Chaotic systems have been intensively studied for their roles in many applications, such as cryptography, secure communications, nonlinear controls, etc. However, the limited complexity of existing chaotic systems wea...Chaotic systems have been intensively studied for their roles in many applications, such as cryptography, secure communications, nonlinear controls, etc. However, the limited complexity of existing chaotic systems weakens chaos-based practical applications. Designing chaotic maps with high complexity is attractive. This paper proposes the exponential sine chaotification model(ESCM), a method of using the exponential sine function as a nonlinear transform model, to enhance the complexity of chaotic maps. To verify the performance of the ESCM, we firstly demonstrated it through theoretical analysis. Then, to exhibit the high efficiency and usability of ESCM, we applied ESCM to one-dimensional(1D) and multidimensional(MD) chaotic systems. The effects were examined by the Lyapunov exponent and it was found that enhanced chaotic maps have much more complicated dynamic behaviors compared to their originals. To validate the simplicity of ESCM in hardware implementation, we simulated three enhanced chaotic maps using a digital signal processor(DSP). To explore the ESCM in practical application, we applied ESCM to image encryption. The results verified that the ESCM can make previous chaos maps competitive for usage in image encryption.展开更多
This article proposes an approach to the formalization of tasks and conditions for the hardware implementation of quasi-continuous observation devices with discrete receivers in remote sensing systems.Observation devi...This article proposes an approach to the formalization of tasks and conditions for the hardware implementation of quasi-continuous observation devices with discrete receivers in remote sensing systems.Observation devices with a matrix are used in medicine,ecology,aerospace photography,and geodesy,among other fields.In the discrete receivers,the sampling of an image in the matrix receiver into pixels leads to a decrease in the spatial information of the object.In a greater extent,these disadvantages can be avoided by using photosensitive matrix with a regularly changing(controlled)density of elementary receivers-matrix(RCDOER-matrix).Currently,there is no substantiation of the tasks and conditions for the hardware implementation of RCDOER-matrix.The algorithmic formation of a quasi-continuous image of observation devices with the RCDOER-matrix is proposed.The algorithm used a formal pixel-by-pixel description of the signals in the image.This algorithm formalizes the requirements for creating a photosensitive RCDOER-matrix of a certain size,as well as for changing the mechanism for forming and saving a frame with observation results.The application of the developed method will allow multiplying the pixel size of the image relative to the pixel size of the RCDOER-matrix.Developed algorithms for RCDOER-matrix are supplemented by formalizing the tasks that arise when creating prototypes.In addition,the conditions for hardware implementation are proposed,which ensure the completeness of registration of the observation picture,and allow avoiding excessive pixel measurements.Thus,the results of the research carried out approximate the practical application of RCDOER-matrix.展开更多
The SubBytes (S-box) transformation is the most crucial operation in the AES algorithm, significantly impacting the implementation performance of AES chips. To design a high-performance S-box, a segmented optimization...The SubBytes (S-box) transformation is the most crucial operation in the AES algorithm, significantly impacting the implementation performance of AES chips. To design a high-performance S-box, a segmented optimization implementation of the S-box is proposed based on the composite field inverse operation in this paper. This proposed S-box implementation is modeled using Verilog language and synthesized using Design Complier software under the premise of ensuring the correctness of the simulation result. The synthesis results show that, compared to several current S-box implementation schemes, the proposed implementation of the S-box significantly reduces the area overhead and critical path delay, then gets higher hardware efficiency. This provides strong support for realizing efficient and compact S-box ASIC designs.展开更多
The convergence rate is one of the key performance measures for Nash equilibrium(NE)seeking strategies.In this work,we present several novel fast decoupled/coupled time-varying neurodynamic optimization approaches wit...The convergence rate is one of the key performance measures for Nash equilibrium(NE)seeking strategies.In this work,we present several novel fast decoupled/coupled time-varying neurodynamic optimization approaches with fixed-time(FT)convergence to Nash equilibrium seeking in non-cooperative games.The dynamics trajectories are demonstrated to converge to the NE solution within a fixed time from any initial states.The proposed neurodynamic networks exhibit a faster convergence rate with appropriately selected time-varying coefficients.Additionally,the upper bounds of the convergence time of the proposed NE seeking networks are smaller than those for strategies with constant coefficients.The robustness of the proposed NE seeking neurodynamic approaches under bounded perturbations is further studied.The efficacy and practicality of the proposed NE seeking approaches are validated through simulations and field-programmable gate array(FPGA)experiments on duopoly market games.展开更多
The efficient implementation of the Advanced Encryption Standard(AES)is crucial for network data security.This paper presents novel hardware implementations of the AES S-box,a core component,using tower field represen...The efficient implementation of the Advanced Encryption Standard(AES)is crucial for network data security.This paper presents novel hardware implementations of the AES S-box,a core component,using tower field representations and Boolean Satisfiability(SAT)solvers.Our research makes several significant contri-butions to the field.Firstly,we have optimized the GF(24)inversion,achieving a remarkable 31.35%area reduction(15.33 GE)compared to the best known implementations.Secondly,we have enhanced multiplication implementa-tions for transformation matrices using a SAT-method based on local solutions.This approach has yielded notable improvements,such as a 22.22%reduction in area(42.00 GE)for the top transformation matrix in GF((24)2)-type S-box implementation.Furthermore,we have proposed new implementations of GF(((22)2)2)-type and GF((24)2)-type S-boxes,with the GF(((22)2)2)-type demonstrating superior performance.This implementation offers two variants:a small area variant that sets new area records,and a fast variant that establishes new benchmarks in Area-Execution-Time(AET)and energy consumption.Our approach significantly improves upon existing S-box implementations,offering advancements in area,speed,and energy consumption.These optimizations contribute to more efficient and secure AES implementations,potentially enhancing various cryptographic applications in the field of network security.展开更多
This article implements maximum power point tracking(MPPT)based on the improved hill-climbing algorithm for photovoltaic(PV)systems feeding resistive loads.A direct current-to-direct current boost converter is inserte...This article implements maximum power point tracking(MPPT)based on the improved hill-climbing algorithm for photovoltaic(PV)systems feeding resistive loads.A direct current-to-direct current boost converter is inserted between the PV system and the load to achieve matching.The converter is managed using MPPT based on the hill-climbing algorithm.The objective of this paper is to optimize the code program to achieve the best compromise between accuracy and rapidity by implementing this algorithm using a microcontroller.Two PV systems are tested under identical meteorological conditions.In the first,an improved hill-climbing MPPT controller is used whereas,in the second,the conventional version is employed.The experimental results obtained show a signifi-cant enhancement in terms of speed for the improved algorithm with a value of 0.4 s for the response time and 3%for the oscillation power;those values remain satisfactory in terms of precision of the algorithm compared with the conventional system studied and the compared algorithm from the literature.展开更多
Artificial intelligence for the intelligent Internet of Everything(I-IoE)establishes a four-dimensional interconnection among people,data,processes,and things,providing possibilities for the next generation of industr...Artificial intelligence for the intelligent Internet of Everything(I-IoE)establishes a four-dimensional interconnection among people,data,processes,and things,providing possibilities for the next generation of industrial revolution.Against the ultra-high power consumption brought by massive connectivity,pas-sive backscatter communication has emerged as a promising paradigm for the I-IoE.However,even with a well-designed communication module,integrating sensing components significantly multiplies the overall system complexity and cost in the context of the{0,1}modulation paradigm.In this paper,we introduce a[0,1]modulated backscatter architecture that achieves the seamless integration of passive sensing and communication.Unlike the conventional backscatter of reading,encoding,and reflecting,the proposed[0,1]modulated backscatter directly converts environmental physical quantities into con-tinuous frequency-modulated square waves.Building on this concept,we propose an intelligent detec-tion method based on graph dimensionality reduction.This method achieves low computational complexity at the receiver by leveraging a pre-measured dataset.We then present a hardware commu-nication system that performs data collection,transmission,and demodulation,providing experimental validation for the proposed architecture.Furthermore,simulation results verify the feasibility of a contin-uous frequency division multiple-access method for large-scale tags.The experimental results demon-strate the superior performance of the proposed scheme.This work provides a potential breakthrough for achieving ultra-low-power integrated sensing and communication in sixth-generation wireless com-munication networks.展开更多
Spatially reconfigurable antenna arrays(SRAAs)have recently emerged as a promising paradigm for enhancing wireless system performance by treating antenna position and orientation as new spatial degrees of freedom(DoFs...Spatially reconfigurable antenna arrays(SRAAs)have recently emerged as a promising paradigm for enhancing wireless system performance by treating antenna position and orientation as new spatial degrees of freedom(DoFs).Unlike conventional fixed-geometry antenna arrays,SRAAs enable geometry-aware adaptation of the physical aperture,thereby allowing wireless systems to actively exploit spatial channel variations beyond signal-domain processing.This capability is particularly attractive for future sixth-generation(6G)networks that operate in highly dynamic propagation environments and face stringent performance requirements.This review provides a comprehensive and system-oriented overview of SRAAs from both theoretical and practical perspectives.Firstly,we present a unified and geometry-aware channel modeling framework for spatial reconfiguration at different architectural granularities.Secondly,we analyze how position-and orientation-induced channel variations,along with their combined effects,and enable performance gains without relying solely on massive antenna scaling.Afterwards,we survey design and optimization methods for position-orientation reconfiguration,covering both model-and learning-based techniques.Practical considerations are also discussed through a systematic review of hardware implementation options and channel estimation techniques under spatial reconfiguration.To further illustrate the system-level ben-efits of SRAAs,representative applications are examined,including point-to-point and multiuser multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO),cell-free massive MIMO,as well as aerial and mobile communications.A dedicated case study on six-dimensional aerial rotatable antenna(6DARA)-enabled cell-free networks is provided to demonstrate how array-wise position and orientation control,combined with distributed optimization,can achieve substantial performance gains with manageable complexity.Finally,we outline key issues and future directions for the large-scale and practical deployment of SRAAs in 6G wireless networks.展开更多
Implementing check node(CN)update based on the minimum value(MV)and second MV of incoming message magnitudes is crucial for Min-Sum Algorithms(MSAs).In the category of bit-serial implementations,existing schemes suffe...Implementing check node(CN)update based on the minimum value(MV)and second MV of incoming message magnitudes is crucial for Min-Sum Algorithms(MSAs).In the category of bit-serial implementations,existing schemes suffer from decoding performance degradation,large hardware areas,and/or long latency.In this paper,we propose two efficient CN update functions based on the MV and an approximate second MV,and design bit-serial architectures to implement them.Simulation results show that our functions exhibit the minimum decoding performance degradation compared to the existing functions using approximate second MVs.Moreover,the applicationspecific integrated circuits(ASIC)implementation results demonstrate the advantages of our architectures in terms of area,latency,etc.展开更多
For polar codes,the performance of successive cancellation list(SCL)decoding is capable of approaching that of maximum likelihood decoding.However,the existing hardware architectures for the SCL decoding suffer from h...For polar codes,the performance of successive cancellation list(SCL)decoding is capable of approaching that of maximum likelihood decoding.However,the existing hardware architectures for the SCL decoding suffer from high hardware complexity due to calculating L decoding paths simultaneously,which are unfriendly to the devices with limited logical resources,such as field programmable gate arrays(FPGAs).In this paper,we propose a list-serial pipelined hardware architecture with low complexity for the SCL decoding,where the serial calculation and the pipelined operation are elegantly combined to strike a balance between the complexity and the latency.Moreover,we employ only one successive cancellation(SC)decoder core without L×L crossbars,and reduce the number of inputs of the metric sorter from 2L to L+2.Finally,the FPGA implementations show that the hardware resource consumption is significantly reduced with negligible decoding performance loss.展开更多
Rapid single flux quantum(RSFQ)circuits are a kind of superconducting digital circuits,having properties of a natural gate-level pipelining synchronous sequential circuit,which demonstrates high energy efficiency and ...Rapid single flux quantum(RSFQ)circuits are a kind of superconducting digital circuits,having properties of a natural gate-level pipelining synchronous sequential circuit,which demonstrates high energy efficiency and high throughput advantage.We find that the high-throughput and high-speed performance of RSFQ circuits can take the advantage of a hardware implementation of the encryption algorithm,whereas these are rarely applied to this field.Among the available encryption algorithms,the advanced encryption standard(AES)algorithm is an advanced encryption standard algorithm.It is currently the most widely used symmetric cryptography algorithm.In this work,we aim to demonstrate the SubByte operation of an AES-128 algorithm using RSFQ circuits based on the SIMIT Nb03 process.We design an AES S-box circuit in the RSFQ logic,and compare its operational frequency,power dissipation,and throughput with those of the CMOS-based circuit post-simulated in the same structure.The complete RSFQ S-box circuit costs a total of 42237 Josephson junctions with nearly 130 Gbps throughput under the maximum simulated frequency of 16.28 GHz.Our analysis shows that the frequency and throughput of the RSFQ-based S-box are about four times higher than those of the CMOS-based S-box.Further,we design and fabricate a few typical modules of the S-box.Subsequent measurements demonstrate the correct functioning of the modules in both low and high frequencies up to 28.8 GHz.展开更多
For large-scale multiple-input multipleoutput(MIMO)systems,iterative detection algorithms based on belief propagation(BP)have shown nearoptimal performance.However,the existing deterministic implementations of BP dete...For large-scale multiple-input multipleoutput(MIMO)systems,iterative detection algorithms based on belief propagation(BP)have shown nearoptimal performance.However,the existing deterministic implementations of BP detection are considerably complex,particularly for MIMO systems with a large scale.This paper proposes an alternative approach using stochastic computation.This paper introduces a hardware architecture for stochastic message updating of observation nodes and symbol nodes.The signed stochastic real division(SRD)and the stochastic real addition(SRA)are proposed for latency consideration,and multi-bit designs are proposed to improve the performance and reduce the stream length.The look up table(LUT)has been modified for serial input to enhance hardware efficiency.Simulation results demonstrate that for large-scale MIMO systems with either QPSK or 16-QAM,the stochastic BP detector achieves similar performance as the deterministic one.To highlight its implementation advantage,an 8×32 stochastic MIMO detector with QPSK is implemented.Results show that its hardware efficiency is about 10 times greater than existing works and has lower complexity compared with deterministic designs.展开更多
We propose a novel high-performance hardware architecture of processor for elliptic curve scalar multiplication based on the Lopez-Dahab algorithm over GF(2^163) in polynomial basis representation. The processor can...We propose a novel high-performance hardware architecture of processor for elliptic curve scalar multiplication based on the Lopez-Dahab algorithm over GF(2^163) in polynomial basis representation. The processor can do all the operations using an efficient modular arithmetic logic unit, which includes an addition unit, a square and a carefully designed multiplication unit. In the proposed architecture, multiplication, addition, and square can be performed in parallel by the decomposition of computation. The point addition and point doubling iteration operations can be performed in six multiplications by optimization and solution of data dependency. The implementation results based on Xilinx VirtexⅡ XC2V6000 FPGA show that the proposed design can do random elliptic curve scalar multiplication GF(2^163) in 34.11 μs, occupying 2821 registers and 13 376 LUTs.展开更多
This paper describes two single-chip——complex programmable logic devices/field programmable gate arrays(CPLD/FPGA)——implementations of the new advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithm based on the basic iterat...This paper describes two single-chip——complex programmable logic devices/field programmable gate arrays(CPLD/FPGA)——implementations of the new advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithm based on the basic iteration architecture (design [A]) and the hybrid pipelining architecture (design [B]). Design [A] is an encryption-and-decryption implementation based on the basic iteration architecture. This design not only supports 128-bit, 192-bit, 256-bit keys, but saves hardware resources because of the iteration architecture and sharing technology. Design [B] is a method of the 2×2 hybrid pipelining architecture. Based on the AES interleaved mode of operation, the design successfully accomplishes the algorithm, which operates in the feedback mode (cipher block chaining). It not only guarantees security of encryption/decryption, but obtains high data throughput of 1.05 Gb/s. The two designs have been realized on Aitera′s EP20k300EBC652-1 devices.展开更多
In medical imaging,accurate brain tumor classification in medical imaging requires real-time processing and efficient computation,making hardware acceleration essential.Field Programmable Gate Arrays(FPGAs)offer paral...In medical imaging,accurate brain tumor classification in medical imaging requires real-time processing and efficient computation,making hardware acceleration essential.Field Programmable Gate Arrays(FPGAs)offer parallelism and reconfigurability,making them well-suited for such tasks.In this study,we propose a hardware-accelerated Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)for brain cancer classification,implemented on the PYNQ-Z2 FPGA.Our approach optimizes the first Conv2D layer using different numerical representations:8-bit fixed-point(INT8),16-bit fixed-point(FP16),and 32-bit fixed-point(FP32),while the remaining layers run on an ARM Cortex-A9 processor.Experimental results demonstrate that FPGA acceleration significantly outperforms the CPU(Central Processing Unit)based approach.The obtained results emphasize the critical importance of selecting the appropriate numerical representation for hardware acceleration in medical imaging.On the PYNQ-Z2 FPGA,the INT8 achieves a 16.8%reduction in latency and 22.2%power savings compared to FP32,making it ideal for real-time and energy-constrained applications.FP16 offers a strong balance,delivering only a 0.1%drop in accuracy compared to FP32(94.1%vs.94.2%)while improving latency by 5%and reducing power consumption by 11.1%.Compared to prior works,the proposed FPGA-based CNN model achieves the highest classification accuracy(94.2%)with a throughput of up to 1.562 FPS,outperforming GPU-based and traditional CPU methods in both accuracy and hardware efficiency.These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of FPGA-based AI acceleration for real-time,power-efficient,and high-performance brain tumor classification,showcasing its practical potential in next-generation medical imaging systems.展开更多
Memristors are extensively used to estimate the external electromagnetic stimulation and synapses for neurons.In this paper,two distinct scenarios,i.e.,an ideal memristor serves as external electromagnetic stimulation...Memristors are extensively used to estimate the external electromagnetic stimulation and synapses for neurons.In this paper,two distinct scenarios,i.e.,an ideal memristor serves as external electromagnetic stimulation and a locally active memristor serves as a synapse,are formulated to investigate the impact of a memristor on a two-dimensional Hindmarsh-Rose neuron model.Numerical simulations show that the neuronal models in different scenarios have multiple burst firing patterns.The introduction of the memristor makes the neuronal model exhibit complex dynamical behaviors.Finally,the simulation circuit and DSP hardware implementation results validate the physical mechanism,as well as the reliability of the biological neuron model.展开更多
In order to satisfy the ever-increasing energy appetite of the massive battery-powered and batteryless communication devices,radio frequency(RF)signals have been relied upon for transferring wireless power to them.The...In order to satisfy the ever-increasing energy appetite of the massive battery-powered and batteryless communication devices,radio frequency(RF)signals have been relied upon for transferring wireless power to them.The joint coordination of wireless power transfer(WPT)and wireless information transfer(WIT)yields simultaneous wireless information and power transfer(SWIPT)as well as data and energy integrated communication network(DEIN).However,as a promising technique,few efforts are invested in the hardware implementation of DEIN.In order to make DEIN a reality,this paper focuses on hardware implementation of a DEIN.It firstly provides a brief tutorial on SWIPT,while summarising the latest hardware design of WPT transceiver and the existing commercial solutions.Then,a prototype design in DEIN with full protocol stack is elaborated,followed by its performance evaluation.展开更多
The Chinese hash algorithm SM3 is verified to be secure enough,but improper hardware implementation may lead to leakage.A masking scheme for SM3 algorithm is proposed to ensure the security of SM3 based Message Authen...The Chinese hash algorithm SM3 is verified to be secure enough,but improper hardware implementation may lead to leakage.A masking scheme for SM3 algorithm is proposed to ensure the security of SM3 based Message Authentication Code(MAC).Our scheme was implemented in hardware,which utilizes hardware oriented secure conversion techniques between boolean and arithmetic masking.Security evaluation based on SAKURA-G FPGA board has been done with 2000 power traces from 2000 random plaintexts with random plaintext masks and random key masks.It has been verified that the masked SM3 hardware implementation shows no intermediate value leakage as expected.Our masked SM3 hardware can resist first-order correlation power attack(CPA) and collision correlation attack.展开更多
The Advanced Encryption Standard cryptographic algorithm,named AES,is implemented in cryptographic circuits to ensure high security level to any system which required confidentiality and secure information exchange.On...The Advanced Encryption Standard cryptographic algorithm,named AES,is implemented in cryptographic circuits to ensure high security level to any system which required confidentiality and secure information exchange.One of the most effective physical attacks against the hardware implementation of AES is fault attacks which can extract secret data.Until now,a several AES fault detection schemes against fault injection attacks have been proposed.In this paper,so as to ensure a high level of security against fault injection attacks,a new efficient fault detection scheme based on the AES architecture modification has been proposed.For this reason,the AES 32-bit round is divided into two half rounds and input and pipeline registers are implemented between them.The proposed scheme is independent of the procedure the AES is implemented.Thus,it can be implemented to secure the pipeline and iterative architectures.To evaluate the robustness of the proposed fault detection scheme against fault injection attacks,we conduct a transient and permanent fault attacks and then we determine the fault detection capability;it is about 99.88585%and 99.9069%for transient and permanent faults respectively.We have modeled the AES fault detection scheme using VHDL hardware language and through hardware FPGA implementation.The FPGA results demonstrate that our scheme can efficiently protect the AES hardware implementation against fault attacks.It can be simply implemented with low complexity.In addition,the FPGA implementation performances prove the low area overhead and the high efficiency and working frequency for the proposed AES detection scheme.展开更多
Labeling of the connected components is the key operation of the target recognition and segmentation in remote sensing images.The conventional connected-component labeling(CCL) algorithms for ordinary optical images a...Labeling of the connected components is the key operation of the target recognition and segmentation in remote sensing images.The conventional connected-component labeling(CCL) algorithms for ordinary optical images are considered time-consuming in processing the remote sensing images because of the larger size.A dynamic run-length based CCL algorithm(Dy RLC) is proposed in this paper for the large size,big granularity sparse remote sensing image,such as space debris images and ship images.In addition,the equivalence matrix method is proposed to help design the pre-processing method to accelerate the equivalence labels resolving.The result shows our algorithm outperforms 22.86% on execution time than the other algorithms in space debris image dataset.The proposed algorithm also can be implemented on the field programming logical array(FPGA) to enable the realization of the real-time processing on-board.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51507023)Chongqing Municipal Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. cstc2020jcyjmsxm X0726)the Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission (Grant No. KJZD-K202100506)。
摘要Chaotic systems have been intensively studied for their roles in many applications, such as cryptography, secure communications, nonlinear controls, etc. However, the limited complexity of existing chaotic systems weakens chaos-based practical applications. Designing chaotic maps with high complexity is attractive. This paper proposes the exponential sine chaotification model(ESCM), a method of using the exponential sine function as a nonlinear transform model, to enhance the complexity of chaotic maps. To verify the performance of the ESCM, we firstly demonstrated it through theoretical analysis. Then, to exhibit the high efficiency and usability of ESCM, we applied ESCM to one-dimensional(1D) and multidimensional(MD) chaotic systems. The effects were examined by the Lyapunov exponent and it was found that enhanced chaotic maps have much more complicated dynamic behaviors compared to their originals. To validate the simplicity of ESCM in hardware implementation, we simulated three enhanced chaotic maps using a digital signal processor(DSP). To explore the ESCM in practical application, we applied ESCM to image encryption. The results verified that the ESCM can make previous chaos maps competitive for usage in image encryption.
摘要This article proposes an approach to the formalization of tasks and conditions for the hardware implementation of quasi-continuous observation devices with discrete receivers in remote sensing systems.Observation devices with a matrix are used in medicine,ecology,aerospace photography,and geodesy,among other fields.In the discrete receivers,the sampling of an image in the matrix receiver into pixels leads to a decrease in the spatial information of the object.In a greater extent,these disadvantages can be avoided by using photosensitive matrix with a regularly changing(controlled)density of elementary receivers-matrix(RCDOER-matrix).Currently,there is no substantiation of the tasks and conditions for the hardware implementation of RCDOER-matrix.The algorithmic formation of a quasi-continuous image of observation devices with the RCDOER-matrix is proposed.The algorithm used a formal pixel-by-pixel description of the signals in the image.This algorithm formalizes the requirements for creating a photosensitive RCDOER-matrix of a certain size,as well as for changing the mechanism for forming and saving a frame with observation results.The application of the developed method will allow multiplying the pixel size of the image relative to the pixel size of the RCDOER-matrix.Developed algorithms for RCDOER-matrix are supplemented by formalizing the tasks that arise when creating prototypes.In addition,the conditions for hardware implementation are proposed,which ensure the completeness of registration of the observation picture,and allow avoiding excessive pixel measurements.Thus,the results of the research carried out approximate the practical application of RCDOER-matrix.
摘要The SubBytes (S-box) transformation is the most crucial operation in the AES algorithm, significantly impacting the implementation performance of AES chips. To design a high-performance S-box, a segmented optimization implementation of the S-box is proposed based on the composite field inverse operation in this paper. This proposed S-box implementation is modeled using Verilog language and synthesized using Design Complier software under the premise of ensuring the correctness of the simulation result. The synthesis results show that, compared to several current S-box implementation schemes, the proposed implementation of the S-box significantly reduces the area overhead and critical path delay, then gets higher hardware efficiency. This provides strong support for realizing efficient and compact S-box ASIC designs.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62403336,62373262,62373310)the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong(CityU-11208223,CityU-11213023,CityU-11205724)+2 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M742457)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program(Grade B)of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(GZB20230467)the Foundation of Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing of Ministry of Education of China(Scip20240107)。
摘要The convergence rate is one of the key performance measures for Nash equilibrium(NE)seeking strategies.In this work,we present several novel fast decoupled/coupled time-varying neurodynamic optimization approaches with fixed-time(FT)convergence to Nash equilibrium seeking in non-cooperative games.The dynamics trajectories are demonstrated to converge to the NE solution within a fixed time from any initial states.The proposed neurodynamic networks exhibit a faster convergence rate with appropriately selected time-varying coefficients.Additionally,the upper bounds of the convergence time of the proposed NE seeking networks are smaller than those for strategies with constant coefficients.The robustness of the proposed NE seeking neurodynamic approaches under bounded perturbations is further studied.The efficacy and practicality of the proposed NE seeking approaches are validated through simulations and field-programmable gate array(FPGA)experiments on duopoly market games.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62162016)in part by the Innovation Project of Guangxi Graduate Education(Nos.YCBZ2023132 and YCSW2023304).
摘要The efficient implementation of the Advanced Encryption Standard(AES)is crucial for network data security.This paper presents novel hardware implementations of the AES S-box,a core component,using tower field representations and Boolean Satisfiability(SAT)solvers.Our research makes several significant contri-butions to the field.Firstly,we have optimized the GF(24)inversion,achieving a remarkable 31.35%area reduction(15.33 GE)compared to the best known implementations.Secondly,we have enhanced multiplication implementa-tions for transformation matrices using a SAT-method based on local solutions.This approach has yielded notable improvements,such as a 22.22%reduction in area(42.00 GE)for the top transformation matrix in GF((24)2)-type S-box implementation.Furthermore,we have proposed new implementations of GF(((22)2)2)-type and GF((24)2)-type S-boxes,with the GF(((22)2)2)-type demonstrating superior performance.This implementation offers two variants:a small area variant that sets new area records,and a fast variant that establishes new benchmarks in Area-Execution-Time(AET)and energy consumption.Our approach significantly improves upon existing S-box implementations,offering advancements in area,speed,and energy consumption.These optimizations contribute to more efficient and secure AES implementations,potentially enhancing various cryptographic applications in the field of network security.
摘要This article implements maximum power point tracking(MPPT)based on the improved hill-climbing algorithm for photovoltaic(PV)systems feeding resistive loads.A direct current-to-direct current boost converter is inserted between the PV system and the load to achieve matching.The converter is managed using MPPT based on the hill-climbing algorithm.The objective of this paper is to optimize the code program to achieve the best compromise between accuracy and rapidity by implementing this algorithm using a microcontroller.Two PV systems are tested under identical meteorological conditions.In the first,an improved hill-climbing MPPT controller is used whereas,in the second,the conventional version is employed.The experimental results obtained show a signifi-cant enhancement in terms of speed for the improved algorithm with a value of 0.4 s for the response time and 3%for the oscillation power;those values remain satisfactory in terms of precision of the algorithm compared with the conventional system studied and the compared algorithm from the literature.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Young Scientist Program of China(2024YFB2907800)the Science and Technology Innovation Talent Project of Hubei Province(2024DJA032).
摘要Artificial intelligence for the intelligent Internet of Everything(I-IoE)establishes a four-dimensional interconnection among people,data,processes,and things,providing possibilities for the next generation of industrial revolution.Against the ultra-high power consumption brought by massive connectivity,pas-sive backscatter communication has emerged as a promising paradigm for the I-IoE.However,even with a well-designed communication module,integrating sensing components significantly multiplies the overall system complexity and cost in the context of the{0,1}modulation paradigm.In this paper,we introduce a[0,1]modulated backscatter architecture that achieves the seamless integration of passive sensing and communication.Unlike the conventional backscatter of reading,encoding,and reflecting,the proposed[0,1]modulated backscatter directly converts environmental physical quantities into con-tinuous frequency-modulated square waves.Building on this concept,we propose an intelligent detec-tion method based on graph dimensionality reduction.This method achieves low computational complexity at the receiver by leveraging a pre-measured dataset.We then present a hardware commu-nication system that performs data collection,transmission,and demodulation,providing experimental validation for the proposed architecture.Furthermore,simulation results verify the feasibility of a contin-uous frequency division multiple-access method for large-scale tags.The experimental results demon-strate the superior performance of the proposed scheme.This work provides a potential breakthrough for achieving ultra-low-power integrated sensing and communication in sixth-generation wireless com-munication networks.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 62225107,62501655,and 62271140the National Science and Technology Major Project under Grant 2025ZD1305000+2 种基金the Basic Research Program of Jiangsu Province under Grants BM2023016,BK20250291,and BK20240174the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant 2242022k60002Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent.
摘要Spatially reconfigurable antenna arrays(SRAAs)have recently emerged as a promising paradigm for enhancing wireless system performance by treating antenna position and orientation as new spatial degrees of freedom(DoFs).Unlike conventional fixed-geometry antenna arrays,SRAAs enable geometry-aware adaptation of the physical aperture,thereby allowing wireless systems to actively exploit spatial channel variations beyond signal-domain processing.This capability is particularly attractive for future sixth-generation(6G)networks that operate in highly dynamic propagation environments and face stringent performance requirements.This review provides a comprehensive and system-oriented overview of SRAAs from both theoretical and practical perspectives.Firstly,we present a unified and geometry-aware channel modeling framework for spatial reconfiguration at different architectural granularities.Secondly,we analyze how position-and orientation-induced channel variations,along with their combined effects,and enable performance gains without relying solely on massive antenna scaling.Afterwards,we survey design and optimization methods for position-orientation reconfiguration,covering both model-and learning-based techniques.Practical considerations are also discussed through a systematic review of hardware implementation options and channel estimation techniques under spatial reconfiguration.To further illustrate the system-level ben-efits of SRAAs,representative applications are examined,including point-to-point and multiuser multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO),cell-free massive MIMO,as well as aerial and mobile communications.A dedicated case study on six-dimensional aerial rotatable antenna(6DARA)-enabled cell-free networks is provided to demonstrate how array-wise position and orientation control,combined with distributed optimization,can achieve substantial performance gains with manageable complexity.Finally,we outline key issues and future directions for the large-scale and practical deployment of SRAAs in 6G wireless networks.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)under Grant 62571455,Grant 62371401,and Grant 62331002supported by the SingaporeMinistry of Education Academic Research Fund Tier 2 T2EP50221-0036.
摘要Implementing check node(CN)update based on the minimum value(MV)and second MV of incoming message magnitudes is crucial for Min-Sum Algorithms(MSAs).In the category of bit-serial implementations,existing schemes suffer from decoding performance degradation,large hardware areas,and/or long latency.In this paper,we propose two efficient CN update functions based on the MV and an approximate second MV,and design bit-serial architectures to implement them.Simulation results show that our functions exhibit the minimum decoding performance degradation compared to the existing functions using approximate second MVs.Moreover,the applicationspecific integrated circuits(ASIC)implementation results demonstrate the advantages of our architectures in terms of area,latency,etc.
基金supported in part by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2019YFB1803400)。
摘要For polar codes,the performance of successive cancellation list(SCL)decoding is capable of approaching that of maximum likelihood decoding.However,the existing hardware architectures for the SCL decoding suffer from high hardware complexity due to calculating L decoding paths simultaneously,which are unfriendly to the devices with limited logical resources,such as field programmable gate arrays(FPGAs).In this paper,we propose a list-serial pipelined hardware architecture with low complexity for the SCL decoding,where the serial calculation and the pipelined operation are elegantly combined to strike a balance between the complexity and the latency.Moreover,we employ only one successive cancellation(SC)decoder core without L×L crossbars,and reduce the number of inputs of the metric sorter from 2L to L+2.Finally,the FPGA implementations show that the hardware resource consumption is significantly reduced with negligible decoding performance loss.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.92164101)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62171437)+2 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDA18000000)Shanghai Science and Technology Committee(Grant No.21DZ1101000)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2021YFB0300400).
摘要Rapid single flux quantum(RSFQ)circuits are a kind of superconducting digital circuits,having properties of a natural gate-level pipelining synchronous sequential circuit,which demonstrates high energy efficiency and high throughput advantage.We find that the high-throughput and high-speed performance of RSFQ circuits can take the advantage of a hardware implementation of the encryption algorithm,whereas these are rarely applied to this field.Among the available encryption algorithms,the advanced encryption standard(AES)algorithm is an advanced encryption standard algorithm.It is currently the most widely used symmetric cryptography algorithm.In this work,we aim to demonstrate the SubByte operation of an AES-128 algorithm using RSFQ circuits based on the SIMIT Nb03 process.We design an AES S-box circuit in the RSFQ logic,and compare its operational frequency,power dissipation,and throughput with those of the CMOS-based circuit post-simulated in the same structure.The complete RSFQ S-box circuit costs a total of 42237 Josephson junctions with nearly 130 Gbps throughput under the maximum simulated frequency of 16.28 GHz.Our analysis shows that the frequency and throughput of the RSFQ-based S-box are about four times higher than those of the CMOS-based S-box.Further,we design and fabricate a few typical modules of the S-box.Subsequent measurements demonstrate the correct functioning of the modules in both low and high frequencies up to 28.8 GHz.
基金supported in part by National Science and Technology Major Project-Mobile Information Networks under Grant 2026ZD1307900in part by NSFC under Grants 62331009 and 62471135+1 种基金in part by the Jiangsu Provincial NSF under BG2024004 and BM2023016in part by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
摘要For large-scale multiple-input multipleoutput(MIMO)systems,iterative detection algorithms based on belief propagation(BP)have shown nearoptimal performance.However,the existing deterministic implementations of BP detection are considerably complex,particularly for MIMO systems with a large scale.This paper proposes an alternative approach using stochastic computation.This paper introduces a hardware architecture for stochastic message updating of observation nodes and symbol nodes.The signed stochastic real division(SRD)and the stochastic real addition(SRA)are proposed for latency consideration,and multi-bit designs are proposed to improve the performance and reduce the stream length.The look up table(LUT)has been modified for serial input to enhance hardware efficiency.Simulation results demonstrate that for large-scale MIMO systems with either QPSK or 16-QAM,the stochastic BP detector achieves similar performance as the deterministic one.To highlight its implementation advantage,an 8×32 stochastic MIMO detector with QPSK is implemented.Results show that its hardware efficiency is about 10 times greater than existing works and has lower complexity compared with deterministic designs.
基金supported by the Hi-Tech Research and Development Program (863) of China (No. 2006AA01Z226)the Research Foun dation of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China (No. 2006Z001B)
摘要We propose a novel high-performance hardware architecture of processor for elliptic curve scalar multiplication based on the Lopez-Dahab algorithm over GF(2^163) in polynomial basis representation. The processor can do all the operations using an efficient modular arithmetic logic unit, which includes an addition unit, a square and a carefully designed multiplication unit. In the proposed architecture, multiplication, addition, and square can be performed in parallel by the decomposition of computation. The point addition and point doubling iteration operations can be performed in six multiplications by optimization and solution of data dependency. The implementation results based on Xilinx VirtexⅡ XC2V6000 FPGA show that the proposed design can do random elliptic curve scalar multiplication GF(2^163) in 34.11 μs, occupying 2821 registers and 13 376 LUTs.
摘要This paper describes two single-chip——complex programmable logic devices/field programmable gate arrays(CPLD/FPGA)——implementations of the new advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithm based on the basic iteration architecture (design [A]) and the hybrid pipelining architecture (design [B]). Design [A] is an encryption-and-decryption implementation based on the basic iteration architecture. This design not only supports 128-bit, 192-bit, 256-bit keys, but saves hardware resources because of the iteration architecture and sharing technology. Design [B] is a method of the 2×2 hybrid pipelining architecture. Based on the AES interleaved mode of operation, the design successfully accomplishes the algorithm, which operates in the feedback mode (cipher block chaining). It not only guarantees security of encryption/decryption, but obtains high data throughput of 1.05 Gb/s. The two designs have been realized on Aitera′s EP20k300EBC652-1 devices.
基金supported by Northern Border University Researchers Supporting Project number(NBU-FFR-2025-432-03),Northern Border University,Arar,Saudi Arabia.
摘要In medical imaging,accurate brain tumor classification in medical imaging requires real-time processing and efficient computation,making hardware acceleration essential.Field Programmable Gate Arrays(FPGAs)offer parallelism and reconfigurability,making them well-suited for such tasks.In this study,we propose a hardware-accelerated Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)for brain cancer classification,implemented on the PYNQ-Z2 FPGA.Our approach optimizes the first Conv2D layer using different numerical representations:8-bit fixed-point(INT8),16-bit fixed-point(FP16),and 32-bit fixed-point(FP32),while the remaining layers run on an ARM Cortex-A9 processor.Experimental results demonstrate that FPGA acceleration significantly outperforms the CPU(Central Processing Unit)based approach.The obtained results emphasize the critical importance of selecting the appropriate numerical representation for hardware acceleration in medical imaging.On the PYNQ-Z2 FPGA,the INT8 achieves a 16.8%reduction in latency and 22.2%power savings compared to FP32,making it ideal for real-time and energy-constrained applications.FP16 offers a strong balance,delivering only a 0.1%drop in accuracy compared to FP32(94.1%vs.94.2%)while improving latency by 5%and reducing power consumption by 11.1%.Compared to prior works,the proposed FPGA-based CNN model achieves the highest classification accuracy(94.2%)with a throughput of up to 1.562 FPS,outperforming GPU-based and traditional CPU methods in both accuracy and hardware efficiency.These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of FPGA-based AI acceleration for real-time,power-efficient,and high-performance brain tumor classification,showcasing its practical potential in next-generation medical imaging systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62061014)Technological Innovation Projects in the Field of Artificial Intelligence in Liaoning province(Grant No.2023JH26/10300011)Basic Scientific Research Projects in Department of Education of Liaoning Province(Grant No.JYTZD2023021).
摘要Memristors are extensively used to estimate the external electromagnetic stimulation and synapses for neurons.In this paper,two distinct scenarios,i.e.,an ideal memristor serves as external electromagnetic stimulation and a locally active memristor serves as a synapse,are formulated to investigate the impact of a memristor on a two-dimensional Hindmarsh-Rose neuron model.Numerical simulations show that the neuronal models in different scenarios have multiple burst firing patterns.The introduction of the memristor makes the neuronal model exhibit complex dynamical behaviors.Finally,the simulation circuit and DSP hardware implementation results validate the physical mechanism,as well as the reliability of the biological neuron model.
基金financial support of National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC),No.U1705263 and 61971102GF Innovative Research Programthe Sichuan Science and Technology Program,No.2019YJ0194。
摘要In order to satisfy the ever-increasing energy appetite of the massive battery-powered and batteryless communication devices,radio frequency(RF)signals have been relied upon for transferring wireless power to them.The joint coordination of wireless power transfer(WPT)and wireless information transfer(WIT)yields simultaneous wireless information and power transfer(SWIPT)as well as data and energy integrated communication network(DEIN).However,as a promising technique,few efforts are invested in the hardware implementation of DEIN.In order to make DEIN a reality,this paper focuses on hardware implementation of a DEIN.It firstly provides a brief tutorial on SWIPT,while summarising the latest hardware design of WPT transceiver and the existing commercial solutions.Then,a prototype design in DEIN with full protocol stack is elaborated,followed by its performance evaluation.
基金supported by the National Major Program "Core of Electronic Devices,High-End General Chips,and Basis of Software Products" of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China (Nos.2014ZX01032205,2014ZX01032401001-Z05)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61402252) "12th Five-Year Plan" The National Development Foundation for Cryptological Research(No. MMJJ201401009)
摘要The Chinese hash algorithm SM3 is verified to be secure enough,but improper hardware implementation may lead to leakage.A masking scheme for SM3 algorithm is proposed to ensure the security of SM3 based Message Authentication Code(MAC).Our scheme was implemented in hardware,which utilizes hardware oriented secure conversion techniques between boolean and arithmetic masking.Security evaluation based on SAKURA-G FPGA board has been done with 2000 power traces from 2000 random plaintexts with random plaintext masks and random key masks.It has been verified that the masked SM3 hardware implementation shows no intermediate value leakage as expected.Our masked SM3 hardware can resist first-order correlation power attack(CPA) and collision correlation attack.
摘要The Advanced Encryption Standard cryptographic algorithm,named AES,is implemented in cryptographic circuits to ensure high security level to any system which required confidentiality and secure information exchange.One of the most effective physical attacks against the hardware implementation of AES is fault attacks which can extract secret data.Until now,a several AES fault detection schemes against fault injection attacks have been proposed.In this paper,so as to ensure a high level of security against fault injection attacks,a new efficient fault detection scheme based on the AES architecture modification has been proposed.For this reason,the AES 32-bit round is divided into two half rounds and input and pipeline registers are implemented between them.The proposed scheme is independent of the procedure the AES is implemented.Thus,it can be implemented to secure the pipeline and iterative architectures.To evaluate the robustness of the proposed fault detection scheme against fault injection attacks,we conduct a transient and permanent fault attacks and then we determine the fault detection capability;it is about 99.88585%and 99.9069%for transient and permanent faults respectively.We have modeled the AES fault detection scheme using VHDL hardware language and through hardware FPGA implementation.The FPGA results demonstrate that our scheme can efficiently protect the AES hardware implementation against fault attacks.It can be simply implemented with low complexity.In addition,the FPGA implementation performances prove the low area overhead and the high efficiency and working frequency for the proposed AES detection scheme.
摘要Labeling of the connected components is the key operation of the target recognition and segmentation in remote sensing images.The conventional connected-component labeling(CCL) algorithms for ordinary optical images are considered time-consuming in processing the remote sensing images because of the larger size.A dynamic run-length based CCL algorithm(Dy RLC) is proposed in this paper for the large size,big granularity sparse remote sensing image,such as space debris images and ship images.In addition,the equivalence matrix method is proposed to help design the pre-processing method to accelerate the equivalence labels resolving.The result shows our algorithm outperforms 22.86% on execution time than the other algorithms in space debris image dataset.The proposed algorithm also can be implemented on the field programming logical array(FPGA) to enable the realization of the real-time processing on-board.