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Case report:Lumpy skin disease case analysis in central China 认领 引用
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作者 Junhao Zhang Lei Kuang +12 位作者 Xue Qi Yanting Du Xinhuai Shi Mingxuan Jiang Chuanheng Jiang Enpei Zheng Ziyuan Weng Ling Shi Xinwei Yuan Wanfeng Ji Aizhen Guo Jindong Gao Changmin Hu 《Animal Diseases》 CAS CSCD 2026年第1期86-95,共10页
Lumpy skin disease(LSD),a highly contagious viral infection caused by Lumpy Skin Disease Virus(LSDV),has caused severe economic losses.We analyzed three representative outbreaks in 2024,combining clinical,histopatholo... Lumpy skin disease(LSD),a highly contagious viral infection caused by Lumpy Skin Disease Virus(LSDV),has caused severe economic losses.We analyzed three representative outbreaks in 2024,combining clinical,histopathological,serological,and molecular data to refine regional control strategies.According to our findings,affected cattle presented with generalized cutaneous nodules,fever and peripheral edema;one-third of in-contact animals remained clinically normal yet seroconverted within ten days.Antibody titers peaked at approximately 20 d post-onset and were accompanied by persistent viral DNA in saliva,ocular secretions and skin scabs.Histology revealed alveolar septal edema,hepatocellular ballooning,and glomerular necrosis,whereas biochemical profiling revealed hypalbuminemia,hyperglobulinemia,and elevated alanine aminotransferase in one patient.Immunohistochemistry revealed intense LSDV antigen in the spleen,alveolar septa of the lung,and throughout the dermis of the skin nodules,identifying these tissues as the most reliable diagnostic targets.The combined findings confirm active viral replication in cutaneous,respiratory and lymphoid tissues,highlight the occurrence of subclinical infection and underscore the value of paired serology and PCR for herd screening.Prompt isolation,vector control and vaccination with homol-ogous capripox vaccines are recommended to curtail transmission and economic impact. 展开更多
关键词 Lumpy skin disease virus Pathology Immunohistochemistry Disease control and prevention
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Path analysis of farmer knowledge,attitudes,and practices toward lumpy skin disease in beef cattle 认领 引用
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作者 Sohrab Khan Darawan Addoddon +6 位作者 Jutamas Prapapanpong Minta Suwannaboon Orapun Arjkumpa Kannika Na‑Lampang Warangkhana Chaisowwong Supitchaya Srisawang Veerasak Punyapornwithaya 《Animal Diseases》 CAS CSCD 2026年第1期73-85,共13页
Lumpy skin disease(LSD)poses a significant threat to cattle populations and the livelihoods of farmers in Thailand.This study uses path analysis to explore the interrelationships among the knowledge,attitudes,and prac... Lumpy skin disease(LSD)poses a significant threat to cattle populations and the livelihoods of farmers in Thailand.This study uses path analysis to explore the interrelationships among the knowledge,attitudes,and practices(KAP)of beef cattle farmers regarding LSD.A total of 384 farmers provided data on their sociodemographic characteristics and responses to KAP-related questions.Path analysis was employed to examine how KAP components interact and how demographic factors influence these relationships.The analysis revealed strong positive relationships between farmers’knowledge and attitudes(β=0.96,p<0.001)and between attitudes and practices(β=0.08,p<0.008).Farmers with greater knowledge of LSD were more likely to adopt positive attitudes toward disease control and implement effective management practices.Additionally,knowledge had a direct influence on farmers’practices(β=0.38,p<0.001),indicating that improved awareness of LSD is linked to better disease management.By strength-ening knowledge,these efforts can positively influence attitudes and practices,leading to more effective control strategies.As the first KAP study on LSD in Thailand,this research highlights the critical role of targeted education programs in improving farmers’understanding of LSD.Ultimately,enhancing disease management through educa-tion can help reduce the economic impact of LSD on Thailand’s livestock sector and promote sustainable farming practices. 展开更多
关键词 Lumpy skin disease KAP Path analysis Beef cattle Farmers Thailand
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Spatial epidemiology of lumpy skin disease:unraveling patterns in dairy farm clusters with short interfarm proximity 认领 引用
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作者 Kusnul Yuli Maulana Supitchaya Srisawang +3 位作者 Zailei Li Wengui Li Wittawat Modethed Veerasak Punyapornwithaya 《Animal Diseases》 CAS CSCD 2026年第1期60-72,共13页
Lumpy skin disease(LSD)has caused economic losses in cattle,and Thailand experienced a nationwide outbreak in 2021.Spatial epidemiology plays a crucial role in identifying transmission patterns and high-risk areas for... Lumpy skin disease(LSD)has caused economic losses in cattle,and Thailand experienced a nationwide outbreak in 2021.Spatial epidemiology plays a crucial role in identifying transmission patterns and high-risk areas for targeted disease control.This study examines the spatial epidemiology of LSD by analyzing clustering patterns,disease hotspots,and the directional spread of outbreaks in dairy farm networks with short interfarm proximities.LSD outbreak data from a large dairy farming area in northern Thailand were analyzed via multiple spatial analytical techniques.The standard deviation ellipse(SDE)approach,implemented with the Yuill and CrimeStat methods,was employed to determine the spatial-directional spread of outbreaks.Global and local Moran’s I statistics were used to assess spatial autocorrelation,whereas kernel density estimation(KDE)was used to identify the density areas of the LSD outbreaks.Ordinary kriging was applied to interpolate high-intensity surfaces.The results from the SDE indicate that the LSD outbreaks predominantly followed a northeast-to-southwest trend.Global Moran’s I revealed no statistical significance,whereas local Moran’s I indicated significant local spatial autocorrelation.KDE revealed a high density of outbreaks in the upper northern part of the farming region.Additionally,ordinary kriging was used to quantify the likelihood of outbreaks across different areas,highlighting potential high-intensity surfaces.These results enhance the understanding of LSD spatial epidemiology,providing valuable insights into disease dynamics and transmission.Additionally,these findings support policymakers in making informed decisions on targeted prevention,control strategies,and resource allocation at the local and regional levels. 展开更多
关键词 Cluster Hotspot area Lumpy skin disease Spatial epidemiology
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Preparation of a monoclonal antibody against recombinant LSDV034 protein and its application in detecting lumpy skin disease virus through a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(cELISA) 认领 引用 被引量：1
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作者 Xinwei Yuan Hui Zhao +10 位作者 Wanfeng Ji Xiaohan Yan Zhijie Xiang Li Yang Yuanchen Geng Yingyu Chen Jianguo Chen Xi Chen Lei Zhang Changmin Hu Aizhen Guo 《Animal Diseases》 CAS CSCD 2025年第4期470-479,共10页
Lumpy skin disease(LSD)is a highly contagious disease caused by lumpy skin disease virus(LSDV)in bovines.Rapid and accurate diagnosis is very important to controll it.However,current commercial detection kits need to ... Lumpy skin disease(LSD)is a highly contagious disease caused by lumpy skin disease virus(LSDV)in bovines.Rapid and accurate diagnosis is very important to controll it.However,current commercial detection kits need to be improved in terms of sensitivity or specificity.This study aimed to develop a novel diagnostic competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(cELISA)based on the newly identified antigen gene LSDV034.The rLSDV034 protein was identified as a potential diagnostic antigen,and it was expressed,purified,and used to immunize BALB/c mice.Using laboratory-prepared indirect ELISA(iELISA),the positive cell lines were screened,and their blocking activity was further verified by competitive ELISA(cELISA).The cell line,1H7,was chosen to produce mouse ascites,which were purified for a monoclonal antibody(mAb,5.395 mg/mL).The heavy chain type of the 1H7 mAb was identified as IgG1a,and its light chain subtype was identified as κ.Furthermore,cELISA was developed to detect bovine serum antibodies,with rLSDV034(4μg/mL)as the coating antigen and HRP-1H7 mAb(1:300)as the competitive antibody.The cutoff value of cELISA was 55%,based on 32 negative bovine serum samples.The analytical sensitivity was 1:8,and no cross-reaction was detected with bovine viral diarrhea virus(BVDV),infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus(IBRV),Pasteurella multocida(P.multocida),or Mycoplasma bovis(M.bovis)from the serum samples.The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of cELISA were 98.46%(95%confidence interval,CI:91.7–100)and 100%(95%CI:89.1–100),respectively,based on the analysis of 30 LSDV-infected bovine serum samples,35 GTPV-vaccinated samples,and 32 negative samples.The overall coincidence of the cELISA with the virus neutralization test(VNT)reached 98.97%(95%CI:94.4–100).Furthermore,we used cELISA to analyze 230 clinical bovine serum samples(including 59 infected and 171 vaccinated samples)and found that the serum positivity rates of the immunized samples(on d 60 postimmunization)and infected samples were 77.78%(95%CI:70.8–83.8%)and 71.19%(95%CI:57.9–82.2),respectively.These results indicate that the developed cELISA is promising for detecting serum antibodies in naturally infected or vaccinated cattle. 展开更多
关键词 Lumpy skin disease Lumpy skin disease virus rLSDV034 protein monoclonal antibody(mAb) cELISA Goat pox vaccine
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“Redistribution” Effect of Lumpy Zone for Gas Flow in BF 认领 引用 被引量：1
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作者 ZHU Qing-tian CHENG Shu-sen 《Journal of Iron and Steel Research International》 SCIE CAS 2007年第6期1-7,共7页
The gas flow from tuyere to raceway zone by blasting involves three distributional zones, such as dripping, cohesive, and lumpy zone. The gas flow distribution in lumpy zone directly affects the gas utilization ration... The gas flow from tuyere to raceway zone by blasting involves three distributional zones, such as dripping, cohesive, and lumpy zone. The gas flow distribution in lumpy zone directly affects the gas utilization ration and smooth operation in the blast furnace. However, the furnace closeness brings about great difficulty in the study of high-temperature gas flow. The charging and blasting system affecting the gas flow and whether the top gas flow distribution could reflect its inner condition as well as the furnace state, such as hanging or scaffolding, which have become the main problems for the research on gas flow. Recently, several researches overseas studied gas flow distribution using the numerical simulation method; however, such a research was rare amongst the natives. In this study, the flow model of gas in cohesive and lumpy zone was established using the numerical simulation software and the gas flow distributions with uniform distribution of burden permeability, scaffolding of wall, and nonuniform charge level were analyzed. As a result, the effects of cohesive zone and lower parts on the gas flow are very limited and the charge level largely affects the distribution of top gas flow. Therefore, it was found that the distribution of top gas flow could hardly reflect the inner gas flow. The process is called ＂redistribution＂ effect, which means that the gas flow after passing through the raceway, dripping, and cohesive zone is distributed when it flows into the lumpy zone. 展开更多
关键词 blast furnace gas flow lumpy zone numerical simulation
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Sequence Analysis of Attachment Gene of Lumpy Skin Disease and Sheep Poxviruses 认领 引用 被引量：2
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作者 A.A.El-Kenawy M.S.El-Tholoth 《Virologica Sinica》 CAS 2010年第6期409-416,共8页
In Egypt,protection of cattle against lumpy skin disease (LSD) was carried out using a sheep poxvirus (Kenyan strain) vaccination strategy.In the present study 15 skin nodules from LSD suspected cows and 5 scab sample... In Egypt,protection of cattle against lumpy skin disease (LSD) was carried out using a sheep poxvirus (Kenyan strain) vaccination strategy.In the present study 15 skin nodules from LSD suspected cows and 5 scab samples from sheep pox (SP) suspected sheep were collected.Hyperimmune rabbit sera to Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV)/Ismailyia88 strain and sheep pox virus (SPV)/ Kenyan vaccinal strain were prepared.The causative agent in the collected samples was identified using immunoflourescence (IF) and immunoperoxidase techniques.Of the 15 skin nodules suspected of LSD,10 showed a positive reaction and 3 out of 5 skin scabs suspected of sheeppox were found to be positive.An antigenic correlation between field skin isolate of LSDV,tissue culture adapted LSDV/Ismailyia88 strain,field skin isolate of SPV and SPV/Kenyan vaccinal strain was studied using prepared hyperimmune sera.Also,nucleotide sequence of the PCR amplified attachment gene fragments of field skin isolate of LSDV,tissue culture adapted LSDV/Ismailyia88 strain,field skin isolate of SPV and SPV /Kenyan vaccinal strain were compared.The results revealed that the four used viruses were antigenically identical.Sequence analysis indicated that field skin LSDV isolate is more related to tissue culture adapted LSDV/Ismailyia88 strain than to vaccinal SPV/ Kenyan strain and the skin isolate of SPV is more closely related to field skin isolate of LSDV than to SPV/Kenyan vaccinal strain.Thus,further study should be applied on the advantage of a LSD vaccine prepared from LSDV in protection of cattle against LSD compared to the commonly used sheep pox vaccine. 展开更多
关键词 Lumpy skin disease virus （LSDV） Sheep poxvirus （SPV） Polymerase chain reaction,DNA sequencing
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Epidemiological Study and Optimal Control for Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) in Ethiopia 认领 引用
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作者 Okey Oseloka Onyejekwe Abebe Alemu +1 位作者 Biruk Ambachew Ayalnesh Tigabie 《Advances in Infectious Diseases》 CAS 2019年第1期8-24,共17页
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an infectious, fatal skin disease of cattle caused by a virus of the family Poxviridae (genus Capripox). In addition, severely affected animals suffer from reduced weight, cessation of milk... Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an infectious, fatal skin disease of cattle caused by a virus of the family Poxviridae (genus Capripox). In addition, severely affected animals suffer from reduced weight, cessation of milk production and infertility. The aim of this paper is to computationally apply epidemiological (SEIR) and optimal control (OC) techniques to study the transmission and the impact of vaccination on LSD. Based on our numerical experiments, we were able to deduce the overall impact of the optimal strategy adopted for this study on the cattle population for vaccination rates within the range of 0 ≤ v ≤ 0.85. It is shown that the vaccination as a control strategy significantly reduced the effects of LSD on the cattle population if properly managed and that an optimal performance of the control strategy adopted hererin is achieved at an approximate value of v = 0.6. 展开更多
关键词 Lumpy Skin Disease LSD Optimal Control Epidemiology SEIR
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In Vitro Study on the Effect of Bee Venom on Some Cell Lines and Lumpy Skin Disease Virus 认领 引用
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作者 Samia Ahmed Kamal 《Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(A)》 2016年第2期124-135,共12页
Bee venom （BV） was used from long time ago in the medical field as treatment of chronic joint affections. In the recent decades, the screening process of new sources of antimicrobials discovers its high advantageous... Bee venom （BV） was used from long time ago in the medical field as treatment of chronic joint affections. In the recent decades, the screening process of new sources of antimicrobials discovers its high advantageous characteristics for combating various types of microbes, as well as trials to discover its anti-cancer medicinal fields. Lumpy skin disease virus （LSDV） causes disease in cattle of economic importance, and this work aimed to find treatment as well as alternative inactivant for LSDV. The use of bee venom as antiviral was experimented in this work and exhibited satisfied inhibitory effects on LSDV, meanwhile, the antigenic properties was still intact. The viability of virus was tested in tissue culture cells lines and in embryonated chicken eggs. According to doses and time of exposure, the cell lines of Hep-2 （human larynx carcinoma） and MCF7 （breast carcinoma cell line） were treated with different concentrations of BV and examined after 24 h post-inoculation. The Hep-2 and MCF7 cell lines were treated with various concentrations of BV in descending doses as follow： 25, 20, 15, 10, 5 and 0.5 ug/mL of BV. Then bee venom pathological effects on Hep-2 cells and MCF7 cells were observed, such as apoptosis, retarded growths and cytolysis. The results indicate the possibilities of using bee venom as anti-neoplastic and antiviral. 展开更多
关键词 Bee venom lumpy skin disease virus anticancer Hep-2 cells MCF7 antiviral natural substances.
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Cattle Production and Lumpy Skin Disease of Smallholder Farmers in Svay Rieng Province 认领 引用
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作者 Kimeang Chay Tola Ka +2 位作者 Sokun Khoeun Chann Bun Kouch Theng 《Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering(B)》 CAS 2024年第1期39-46,共8页
The cattle production in Romeas Haek district,Svay Rieng province,was developed remarkably,since there were some households raising cattle in large number,more than 20 heads.The grazing method of cattle was tethering ... The cattle production in Romeas Haek district,Svay Rieng province,was developed remarkably,since there were some households raising cattle in large number,more than 20 heads.The grazing method of cattle was tethering and free grassing in the commune grass,since the natural grass and rice straw were the main source of cattle feed,however some of them supplemented their cattle with crop-byproducts,planting grass or concentrated feed.For the majority,BCS(Body Condition Scoring)of the cattle in those areas was 3 accounting for 52%-73.33%,but it was found the thin cattle has low BCS of 2 accounting for 11.11%to 40.00%and also fat cattle has BCS of 4 up to 27.78%.However,the average BCS varied with village which ranged from 2.68 to 3.17,but is not different in term of commune and sex of cattle.Besides facing with shortage of feed,the experience with diseases was also another concern,since 85.71%to 95.83%of the households faced this problem last year.Among the clinical signs found,lumpy skin was 100%,i.e.no one escaped from this problem,thus making them aware of vaccinating their cattle against some diseases such as FMD(Foot and Mouth Disease),HS(Hemorrhagic Septicemia)and LSD(Lumpy Skin Disease),but mostly vaccination was used against FMD.Because the LSD has occurred in these areas since 2020,then the seroprevalence was found in high positive up to 72.62%by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay(ELISA)test.This positive rate was also varying by villages,ranging from 53.3%to 94.44%.But there was no association between positive cattle with commune,BCS,sex and age of cattle.In conclusion,the cattle production in Romeas Haek district,Svay Rieng province had developed markedly,however the shortage of feed and disease occurrence are the main challenges for farmer cattle producers,especially LSD outbreak last year.However,most of the farmers have been aware of the benefit of vaccination and had vaccinated their cattle against those main disease,such as FMD,HS and LSD. 展开更多
关键词 Cattle production lumpy skin smallholder farmers seroprevalance
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Effect of loading rate on the brittleness index of granite:An experimental investigation 认领 引用
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作者 YIN Tu-bing LIU Fan +4 位作者 MA Jie-xin DAI Hao LU Jian-fei GUO Wen-xuan LI Xi-bing 《Journal of Central South University》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2026年第4期1728-1745,共18页
In deep underground engineering,rock brittleness is closely associated with rockburst and feasibility of hydraulic fracturing.The loading rate plays a crucial role in determining the severity of rockburst and cuttabil... In deep underground engineering,rock brittleness is closely associated with rockburst and feasibility of hydraulic fracturing.The loading rate plays a crucial role in determining the severity of rockburst and cuttability.By conducting uniaxial compression tests and single-cycle loading-unloading experiments,the brittle evolution of four types of granite under different loading rates was investigated.During the uniaxial compression process,acoustic emission parameters were used to characterize the crack evolution patterns.Additionally,the macroscopic failure process of the specimens and the post-failure rock fragments were recorded with a high-speed camera,providing multi-scale validation.This study proposes a quantitative brittleness index based on rock fracture energy,and its validity is verified by analyzing the rock failure process and the macroscopic characteristics of rock fragments.:This work contributes to advancing research on rock brittleness indices considering the coupling between energy evolution and kinematic mechanisms.The research results indicate that as the loading rate increases from 0.1 mm/min to 5 mm/min,the quantitative evaluation index(Bs)for brittleness increases from 0.17 to 0.28,while the qualitative evaluation indices MF(projectile mass ratio)and l(average lumpiness)increase from 0.3261 to 0.4184 and from 32.96 mm to 38.12 mm,respectively.With increasing loading rates,the brittleness of the rock increases significantly.A series of qualitative and quantitative results,including fractal characteristics and acoustic emission parameters,reveal the crack evolution patterns of granite under different loading rates and confirm the rationality of the brittleness index.This study provides theoretical guidance for practical deep underground engineering applications. 展开更多
关键词 linear energy storage law brittleness index fracture mechanism projectile mass ratio average lumpiness
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Local Import Competition in a Lumpy Country 认领 引用
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作者 Alan V. Deardorff 《Frontiers of Economics in China-Selected Publications from Chinese Universities》 2018年第1期5-14,共10页
This paper examines the effects of a fall in the price of an imported good in a region of a country that is specialized in producing that good. The context is a ＂lumpy country＂ model in which factors are unable to m... This paper examines the effects of a fall in the price of an imported good in a region of a country that is specialized in producing that good. The context is a ＂lumpy country＂ model in which factors are unable to move between locations, although in this case I assume that only labor is immobile, and that the other factor, capital, is perfectly mobile between regions. With mobile capital, the lumpy-country equilibrium can be anywhere in the factor-price equalization set, but my focus is on a region that initially produces only one good, on the border of that set. When the price of that good falls due to import competition, it would be possible for both factors to reallocate partially into production of the other good, but I assume instead that some capital simply leaves the region, so that it continues to produce only the same good that it did before. The result of this is a fall in the real wage of labor, just as under Stolper-Samuelson assumptions. I then look at production also of a non-traded good, and find that the same import competition that cheapened the traded good also cheapens the nontraded good. The result is that the region shrinks, losing capital and producing less of both goods unless the substitution in favor of the nontraded good expands its consumption out of a smaller income. 展开更多
关键词 import competition lumpy country nontraded good
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Modelling epidemic growth models for lumpy skin disease cases in Thailand using nationwide outbreak data,2021e2022 认领 引用
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作者 Sompop Moonchai Adsadang Himakalasa +5 位作者 Thaned Rojsiraphisal Orapun Arjkumpa Pawares Panyasomboonying Noppasorn Kuatako Noppawan Buamithup Veerasak Punyapornwithaya 《Infectious Disease Modelling》 CSCD 2023年第1期282-293,共12页
Lumpy skin disease(LSD)is a transboundary disease affecting cattle and has a detrimental effect on the cattle industries in numerous countries in Africa,Europe and Asia.In 2021,LSD outbreaks have been reported in almo... Lumpy skin disease(LSD)is a transboundary disease affecting cattle and has a detrimental effect on the cattle industries in numerous countries in Africa,Europe and Asia.In 2021,LSD outbreaks have been reported in almost all of Thailand's provinces.Indeed,fitting LSD occurrences using mathematical models provide important knowledge in the realm of animal disease modeling.Thus,the objective of this study is to fit the pattern of daily new LSD cases and daily cumulative LSD cases in Thailand using mathematical models.The first-and second-order models in the forms of Lorentzian,Gaussian and Pearson-type VII models are used to fit daily new LSD cases whereas Richard's growth,Boltzmann sigmoidal and Power-law growth models are utilized to fit the curve of cumulative LSD cases.Based on the root-mean-squared error(RMSE)and Akaike information criterion(AIC),results showed that both first and second orders of Pearson-type VII models and Richard's growth model(RGM)were fit to the data better than other models used in the present study.The obtained models and their parameters can be utilized to describe the LSD outbreak in Thailand.For disease preparedness purposes,we can use the first order of the Pearson-type VII model to estimate the time of maximum infected cases occurring when the growth rate of infected cases starts to slow down.Furthermore,the period when the growth rate changes at a slower rate,known as the inflection time,obtained from RGM allows us to anticipate when the pandemic has peaked and the situation has stabilized.This is the first study that utilizes mathematical methods to fit the LSD epidemics in Thailand.This study offers decision-makers and authorities with valuable information for establishing an effective disease control strategy. 展开更多
关键词 Epidemic growth Mathematical model Lumpy skin disease Outbreaks Thailand
Design of the contingent royalty rate as related to the type of investment 认领 引用
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作者 Jyh‑Bang Jou Charlene Tan Lee 《Financial Innovation》 2023年第1期1907-1931,共25页
This study investigates the design of the royalty rate in a first-price auction across three types of investments:incremental and lumpy with or without an exogenously given intensity.A bidder’s investment cost compri... This study investigates the design of the royalty rate in a first-price auction across three types of investments:incremental and lumpy with or without an exogenously given intensity.A bidder’s investment cost comprises private information.This,together with the stochastic evolution of the price of the output generated from the auctioned project,precludes the seller from setting the exact dates of investment with the winner.However,the seller can set the royalty rate to equate the winner’s royalty payment with the winner’s information rent so that the winner acts as if to maximize the seller’s revenue.We derive two main conclusions.First,compared with the case in which investment is lumpy with an exogenously given intensity,the seller can set a lower royalty rate on incremental investment because she can collect additional royalty payments from the winner,who has the option to later expand capacity.Second,the impact of output price uncertainty on the optimal royalty rate for the three types of investments exhibits two different patterns.When investment is either incremental or lumpy with an exogenously given intensity,greater output price uncertainty reduces the royalty rate.When investment is lumpy with variable intensity,greater output uncertainty raises the royalty rate.Our results imply that auctioneers may charge differential royalty rates for different types of investments. 展开更多
关键词 Cash payment First-price auction Incremental investment Lumpy investment Mechanism design Real options Royalty rate Uncertainty
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