The advancement of modern optical imaging systems has generated a substantial demand for precision-engineered imaging components with complex functionalities.Despite various micro-nanofabrication techniques demonstrat...The advancement of modern optical imaging systems has generated a substantial demand for precision-engineered imaging components with complex functionalities.Despite various micro-nanofabrication techniques demonstrating significant advantages over traditional methods,critical challenges persist in achieving nanoscale resolution and freely designed intricate micro-optical structures.Femtosecond direct laser writing(FsDLW)emerges as a pivotal solution to these challenges,facilitating the fabrication of sophisticated architectures that transcend the diffraction limit through nonlinear multiphoton absorption.This technique processes exceptional capabilities,including extensive material compatibility,versatile micro-nanoscale fabrication,and true three-dimensional structuring.To date,FsDLW has been successfully employed in the manufacturing of diverse micro-optical imaging components.This review systematically elucidates the fundamental methodologies of FsDLW applicable to micro-optical device fabrication,alongside a comprehensive overview of the relevant material systems.Furthermore,recent advancements in micro-optical imaging devices and their emerging applications are critically assessed.Finally,we provide a prospective analysis of unresolved challenges and future research directions for imaging optical components.展开更多
Memristors have emerged as a transformative technology in the realm of electronic devices,offering unique advantages such as fast switching speeds,low power consumption,and the ability to sensor-memory-compute.The app...Memristors have emerged as a transformative technology in the realm of electronic devices,offering unique advantages such as fast switching speeds,low power consumption,and the ability to sensor-memory-compute.The applications span across non-volatile memory,neuromorphic computing,hardware security,and beyond,prompting memristors to become a versatile solution for next-generation computing and data storage systems.Despite enormous potential of memristors,the transition from laboratory prototypes to large-scale applications is challenging in terms of material stability,device reproducibility,and array scalability.This review systematically explores recent advancements in high-performance memristor technologies,focusing on performance enhancement strategies through material engineering,structural design,pulse protocol optimization,and algorithm control.We provide an in-depth analysis of key performance metrics tailored to specific applications,including non-volatile memory,neuromorphic computing,and hardware security.Furthermore,we propose a co-design framework that integrates device-level optimizations with operational-level improvements,aiming to bridge the gap between theoretical models and practical implementations.展开更多
Cement stands as a dominant contributor to global energy consumption and carbon emissions in the construction industry.With the upgrading of infrastructure and the improvement of building standards,traditional cement ...Cement stands as a dominant contributor to global energy consumption and carbon emissions in the construction industry.With the upgrading of infrastructure and the improvement of building standards,traditional cement fails to reconcile ecological responsibility with advanced functional performance.By incorporating tailored fillers into cement matrices,the resulting composites achieve enhanced thermoelectric(TE)conversion capabilities.These materials can harness solar radiation from building envelopes and recover waste heat from indoor thermal gradients,facilitating bidirectional energy conversion.This review offers a comprehensive and timely overview of cementbased thermoelectric materials(CTEMs),integrating material design,device fabrication,and diverse applications into a holistic perspective.It summarizes recent advancements in TE performance enhancement,encompassing fillers optimization and matrices innovation.Additionally,the review consolidates fabrication strategies and performance evaluations of cement-based thermoelectric devices(CTEDs),providing detailed discussions on their roles in monitoring and protection,energy harvesting,and smart building.We also address sustainability,durability,and lifecycle considerations of CTEMs,which are essential for real-world deployment.Finally,we outline future research directions in materials design,device engineering,and scalable manufacturing to foster the practical application of CTEMs in sustainable and intelligent infrastructure.展开更多
Unlike conventional electrochromic devices,Zinc anode-based electrochromic devices(ZECDs)ensure excellent charge balance between the electrochromic layer and Zn anode during the coloring/bleaching by reversible metal ...Unlike conventional electrochromic devices,Zinc anode-based electrochromic devices(ZECDs)ensure excellent charge balance between the electrochromic layer and Zn anode during the coloring/bleaching by reversible metal deposition/stripping on the Zn anode.Meanwhile,the inherent potential difference between the metal anode and the electrochromic layer can drive the spontaneous coloration/bleaching of ZECDs,featuring energy retrieval functionality.This review discusses the working mechanisms,performance indexes of ZECDs,and the impact of material selection on ZECD performance.Furthermore,we comprehensively summarize the latest research progress of ZECDs in energy storage,smart windows,and multicolor displays.We argue that using high-transparency zinc mesh,additive manufacturing processes,and self-healing electrochromic materials can significantly advance the commercialization of large-area ZECDs.Finally,“electrode-free”device structures,renewable or replaceable electrolytes,and strategies to suppress zinc dendrites are prospected to overcome cost-effectiveness and lifespan issues of ZECDs.This review aims at enabling more efficient and advanced ZECDs for multifunctional applications.展开更多
Nanometallic materials have attracted wide research attention in the fabrication of functional devices,including flexible electronics circuits and high-sensitive sensors.Sintering of nanometallic materials is generall...Nanometallic materials have attracted wide research attention in the fabrication of functional devices,including flexible electronics circuits and high-sensitive sensors.Sintering of nanometallic materials is generally thought as an effective technology for the functional manufacturing,and the controllable sintering of nanometallic materials and its major mechanisms have long been a challenge.Here,an ultrafast laser processing strategy for Ag nanoparticles(NPs)is achieved by modulating plasmonic.The excitation mode of plasmon can be designed by laser parameters,including polarization with a specific crystal size.The atomic-scale ultrafast dynamics are revealed for understanding the sintering process and design of the sintered structures.The non-equilibrium energy transfer between electron and lattice and dynamic evolution of pressure are proved to be the foremost driving forces on the motion of atomic structures.Through research of plasmonic-induced electric field enhancement and non-uniform deposition of heat and in-situ observation of relative transmittance,mapping from atomic-scale structure to micro behavior is established.Based on plasmonic modulation and processing of Ag NPs,a machine learning combined flexible gesture sensor with high recognition accuracy is displayed.This work expands the knowledge of interactions between lasers and nanometallic materials and provides a method for designing functional devices for a wide range of applications.展开更多
Reversible modulation of the transmittance in electrochromic devices(ECDs)holds tremendous potential for energy-saving windows.The choice of electrolyte significantly influences the optical modulation,coloring respons...Reversible modulation of the transmittance in electrochromic devices(ECDs)holds tremendous potential for energy-saving windows.The choice of electrolyte significantly influences the optical modulation,coloring response speed,coloring efficiency,and cycling stability of electrochromic devices.Moreover,traditional electrolytes are prone to instability under extreme temperature conditions,leading to device failure and severely limiting the widespread application of smart electrochromic windows.This study introduces LiCl water-in-salt electrolyte(WiSE)into tungsten oxide-based ECDs.LiCl WiSE exhibits wide-temperature tolerance and excellent ion conductivity.Therefore,the constructed tungsten oxide ECD demonstrates large optical modulation(76.2%@700 nm),fast response time(tc=2.0 s,tb=1.8 s),and high cycling stability(95.8%retention after 1000 cycles).Especially,it operates efficiently over a wide temperature range of-30~80℃.This research provides a new approach for electrolyte selection in the fabrication of high-performance,wide-temperature-tolerant ECDs.展开更多
We demonstrate room-temperature negative differential resistance(NDR)and unsaturated magnetoresistance(MR)effects in germanium-based devices.Our findings indicate that the observed NDR primarily originates from the ca...We demonstrate room-temperature negative differential resistance(NDR)and unsaturated magnetoresistance(MR)effects in germanium-based devices.Our findings indicate that the observed NDR primarily originates from the carrier injection effect induced by local impact ionization in germanium.As the magnetic field increases,the MR values exhibit an unsaturated behavior,increasing quadratically at low fields and transitioning to a linear increase at higher fields,reaching approximately 91%at 1 T.We attribute this large unsaturated MR to carrier inhomogeneity.The equivalent Hall electric field strength was used to characterize the degree of carrier inhomogeneity under magnetic fields:a larger equivalent Hall electric field strength indicates stronger carrier inhomogeneity and consequently a larger corresponding MR.The coexistence of excellent room-temperature NDR and large unsaturated MR in germanium-based devices(achieved by constructing electrodes at two edge positions on the semiconductor surface)enables the development of multifunctional devices.展开更多
The vibration control performance of powered wearable devices(PWDs)directly affects the health and comfort of the wearer.Effective vibration isolation technology has become a fundamental aspect of next-generation wear...The vibration control performance of powered wearable devices(PWDs)directly affects the health and comfort of the wearer.Effective vibration isolation technology has become a fundamental aspect of next-generation wearable device design.This study proposes a highly integrated nonlinear stiffness metastructure vibration isolator design for PWDs to address vibration isolation requirements in such scenarios.In this paper,we systematically analyze and experimentally verify the static characteristics of the proposed metastructure vibration isolator through numerical analysis,analytical model and experimental methods,and deeply discuss its dynamic transmissibility characteristics.Among them,we analytically derive and calculate the cantilever beam oscillator of the metastructure vibration isolator and verify the numerical results.Utilizing the mode superposition method,we examine the variations in vibration transmissibility under different operating conditions and geometric parameters.Experimental results are consistent with the numerical calculation results and demonstrate that the isolator exhibits excellent vibration attenuation within the vibration isolation frequency range of 53-61 Hz,achieving a minimum vibration transmissibility of−38 dB.The metastructure vibration isolation system presented in this study successfully achieves the anticipated vibration suppression performance,offering a novel approach to vibration isolation design for PWDs.展开更多
The rapid expansion of artificial intelligence has led to significant challenges in energy consumption and computational efficiency.To address these issues,the exploration and development of all-optical controlled(AOC...The rapid expansion of artificial intelligence has led to significant challenges in energy consumption and computational efficiency.To address these issues,the exploration and development of all-optical controlled(AOC)synaptic devices represents a promising leap forward in neuromorphic computing,offering potential solutions to the inherent limitations of traditional von Neumann architectures.AOC synaptic devices,utilizing exclusively optical signals to emulate bidirectional modulation of synaptic weights,bypass the complexity and additional energy costs associated with conventional electrical or electro-optical hybrid signals.This review articulates the underlying framework and fundamental motivations for studying AOC synapses,while systematically reviewing current research progress.We particularly highlight the synergistic relationships among physical mechanisms,material behaviors,and device architectures,as well as neuromorphic computing based on optical writing and optical erasing of information.By systematically interpreting these multidimensional correlations,we propose scalable and reproducible strategies for device design.This work will certainly herald a substantial direction of AOC synapses,providing an ideal platform for exploring neuromorphic computing for artificial intelligence.展开更多
This study investigated the effects of deep cryogenic treatment(DCT)on hot isostatic pressed(HIP)beryllium for inertial devices,focusing on residual stress,microstructure,tensile properties,and dimensional stability.T...This study investigated the effects of deep cryogenic treatment(DCT)on hot isostatic pressed(HIP)beryllium for inertial devices,focusing on residual stress,microstructure,tensile properties,and dimensional stability.The findings revealed that during DCT,residual stress in beryllium increased gradually due to non-uniform volumetric contraction and mismatch stress,reaching a 59.9%increase from initial levels after 200 h of DCT.DCT led to significant grain refinement and an increase in dislocation density.In 200 h DCT-treated beryllium,geometric necessary dislocation(GND)density increased 17.9%,grain size decreased 12.3%,and therefore yield strength and tensile strength improved by 4.2% and 5.6%,respectively.The dimensional stability of HIP beryllium was significantly enhanced by DCT,and the improvement tended to increase with the duration of DCT.The cumulative size changes of beryllium after 200 h of DCT during both cold exposure and cold cycling decreased significantly by 86% and 50%,respectively,compared to those of HIP beryllium.Furthermore,the residual tensile strength and retention rate increased by 12.5% and 5.5%,respectively,after undergoing room-temperature creep at 100 MPa for 1000 h.展开更多
Graphene quantum dots(GQDs)consist of nano-sized fragments of graphene,typically in the range of 1-10 nm in size,and are often synthesized under extreme conditions(oxidativeeductive cleavage,electrochemical shearing,a...Graphene quantum dots(GQDs)consist of nano-sized fragments of graphene,typically in the range of 1-10 nm in size,and are often synthesized under extreme conditions(oxidativeeductive cleavage,electrochemical shearing,and pulsed laser burning).Extremely small size and edge effects give GQDs a high specific surface area,abundant surface active sites,chemical stability,low toxicity,physiological stability,and tunable fluorescence properties.Thus,GQDs have been widely used in the field of energy,catalysis,environment,biology,and optics etc.However,the synthesis and application of GQDs in energy storage systems(ESSs)are still at an early stage and lack timely and up-to-date research progress.In view of this,we summarize and discuss the most recent progress of the application of GQDs and their derivatives in energy storage devices,with an emphasis on their roles in enhancing lithium/sodium/zinc-ion battery performance(e.g.,improving ion diffusion kinetics,suppressing dendrite formation,and stabilizing electrode-electrolyte interfaces),boosting solar cell efficiency through light absorption tuning and charge transport optimization,and elevating supercapacitor energy density via high surface area and pseudocapacitive contributions.Finally,reasonable suggestions for future challenges are presented.展开更多
Addressing the urgent demands for intelligent,miniaturized,and efficient thermal management in modern electronics,alongside the energy and environmental constraints,the development of compact and high-performance cool...Addressing the urgent demands for intelligent,miniaturized,and efficient thermal management in modern electronics,alongside the energy and environmental constraints,the development of compact and high-performance cooling systems has become imperative.The electrocaloric(EC)effect,which enables reversible entropy and temperature changes in dielectric materials through electric-field-controlled polarization,offers distinct advantages including high efficiency,fast response,and ease of integration.This review outlines the thermodynamic principles and surveys the evolution of EC thermal management devices.Ceramic-based EC devices exhibit strong potential for high-power applications due to their high thermal conductivity and thermal stability,while polymer-based EC devices are suited for wearable and flexible integration because of their mechanical compliance and processability.This review further contrasts the design,actuation,and application profiles of these platforms.Despite notable progress,challenges remain in long-term stability,multi-physics coupling,miniaturized integration,and environmental adaptability.Advances in material understanding,device design,and intelligent system control will position EC technology as a key enabler of efficient,compact,and sustainable next-generation thermal management.展开更多
Dear Friends,As we publish the first issue of 2026 for Energy Materi-als and Devices,I am pleased to address you as Editor-in-Chief.Over the past years,Energy Materials and Devices has achieved remarkable progress and...Dear Friends,As we publish the first issue of 2026 for Energy Materi-als and Devices,I am pleased to address you as Editor-in-Chief.Over the past years,Energy Materials and Devices has achieved remarkable progress and steadily rise in academic influence and international visibility.Volume 4 in 2026 marks a new chapter for our journal,as Energy Materials and Devices has been indexed by ESCI,Scopus,Inspec,CAS,and DOAJ,selected as a COPE member journal and“High-Start New Journal”in Excellence Action Plan of China’s STM Journals.None of this would be possible without the trust of authors,the dedication of reviewers,the leadership of the editorial board,and the hard work of the publishing team.To each of you,I extend my deepest gratitude.展开更多
Transition metal sulfides(TMSs)are widely recognized as promising catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction(OER),yet their large–scale application is hindered by poor conductivity,severe aggregation and sluggish re...Transition metal sulfides(TMSs)are widely recognized as promising catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction(OER),yet their large–scale application is hindered by poor conductivity,severe aggregation and sluggish reaction kinetics.To address these issues,a ternary CoS2/FeS2/Ti3C2Tx hybrid is rationally constructed via a three–in–one strategy,which simultaneously achieves the support introduction,morphology modulation and heterojunction construction.Structural characterizations reveal a hierarchical architecture composed of 1D CoS2 nanorods,0D FeS2 nanoparticles and 2D conductive Ti3C2Tx nanosheets,wherein CoS2 and FeS2 form a distinctive 1D/0D heterojunction.Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that strong electronic coupling at the CoS2/FeS2 heterointerface accelerates electron transfer and optimizes the adsorption behavior of oxygen intermediates.Benefiting from the synergistic effects between the CoS2/FeS2 heterojunction and the conductive Ti3C2Tx support,the as–prepared CoS2/FeS2/Ti3C2Tx hybrid exhibits elevated conductivity,promoted dispersibility and accelerated reaction kinetics,thus resulting in markedly improved OER performance as compared to the control samples.Additionally,the CoS2/FeS2/Ti3C2Tx hybrid presents a remarkably low overpotential of 284 mV when used as the anode catalyst in a water–splitting device,demonstrating its outstanding applicability for overall water electrolysis.Overall,this work provides a viable strategy for engineering high–performance TMS–based electrocatalysts through heterointerface design and conductive support integration.展开更多
With the global push for energy conservation and the rapid development of low-power,flexible and wearable optical displays,the demand for electrochromic technology has surged.Gel polymer electrolytes(GPEs),a crucial c...With the global push for energy conservation and the rapid development of low-power,flexible and wearable optical displays,the demand for electrochromic technology has surged.Gel polymer electrolytes(GPEs),a crucial component of electrochromic devices(ECDs),show great promise in applications.This is attributed to their efficient ion-transport capabilities,excellent mechanical properties and strong adhesion.All of these characteristics are conducive to enhancing the safety of the devices,streamlining the packaging process,significantly improving the electrochromic performance of ECDs and boosting their commercial application potential.This review provides a comprehensive overview of GPEs for ECDs,focusing on their basic designs,functional modifications and practical applications.Firstly,this review outlines the fundamental design of GPEs for ECDs,encompassing key performance index,classification,gelation mechanism and preparation methods.Building on this foundation,it provides an in-depth discussion of functionalized GPEs developed to enhance device performance or expand functionality,including electrochromic,temperature-responsive,photo-responsive and stretchable self-healing GPE.Furthermore,the integration of GPEs into various ECD applications,including smart windows,displays,energy storage devices and wearable electronic,are summarized to highlight the advantages that the design of GPEs brings to the practical application of ECDs.Finally,based on the summary of GPEs employed for ECDs,the challenges and development expectations in this direction were indicated.展开更多
Photo-assisted flexible energy storage devices,combining photoelectric conversion and electrochemical energy storage,emerge as an innovative solution for sustainable energy systems.This review comprehensively summariz...Photo-assisted flexible energy storage devices,combining photoelectric conversion and electrochemical energy storage,emerge as an innovative solution for sustainable energy systems.This review comprehensively summarizes recent advances in photo-assisted flexible energy storage technology,covering material design,working mechanisms,and practical applications.We systematically examine diverse electrode materials,such as metal oxides,metal sulfides,organic photosensitive materials,and composites,emphasizing their roles in boosting device performance.Special focus is placed on emerging technologies—including heterostructure engineering,surface modification,and intelligent control systems—that have notably enhanced energy conversion efficiency and storage capacity.The review also discusses current challenges,such as material stability,conversion efficiency,and standardization,and proposes strategic directions for future development.Recent breakthroughs in photo-assisted supercapacitors,lithium-based batteries,zinc-based batteries,and other innovative storage systems are critically assessed,offering key insights into their practical application potential in wearable electronics,self-powered sensors,and beyond.This comprehensive analysis establishes a framework for understanding the current status of photo-assisted flexible energy storage technology and guides future research toward high-performance,sustainable energy storage solutions.展开更多
Two viologen derivatives containing fluorine substituent(F)with an asymmetric structures,1,1'-bis(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-[4,4'-bipyridine]dihexafluorophosphate(DFPV)and 1-benzyl-1'-(4-(trifluoromethyl)...Two viologen derivatives containing fluorine substituent(F)with an asymmetric structures,1,1'-bis(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-[4,4'-bipyridine]dihexafluorophosphate(DFPV)and 1-benzyl-1'-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-[4,4'-bipyridine]di-hexafluorophosphate(Bn-FPV),were synthesized.These viologen derivatives as active materials were used to assemble both flexible and rigid electrochromic devices(ECDs).ECDs based on DFPV exhibited reversible color change from colorless to deep green and ECDs based on Bn-FPV exhibited reversible color change from colorless to blue-green within applied voltage.It was found that the devices based on DFPV showed cycle stability,which could still maintain more than 90% after 1000 cycles.In addition,the modulation rate of the device to the solar irradiance is also calculated to characterize its application potential in smart windows.Among them,the rigid device(R-DFPV)based on the DFPV has a large solar irradiance modulation rate of 54.66%,which has the potential to be used as smart windows.展开更多
The capability to consistently manufacture structures with sub-5 nm features has greatly accelerated scientific advancements in nanoscience and nanotechnology.However,most current methods are serial processes that are...The capability to consistently manufacture structures with sub-5 nm features has greatly accelerated scientific advancements in nanoscience and nanotechnology.However,most current methods are serial processes that are time-consuming and impractical for large-scale manufacturing at the sub-5 nm level.The challenge of achieving scalable and reproducible production of sub-5 nm structures poses a significant hurdle for both fundamental research and commercial implementations.In this review,we explore some representative sub-5 nm fabrication strategies,focusing on approaches that facilitate scalable and reproducible manufacturing.We highlight the most promising techniques such as extreme ultraviolet lithography,electron beam lithography,directed self-assembly and atomic layer lithography that hold potential breakthroughs in both research and industry,based on criteria such as resolution,scalability,reproducibility and their applicability in photonics such as surface-enhanced spectroscopies,terahertz science,and nonlinear optics,as well as in electronics such as quantum devices,molecular devices and memory devices.The evolution of scalable and reproducible sub-5 nm manufacturing methods will ultimately revolutionize next-generation devices,encompassing quantum technologies,neuromorphic computing chips,and the mass production of integrated circuits.展开更多
We discuss recent progress in using machine-learning(ML)-enabled inverse design techniques applied to photonic devices and components.Specifically,we highlight the design of optical sources,including fiber and semicon...We discuss recent progress in using machine-learning(ML)-enabled inverse design techniques applied to photonic devices and components.Specifically,we highlight the design of optical sources,including fiber and semiconductor lasers,as well as Raman and semiconductor optical amplifiers.Although inverse design approaches for optical detectors remain relatively underexplored,we examine optical layers,particularly metamaterial absorbers,as promising candidates for high-performance optical detection.In addition,we underscore advancements in inverse designing passive optical components,including beam splitters,gratings,and optical fibers.These optical blocks are fundamental in developing next-generation standalone optical communication systems and optical sensing networks,including integrated sensing and communication technologies.While categorizing various reported deep learning architectures across five paradigms,we offer a paradigm-based perspective that reveals how different ML techniques function within modern inverse design methods and enable fast,data-driven solutions that significantly reduce design time and computational demands compared with traditional optimization methods.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52405616,62205117,and 52275429)Postdoctoral Fellowship Program(Grade B)of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(GZB20230238)+6 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2024M750992)Hubei Natural Science Foundation Innovative Research Group Project(2024AFA025)Hubei Province Postdoctoral Innovation Talent Cultivation Project(2024HBBHCXB009)Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(No.2022QNRC001)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.YCJJ20242405)West Light Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.xbzgzdsys-202206)Knowledge Innovation Program of Wuhan-Shuguang.
摘要The advancement of modern optical imaging systems has generated a substantial demand for precision-engineered imaging components with complex functionalities.Despite various micro-nanofabrication techniques demonstrating significant advantages over traditional methods,critical challenges persist in achieving nanoscale resolution and freely designed intricate micro-optical structures.Femtosecond direct laser writing(FsDLW)emerges as a pivotal solution to these challenges,facilitating the fabrication of sophisticated architectures that transcend the diffraction limit through nonlinear multiphoton absorption.This technique processes exceptional capabilities,including extensive material compatibility,versatile micro-nanoscale fabrication,and true three-dimensional structuring.To date,FsDLW has been successfully employed in the manufacturing of diverse micro-optical imaging components.This review systematically elucidates the fundamental methodologies of FsDLW applicable to micro-optical device fabrication,alongside a comprehensive overview of the relevant material systems.Furthermore,recent advancements in micro-optical imaging devices and their emerging applications are critically assessed.Finally,we provide a prospective analysis of unresolved challenges and future research directions for imaging optical components.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Project from the Minister of Science and Technology(2024YFA1211500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62304130,62405158 and 62574123)+1 种基金the Shanghai youth science and technology star project(24QA2702800)Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chips and Systems for Intelligent Connected Vehicle。
摘要Memristors have emerged as a transformative technology in the realm of electronic devices,offering unique advantages such as fast switching speeds,low power consumption,and the ability to sensor-memory-compute.The applications span across non-volatile memory,neuromorphic computing,hardware security,and beyond,prompting memristors to become a versatile solution for next-generation computing and data storage systems.Despite enormous potential of memristors,the transition from laboratory prototypes to large-scale applications is challenging in terms of material stability,device reproducibility,and array scalability.This review systematically explores recent advancements in high-performance memristor technologies,focusing on performance enhancement strategies through material engineering,structural design,pulse protocol optimization,and algorithm control.We provide an in-depth analysis of key performance metrics tailored to specific applications,including non-volatile memory,neuromorphic computing,and hardware security.Furthermore,we propose a co-design framework that integrates device-level optimizations with operational-level improvements,aiming to bridge the gap between theoretical models and practical implementations.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52242305).
摘要Cement stands as a dominant contributor to global energy consumption and carbon emissions in the construction industry.With the upgrading of infrastructure and the improvement of building standards,traditional cement fails to reconcile ecological responsibility with advanced functional performance.By incorporating tailored fillers into cement matrices,the resulting composites achieve enhanced thermoelectric(TE)conversion capabilities.These materials can harness solar radiation from building envelopes and recover waste heat from indoor thermal gradients,facilitating bidirectional energy conversion.This review offers a comprehensive and timely overview of cementbased thermoelectric materials(CTEMs),integrating material design,device fabrication,and diverse applications into a holistic perspective.It summarizes recent advancements in TE performance enhancement,encompassing fillers optimization and matrices innovation.Additionally,the review consolidates fabrication strategies and performance evaluations of cement-based thermoelectric devices(CTEDs),providing detailed discussions on their roles in monitoring and protection,energy harvesting,and smart building.We also address sustainability,durability,and lifecycle considerations of CTEMs,which are essential for real-world deployment.Finally,we outline future research directions in materials design,device engineering,and scalable manufacturing to foster the practical application of CTEMs in sustainable and intelligent infrastructure.
基金supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62105185,52202320)the“Qilu Young Scholar”program(62460082163097)of Shandong University,open foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Vanadium and Titanium Resources Comprehensive Utilization(2023P4FZG08A)+1 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.862201013153)Shandong Excellent Young Scientists Fund Program(Overseas)(2023HWYQ-060).
摘要Unlike conventional electrochromic devices,Zinc anode-based electrochromic devices(ZECDs)ensure excellent charge balance between the electrochromic layer and Zn anode during the coloring/bleaching by reversible metal deposition/stripping on the Zn anode.Meanwhile,the inherent potential difference between the metal anode and the electrochromic layer can drive the spontaneous coloration/bleaching of ZECDs,featuring energy retrieval functionality.This review discusses the working mechanisms,performance indexes of ZECDs,and the impact of material selection on ZECD performance.Furthermore,we comprehensively summarize the latest research progress of ZECDs in energy storage,smart windows,and multicolor displays.We argue that using high-transparency zinc mesh,additive manufacturing processes,and self-healing electrochromic materials can significantly advance the commercialization of large-area ZECDs.Finally,“electrode-free”device structures,renewable or replaceable electrolytes,and strategies to suppress zinc dendrites are prospected to overcome cost-effectiveness and lifespan issues of ZECDs.This review aims at enabling more efficient and advanced ZECDs for multifunctional applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52575510)the National Key R&D Program of China(2024YFB4609801).
摘要Nanometallic materials have attracted wide research attention in the fabrication of functional devices,including flexible electronics circuits and high-sensitive sensors.Sintering of nanometallic materials is generally thought as an effective technology for the functional manufacturing,and the controllable sintering of nanometallic materials and its major mechanisms have long been a challenge.Here,an ultrafast laser processing strategy for Ag nanoparticles(NPs)is achieved by modulating plasmonic.The excitation mode of plasmon can be designed by laser parameters,including polarization with a specific crystal size.The atomic-scale ultrafast dynamics are revealed for understanding the sintering process and design of the sintered structures.The non-equilibrium energy transfer between electron and lattice and dynamic evolution of pressure are proved to be the foremost driving forces on the motion of atomic structures.Through research of plasmonic-induced electric field enhancement and non-uniform deposition of heat and in-situ observation of relative transmittance,mapping from atomic-scale structure to micro behavior is established.Based on plasmonic modulation and processing of Ag NPs,a machine learning combined flexible gesture sensor with high recognition accuracy is displayed.This work expands the knowledge of interactions between lasers and nanometallic materials and provides a method for designing functional devices for a wide range of applications.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52102359,62305093,52172299 and 52462040)Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.124RC438)+3 种基金Hainan Province“Nanhai New Star”Science and Technology Innovation Talent Platform Program(No.NHXXRCXM202304)the support from the External Cooperation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.320GJHZ2023011MI)Suzhou Industrial Science and Technology Program(No.SYC2022036)High-end Talents Program of Jiangxi Province(No.jxsq2023101113)。
摘要Reversible modulation of the transmittance in electrochromic devices(ECDs)holds tremendous potential for energy-saving windows.The choice of electrolyte significantly influences the optical modulation,coloring response speed,coloring efficiency,and cycling stability of electrochromic devices.Moreover,traditional electrolytes are prone to instability under extreme temperature conditions,leading to device failure and severely limiting the widespread application of smart electrochromic windows.This study introduces LiCl water-in-salt electrolyte(WiSE)into tungsten oxide-based ECDs.LiCl WiSE exhibits wide-temperature tolerance and excellent ion conductivity.Therefore,the constructed tungsten oxide ECD demonstrates large optical modulation(76.2%@700 nm),fast response time(tc=2.0 s,tb=1.8 s),and high cycling stability(95.8%retention after 1000 cycles).Especially,it operates efficiently over a wide temperature range of-30~80℃.This research provides a new approach for electrolyte selection in the fabrication of high-performance,wide-temperature-tolerant ECDs.
基金supported in part by the Youth Program of Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(Grant No.2024AFB333)Natural Science Foundation of Yichang(Grant No.A24-3-021)+1 种基金the Special Funding for Talents of China Three Gorges University(Grant No.8230202)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12274258)。
摘要We demonstrate room-temperature negative differential resistance(NDR)and unsaturated magnetoresistance(MR)effects in germanium-based devices.Our findings indicate that the observed NDR primarily originates from the carrier injection effect induced by local impact ionization in germanium.As the magnetic field increases,the MR values exhibit an unsaturated behavior,increasing quadratically at low fields and transitioning to a linear increase at higher fields,reaching approximately 91%at 1 T.We attribute this large unsaturated MR to carrier inhomogeneity.The equivalent Hall electric field strength was used to characterize the degree of carrier inhomogeneity under magnetic fields:a larger equivalent Hall electric field strength indicates stronger carrier inhomogeneity and consequently a larger corresponding MR.The coexistence of excellent room-temperature NDR and large unsaturated MR in germanium-based devices(achieved by constructing electrodes at two edge positions on the semiconductor surface)enables the development of multifunctional devices.
基金supported by the Innovation Foundation for Doctor Dissertation of Northwestern Polytechnical University(Grant No.CX2024001).
摘要The vibration control performance of powered wearable devices(PWDs)directly affects the health and comfort of the wearer.Effective vibration isolation technology has become a fundamental aspect of next-generation wearable device design.This study proposes a highly integrated nonlinear stiffness metastructure vibration isolator design for PWDs to address vibration isolation requirements in such scenarios.In this paper,we systematically analyze and experimentally verify the static characteristics of the proposed metastructure vibration isolator through numerical analysis,analytical model and experimental methods,and deeply discuss its dynamic transmissibility characteristics.Among them,we analytically derive and calculate the cantilever beam oscillator of the metastructure vibration isolator and verify the numerical results.Utilizing the mode superposition method,we examine the variations in vibration transmissibility under different operating conditions and geometric parameters.Experimental results are consistent with the numerical calculation results and demonstrate that the isolator exhibits excellent vibration attenuation within the vibration isolation frequency range of 53-61 Hz,achieving a minimum vibration transmissibility of−38 dB.The metastructure vibration isolation system presented in this study successfully achieves the anticipated vibration suppression performance,offering a novel approach to vibration isolation design for PWDs.
基金supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LZ24E020001)。
摘要The rapid expansion of artificial intelligence has led to significant challenges in energy consumption and computational efficiency.To address these issues,the exploration and development of all-optical controlled(AOC)synaptic devices represents a promising leap forward in neuromorphic computing,offering potential solutions to the inherent limitations of traditional von Neumann architectures.AOC synaptic devices,utilizing exclusively optical signals to emulate bidirectional modulation of synaptic weights,bypass the complexity and additional energy costs associated with conventional electrical or electro-optical hybrid signals.This review articulates the underlying framework and fundamental motivations for studying AOC synapses,while systematically reviewing current research progress.We particularly highlight the synergistic relationships among physical mechanisms,material behaviors,and device architectures,as well as neuromorphic computing based on optical writing and optical erasing of information.By systematically interpreting these multidimensional correlations,we propose scalable and reproducible strategies for device design.This work will certainly herald a substantial direction of AOC synapses,providing an ideal platform for exploring neuromorphic computing for artificial intelligence.
基金Project(JCKY2018203B067)supported by the National Defense Basic Scientific Research Program of China。
摘要This study investigated the effects of deep cryogenic treatment(DCT)on hot isostatic pressed(HIP)beryllium for inertial devices,focusing on residual stress,microstructure,tensile properties,and dimensional stability.The findings revealed that during DCT,residual stress in beryllium increased gradually due to non-uniform volumetric contraction and mismatch stress,reaching a 59.9%increase from initial levels after 200 h of DCT.DCT led to significant grain refinement and an increase in dislocation density.In 200 h DCT-treated beryllium,geometric necessary dislocation(GND)density increased 17.9%,grain size decreased 12.3%,and therefore yield strength and tensile strength improved by 4.2% and 5.6%,respectively.The dimensional stability of HIP beryllium was significantly enhanced by DCT,and the improvement tended to increase with the duration of DCT.The cumulative size changes of beryllium after 200 h of DCT during both cold exposure and cold cycling decreased significantly by 86% and 50%,respectively,compared to those of HIP beryllium.Furthermore,the residual tensile strength and retention rate increased by 12.5% and 5.5%,respectively,after undergoing room-temperature creep at 100 MPa for 1000 h.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22379165,52074359,U21A20284,U22B2069)。
摘要Graphene quantum dots(GQDs)consist of nano-sized fragments of graphene,typically in the range of 1-10 nm in size,and are often synthesized under extreme conditions(oxidativeeductive cleavage,electrochemical shearing,and pulsed laser burning).Extremely small size and edge effects give GQDs a high specific surface area,abundant surface active sites,chemical stability,low toxicity,physiological stability,and tunable fluorescence properties.Thus,GQDs have been widely used in the field of energy,catalysis,environment,biology,and optics etc.However,the synthesis and application of GQDs in energy storage systems(ESSs)are still at an early stage and lack timely and up-to-date research progress.In view of this,we summarize and discuss the most recent progress of the application of GQDs and their derivatives in energy storage devices,with an emphasis on their roles in enhancing lithium/sodium/zinc-ion battery performance(e.g.,improving ion diffusion kinetics,suppressing dendrite formation,and stabilizing electrode-electrolyte interfaces),boosting solar cell efficiency through light absorption tuning and charge transport optimization,and elevating supercapacitor energy density via high surface area and pseudocapacitive contributions.Finally,reasonable suggestions for future challenges are presented.
基金support by the fellowship of China National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(Grant No.BX20250287)the National Natural Science Fundation of China(Grant Nos.523B2108,52273248+4 种基金52473215)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2020YFA0711500)the Municipal Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin(Grant No.24JCJQJC00230)Scientific Research Innovation Capability Support Project for Young FacultyChina Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2023M731783)。
摘要Addressing the urgent demands for intelligent,miniaturized,and efficient thermal management in modern electronics,alongside the energy and environmental constraints,the development of compact and high-performance cooling systems has become imperative.The electrocaloric(EC)effect,which enables reversible entropy and temperature changes in dielectric materials through electric-field-controlled polarization,offers distinct advantages including high efficiency,fast response,and ease of integration.This review outlines the thermodynamic principles and surveys the evolution of EC thermal management devices.Ceramic-based EC devices exhibit strong potential for high-power applications due to their high thermal conductivity and thermal stability,while polymer-based EC devices are suited for wearable and flexible integration because of their mechanical compliance and processability.This review further contrasts the design,actuation,and application profiles of these platforms.Despite notable progress,challenges remain in long-term stability,multi-physics coupling,miniaturized integration,and environmental adaptability.Advances in material understanding,device design,and intelligent system control will position EC technology as a key enabler of efficient,compact,and sustainable next-generation thermal management.
摘要Dear Friends,As we publish the first issue of 2026 for Energy Materi-als and Devices,I am pleased to address you as Editor-in-Chief.Over the past years,Energy Materials and Devices has achieved remarkable progress and steadily rise in academic influence and international visibility.Volume 4 in 2026 marks a new chapter for our journal,as Energy Materials and Devices has been indexed by ESCI,Scopus,Inspec,CAS,and DOAJ,selected as a COPE member journal and“High-Start New Journal”in Excellence Action Plan of China’s STM Journals.None of this would be possible without the trust of authors,the dedication of reviewers,the leadership of the editorial board,and the hard work of the publishing team.To each of you,I extend my deepest gratitude.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(Nos.2024JJ4022,2025JJ60382)the China Postdoctoral Fellowship Program(No.GZC20233205)+1 种基金the Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department,China(No.24B0270)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32201646).
摘要Transition metal sulfides(TMSs)are widely recognized as promising catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction(OER),yet their large–scale application is hindered by poor conductivity,severe aggregation and sluggish reaction kinetics.To address these issues,a ternary CoS2/FeS2/Ti3C2Tx hybrid is rationally constructed via a three–in–one strategy,which simultaneously achieves the support introduction,morphology modulation and heterojunction construction.Structural characterizations reveal a hierarchical architecture composed of 1D CoS2 nanorods,0D FeS2 nanoparticles and 2D conductive Ti3C2Tx nanosheets,wherein CoS2 and FeS2 form a distinctive 1D/0D heterojunction.Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that strong electronic coupling at the CoS2/FeS2 heterointerface accelerates electron transfer and optimizes the adsorption behavior of oxygen intermediates.Benefiting from the synergistic effects between the CoS2/FeS2 heterojunction and the conductive Ti3C2Tx support,the as–prepared CoS2/FeS2/Ti3C2Tx hybrid exhibits elevated conductivity,promoted dispersibility and accelerated reaction kinetics,thus resulting in markedly improved OER performance as compared to the control samples.Additionally,the CoS2/FeS2/Ti3C2Tx hybrid presents a remarkably low overpotential of 284 mV when used as the anode catalyst in a water–splitting device,demonstrating its outstanding applicability for overall water electrolysis.Overall,this work provides a viable strategy for engineering high–performance TMS–based electrocatalysts through heterointerface design and conductive support integration.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52103299)。
摘要With the global push for energy conservation and the rapid development of low-power,flexible and wearable optical displays,the demand for electrochromic technology has surged.Gel polymer electrolytes(GPEs),a crucial component of electrochromic devices(ECDs),show great promise in applications.This is attributed to their efficient ion-transport capabilities,excellent mechanical properties and strong adhesion.All of these characteristics are conducive to enhancing the safety of the devices,streamlining the packaging process,significantly improving the electrochromic performance of ECDs and boosting their commercial application potential.This review provides a comprehensive overview of GPEs for ECDs,focusing on their basic designs,functional modifications and practical applications.Firstly,this review outlines the fundamental design of GPEs for ECDs,encompassing key performance index,classification,gelation mechanism and preparation methods.Building on this foundation,it provides an in-depth discussion of functionalized GPEs developed to enhance device performance or expand functionality,including electrochromic,temperature-responsive,photo-responsive and stretchable self-healing GPE.Furthermore,the integration of GPEs into various ECD applications,including smart windows,displays,energy storage devices and wearable electronic,are summarized to highlight the advantages that the design of GPEs brings to the practical application of ECDs.Finally,based on the summary of GPEs employed for ECDs,the challenges and development expectations in this direction were indicated.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB3807105)National Natural Science Foundation of China(52090033)+3 种基金State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials(KF222318)Jiangsu Province Industry-University-Research Cooperation Project(BY2022799)Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(KYCX243534KYCX243521)。
摘要Photo-assisted flexible energy storage devices,combining photoelectric conversion and electrochemical energy storage,emerge as an innovative solution for sustainable energy systems.This review comprehensively summarizes recent advances in photo-assisted flexible energy storage technology,covering material design,working mechanisms,and practical applications.We systematically examine diverse electrode materials,such as metal oxides,metal sulfides,organic photosensitive materials,and composites,emphasizing their roles in boosting device performance.Special focus is placed on emerging technologies—including heterostructure engineering,surface modification,and intelligent control systems—that have notably enhanced energy conversion efficiency and storage capacity.The review also discusses current challenges,such as material stability,conversion efficiency,and standardization,and proposes strategic directions for future development.Recent breakthroughs in photo-assisted supercapacitors,lithium-based batteries,zinc-based batteries,and other innovative storage systems are critically assessed,offering key insights into their practical application potential in wearable electronics,self-powered sensors,and beyond.This comprehensive analysis establishes a framework for understanding the current status of photo-assisted flexible energy storage technology and guides future research toward high-performance,sustainable energy storage solutions.
基金Funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong(Nos.2014A030313241,2014B090901068,and 2016A010103003)。
摘要Two viologen derivatives containing fluorine substituent(F)with an asymmetric structures,1,1'-bis(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-[4,4'-bipyridine]dihexafluorophosphate(DFPV)and 1-benzyl-1'-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-[4,4'-bipyridine]di-hexafluorophosphate(Bn-FPV),were synthesized.These viologen derivatives as active materials were used to assemble both flexible and rigid electrochromic devices(ECDs).ECDs based on DFPV exhibited reversible color change from colorless to deep green and ECDs based on Bn-FPV exhibited reversible color change from colorless to blue-green within applied voltage.It was found that the devices based on DFPV showed cycle stability,which could still maintain more than 90% after 1000 cycles.In addition,the modulation rate of the device to the solar irradiance is also calculated to characterize its application potential in smart windows.Among them,the rigid device(R-DFPV)based on the DFPV has a large solar irradiance modulation rate of 54.66%,which has the potential to be used as smart windows.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52025055,52405627,52375576,52375575)the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi(Program.No.2022GXLH-01-12)+1 种基金the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2023NSFSC0461)the Fundamental Research Funds for Xi’an Jiaotong University(No.xtr072024039).
摘要The capability to consistently manufacture structures with sub-5 nm features has greatly accelerated scientific advancements in nanoscience and nanotechnology.However,most current methods are serial processes that are time-consuming and impractical for large-scale manufacturing at the sub-5 nm level.The challenge of achieving scalable and reproducible production of sub-5 nm structures poses a significant hurdle for both fundamental research and commercial implementations.In this review,we explore some representative sub-5 nm fabrication strategies,focusing on approaches that facilitate scalable and reproducible manufacturing.We highlight the most promising techniques such as extreme ultraviolet lithography,electron beam lithography,directed self-assembly and atomic layer lithography that hold potential breakthroughs in both research and industry,based on criteria such as resolution,scalability,reproducibility and their applicability in photonics such as surface-enhanced spectroscopies,terahertz science,and nonlinear optics,as well as in electronics such as quantum devices,molecular devices and memory devices.The evolution of scalable and reproducible sub-5 nm manufacturing methods will ultimately revolutionize next-generation devices,encompassing quantum technologies,neuromorphic computing chips,and the mass production of integrated circuits.
基金the School of Engineering and Built Environment at Anglia Ruskin University,UK,for the supportthe support of IRC-CSS and the Electrical Engineering Department,KFUPM,Saudi Arabia。
摘要We discuss recent progress in using machine-learning(ML)-enabled inverse design techniques applied to photonic devices and components.Specifically,we highlight the design of optical sources,including fiber and semiconductor lasers,as well as Raman and semiconductor optical amplifiers.Although inverse design approaches for optical detectors remain relatively underexplored,we examine optical layers,particularly metamaterial absorbers,as promising candidates for high-performance optical detection.In addition,we underscore advancements in inverse designing passive optical components,including beam splitters,gratings,and optical fibers.These optical blocks are fundamental in developing next-generation standalone optical communication systems and optical sensing networks,including integrated sensing and communication technologies.While categorizing various reported deep learning architectures across five paradigms,we offer a paradigm-based perspective that reveals how different ML techniques function within modern inverse design methods and enable fast,data-driven solutions that significantly reduce design time and computational demands compared with traditional optimization methods.