reaction pathways and influencing factors for the HTL pro-duction of jet fuel precursors from lignocellulosic biomass and algal biomass is also presented.Theoretical references are provided for further process optimization and bio-crude quality upgrading.
摘要目的探索不同HTL处理方法和剂量对鸡胚神经管发育的影响,构建鸡胚神经管畸形的最佳动物模型。方法采用白来航鸡种蛋于孵化28h分别采用胚胎滴注,胚盘注射,神经沟注射三种方法给予不同浓度的HTL处理,于E5收集胚胎,观察胚胎表型并记录分析,并进一步对有意义的剂量组及发育时期扩大样本量。结果胚胎滴注组畸形发生率较低,胚盘注射组虽然畸形率有所升高,但胚胎存活率低,神经沟注射组胚胎E5的神经管畸形总发生率达到了41.5%。且在0.5m M HTL神经沟注射时胚胎的畸形率最高。结论 0.5m M HTL神经沟注射可诱导鸡胚神经管畸形的发生。
基金Supported by the Nanjing University of Telecommunication and Posts under Grant No NY212010the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 91233117,50973104 and 51333007+2 种基金the Natural Science Fund of Jiangsu Province under Grant No BK2012834the National Basic Research Program of China under Grant No 2015CB932200the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions
摘要A high-efficiency green phosphorescent organic light emitting diode with a simplified structure is achieved that is free of a hole transport layer. The design of this kind of device structure not only saves the consumption of organic materials but also greatly reduces the structural heterogeneities and effectively facilitates the charge injection into the emissive layer. The resulting green phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (PHOLEDs) exhibit higher electroluminescent efficiency. The maximum external quantum efficiency and current efficiency reach 23.7% and 88 cd/A, respectively. Moreover the device demonstrates satisfactory stability, keeping 23.7% and 88cd/A, 22% and 82cd/A, respectively, at a luminance of 100 and 1000cd/m2. The working mechanism for achieving high efficiency based on such a simple device structure is discussed correspondingly. The improved charge carrier injection and transport balance are proved to prominently contribute to achieve the high efficiency and great stability at high luminance in the green PHOLEDs.