Perovskite solar cells(PSCs),with their outstanding performance of a certified efficiency exceeding 27%,have become the most promising candidates for industrialization among the third-generation photovoltaic technolog...Perovskite solar cells(PSCs),with their outstanding performance of a certified efficiency exceeding 27%,have become the most promising candidates for industrialization among the third-generation photovoltaic technologies.However,in the scale-up process from small-area devices in the laboratory to industrial-grade modules,the fall in efficiency and stability severely restricts the industrialization process of perovskite photovoltaics.This review systematically summarizes the research progress of largearea perovskite modules,with a focus on the application status of key functional layers such as perovskite absorber layers,carrier transport layers,and electrodes.Furthermore,we deeply analyze the technical challenges in terms of material selection,film deposition and device fabrication faced by each functional layer in the scale-up process.Finally,we propose a prospect with future research directions for large-area Perovskite solar modules(PSMs),aiming to provide references for promoting the industrial application of perovskite photovoltaic.展开更多
Due to their lightweight and flexibility,soft bionic robots are popular in deep-sea exploration.However,existing buoyancy materials lack optimal compatibility.This study proposes a flexible,pressure-resistant,multi-me...Due to their lightweight and flexibility,soft bionic robots are popular in deep-sea exploration.However,existing buoyancy materials lack optimal compatibility.This study proposes a flexible,pressure-resistant,multi-medium buoy-ancy module comprising a flexible cavity filled with a Hollow Glass Microsphere(HGM)-water mixture and introduces structured-grid thinking,which enables contour adaptation to complex bionic robot morphologies.The density and pressure resistance of the buoyancy modules were experimentally tested,and the effects of varying silicone hardness,wall thickness,and volume percentage of HGM in the mixture on the performance of the buoyancy modules were compared.The results indicate that the density of the buoyancy modules ranges from 0.751 to 0.964 g/cm3.Under a pressure of 30 MPa,the volume change rate of the buoyancy modules is between 1.74%and 2.13%.The effect of air content in the flexible cavity on buoyancy modules under high pressure was examined by comparing experimental findings with simulations.展开更多
Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have emerged as a promising candidate for next-generation photovoltaic technologies owing to their low fabrication costs and remarkable power conversion efficiencies(PCEs).Nevertheless,thei...Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have emerged as a promising candidate for next-generation photovoltaic technologies owing to their low fabrication costs and remarkable power conversion efficiencies(PCEs).Nevertheless,their commercialization is hindered by long-term stability issues,particularly the irreversible performance degradation caused by electrode corrosion and ion diffusion during prolonged operation.Here,we present a thermally evaporated non-noble metal electrode,a nickel(Ni)electrode,with exceptional intrinsic physicochemical stability as an alternative to conventional metal electrodes for highly stable perovskite devices.We demonstrate that the Ni electrode exhibits appropriate energylevel alignment and a higher charge migration barrier,endowing it with superior intrinsic stability compared to traditional copper(Cu)electrodes while effectively mitigating interfacial reactions between the perovskite layer and the metal electrode.Consequently,we achieve PCEs of 23.21%and 15.45%for smallarea devices and perovskite solar modules(PSMs,aperture area:113 cm2)based on Ni-electrode,respectively,representing the highest reported efficiencies for PSCs utilizing inert non-noble metal electrodes to date.More importantly,the encapsulated PSM retains 96.4%of its initial PCE after 1000 h of thermal aging at 65℃in ambient air,underscoring the exceptional operational stability of the proposed Nibased electrode system.展开更多
AE81 magnesium alloy castings for electric vehicle battery module ends were fabricated using high pressure die casting(HPDC).Effects of filling behavior and solidification sequence on the spatial distribution of micro...AE81 magnesium alloy castings for electric vehicle battery module ends were fabricated using high pressure die casting(HPDC).Effects of filling behavior and solidification sequence on the spatial distribution of microstructure and mechanical properties were systematically investigated.The results indicate that along the flow path toward the overflow gate,the area fraction of externally solidified crystals(ESCs)gradually decreases,and the average grain size becomes finer,resulting in a slight increase in yield strength.In addition,the pores'volume fraction significantly affects ductility and tensile strength,with the gate region exhibiting the highest porosity(0.74%)and thus the lowest elongation(4.3%)and ultimate tensile strength(218 MPa).In other regions,the porosity decreases to 0.33%-0.39%,resulting in increased elongation(6%-7%)and higher ultimate tensile strength(235-242 MPa).Analysis of the microstructure-property relationship reveals that the yield strength follows the Hall-Petch relationship,while elongation and tensile strength are negatively correlated with pore volume fraction.This finding elucidates the mechanism behind the formation of performance gradients in HPDC magnesium alloys and provides a theoretical basis for the design of lightweight components in new energy vehicles.展开更多
The development of high-efficiency,stable,and scalable perovskite solar cells/perovskite solar modules(PSCs/PSMs)highly depends on the performance and cost-effectiveness of functional layers such as electron transport...The development of high-efficiency,stable,and scalable perovskite solar cells/perovskite solar modules(PSCs/PSMs)highly depends on the performance and cost-effectiveness of functional layers such as electron transport layers(ETLs)and hole transport layers(HTLs).Among various deposition techniques,chemical bath deposition(CBD)has emerged as a promising low-cost,solution-based method for fabricating both ETLs and HTLs,offering advantages such as uniform film coverage and tunable material properties.In this review,we systematically summarize recent progress in employing CBD-based ETLs/HTLs in PSCs/PSMs,with an emphasis on film growth mechanisms,deposition procedures,scalable fabrication,interface engineering strategies,and device performance.Particular attention is devoted to widely used materials,including SnO2,TiO2,and CdS for ETLs,as well as NiOx for HTLs.The effects of key parameters in the CBD technique,such as precursor concentration,temperature,and deposition duration,on film morphology and overall device performance are critically evaluated.Furthermore,this review explores the integration of CBD-based ETLs/HTLs into scalable PSMs and assesses their impact on both efficiency and long-term stability.Finally,current challenges and prospects for leveraging the CBD technique in the commercial development of PSCs/PSMs are discussed.展开更多
Rice blast severely threatens grain yield and quality,and utilizing resistance genes to cultivate disease-resistant varieties is the most effective strategy for controlling this disease.Yuanjiang common wild rice from...Rice blast severely threatens grain yield and quality,and utilizing resistance genes to cultivate disease-resistant varieties is the most effective strategy for controlling this disease.Yuanjiang common wild rice from China is an important germplasm resource that retains many genes lost or absent in cultivated rice,making it valuable for mining blast resistance genes.展开更多
Two-dimensional transition metal sulfides(MS2)are regarded as promising cocatalyst for photocatalytic hydrogen(H2)production,but the intrinsic symmetric S-M-S module usually causes an improper adsorption/desorpt...Two-dimensional transition metal sulfides(MS2)are regarded as promising cocatalyst for photocatalytic hydrogen(H2)production,but the intrinsic symmetric S-M-S module usually causes an improper adsorption/desorption ability of Had on catalytic S atoms.Herein,the symmetry of S-Re-S modules in traditional ReS2is disrupted by incorporating selenium(Se)atoms,enabling the self-optimized electronic property of active S sites in asymmetric S-Re-Se modules for high performance photocatalytic H2production.Through a one-step photodeposition process,Se atoms were controllably and uniformly incorporated into a-ReS2nanoparticles,thereby forming a homogeneous amorphous ReSxSe2‒x(a-ReSxSe2‒x)cocatalyst on the TiO₂surface.It is found that incorporating Se atoms into amorphous ReS2(a-ReS2)structure creates massive asymmetric S-Re-Se modules and induces a steered electron transport from Se to S atoms,thus forming self-optimized electron-rich S(2+δ)‒sites in the a-ReSxSe2‒xcocatalysts.Furthermore,the electron-rich S(2+δ)‒centers interact with Had via a higher antibonding orbital occupancy,enabling a near-equilibrium Had adsorption/desorption energy for the efficient H2generation.Encouragingly,the photocatalytic H2-production performance of the optimized a-ReS1.2Se0.8/TiO2photocatalyst outperforms the a-ReS2/TiO2and a-ReSe2/TiO2samples by factors of 2.12 and 1.53,respectively.This work constructs new asymmetric active modules to induce self-optimized charge distribution in catalytic atoms,advancing the rational design principle of highly active photocatalysts for sustainable H2production.展开更多
Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)are widely recognized as a transformative technology for next-generation photovoltaics,given their exceptional promise for achieving high power conversion efficiencies(PCE),utilizing low-co...Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)are widely recognized as a transformative technology for next-generation photovoltaics,given their exceptional promise for achieving high power conversion efficiencies(PCE),utilizing low-cost raw materials,and enabling versatile fabrication routes[1,2].展开更多
The prospective cohort study by Twohig et al evaluates the efficacy of a novel educational video module(EVM)in promoting treatment engagement and reducing alcohol use among hospitalized patients with alcohol-associate...The prospective cohort study by Twohig et al evaluates the efficacy of a novel educational video module(EVM)in promoting treatment engagement and reducing alcohol use among hospitalized patients with alcohol-associated liver disease(ALD).Analyzing 42 patients,the study demonstrates that exposure to the EVM significantly increased rates of both pharmacologic(50%vs 22%)and psychosocial(73.8%vs 44%)treatment within 30 days of discharge,while markedly reducing the return to alcohol use(7.9%vs 35.6%)compared to a retrospective control cohort.These findings underscore the potential of a standardized,scalable educational intervention to bridge critical knowledge gaps in alcohol use disorder(AUD)management.While the study highlights the EVM as a powerful tool for patient empowerment and system-level quality improvement,its single-center design and limited sample size necessitate further validation through multicenter randomized trials.This article contextualizes these promising results within the broader challenge of AUD treatment,emphasizing the urgent need to integrate innovative,patient-centered education into standard clinical pathways to alleviate the growing burden of ALD.展开更多
A study by Twohig et al evaluated the impact of an educational video module(EVM)on the treatment of alcohol use disorder(AUD)in hospitalized patients with alcohol-related liver disease(ALD).This single-center prospect...A study by Twohig et al evaluated the impact of an educational video module(EVM)on the treatment of alcohol use disorder(AUD)in hospitalized patients with alcohol-related liver disease(ALD).This single-center prospective study involved 42 patients,and the results were compared with those of a retrospective control group.EVM increased the rates of pharmacological(50%vs 22%,P=0.0008)and psychosocial(73.8%vs 44%,P=0.001)treatments within 30 days posttreatment.The rate of alcohol relapse decreased significantly(7.9%vs 35.6%,P=0.003)after the intervention.All the participants recommended the EVM.These findings suggest that standardized educational interventions can address knowledge gaps and improve treatment engagement for AUD in patients with ALD.展开更多
Mango is a plant with high economic value in the agricultural industry;thus,it is necessary to maximize the productivity performance of the mango plant,which can be done by implementing artificial intelligence.In this...Mango is a plant with high economic value in the agricultural industry;thus,it is necessary to maximize the productivity performance of the mango plant,which can be done by implementing artificial intelligence.In this study,a lightweight object detection model will be developed that can detect mango plant conditions based on disease potential,so that it becomes an early detection warning system that has an impact on increasing agricultural productivity.The proposed lightweight model integrates YOLOv7-Tiny and the proposed modules,namely the C2S module.The C2S module consists of three sub-modules such as the convolutional block attention module(CBAM),the coordinate attention(CA)module,and the squeeze-and-excitation(SE)module.The dataset is constructed by eight classes,including seven classes of disease conditions and one class of health conditions.The experimental result shows that the proposed lightweight model has the optimal results,which increase by 13.15% of mAP50 compared to the original model YOLOv7-Tiny.While the mAP50:95 also achieved the highest results compared to other models,including YOLOv3-Tiny,YOLOv4-Tiny,YOLOv5,and YOLOv7-Tiny.The advantage of the proposed lightweightmodel is the adaptability that supports it in constrained environments,such as edge computing systems.This proposedmodel can support a robust,precise,and convenient precision agriculture system for the user.展开更多
Imbalanced category distributions in the training data can significantly affect the performance of point clouds segmentation models based on deep learning.However,point clouds often exhibit significant class imbalance...Imbalanced category distributions in the training data can significantly affect the performance of point clouds segmentation models based on deep learning.However,point clouds often exhibit significant class imbalance in urban environments.This imbalance causes the network to under-learn minority categories during training,making it difficult to identify these classes during prediction accurately and thereby limiting classification accuracy.To address this issue,we propose a Multi-scale Hybrid Attention network(MHAnet),which integrates the hybrid and the external attention module.The hybrid attention module captures multi-scale features and highlights key regions,improving the network’s capability to differentiate minority classes.The external attention module introduces global context and dynamically adjusts the distribution of feature weights to reduce the imbalance caused by category imbalance.Additionally,to further extract common features among similar categories,a hybrid loss function is introduced to balance the contribution of different categories during training.Experimental results on the Semantic3D showed that MHAnet achieved excellent performance in urban point cloud semantic segmentation,with an overall accuracy(OA)of 93.9%and a mean intersection over union(mIoU)of 71.13%,outperforming mainstream methods.展开更多
Microseismic(MS)monitoring is an effective technique to detect mining-induced rock fractures.However,recognizing grouting-induced signals is challenging due to complex geological conditions in deep rock plates.Therefo...Microseismic(MS)monitoring is an effective technique to detect mining-induced rock fractures.However,recognizing grouting-induced signals is challenging due to complex geological conditions in deep rock plates.Therefore,a hybrid model(WM-ResNet50)integrating data enhancement,a deep convolutional neural network(CNN),and convolutional block attention modules(CBAM)was proposed.Firstly,an MS system was established at the Xieqiao coal mine in Anhui Province,China.MS waveforms and injection parameters were acquired during grouting.Secondly,signals were categorized based on time-frequency characteristics to build a dataset,which was divided into training,validation,and test sets at a ratio of 4:1:1.Subsequently,the performance of WM-ResNet50 was evaluated based on indices such as individual precision,total accuracy,recall,and loss function.The results indicated that WMResNet50 achieved an average recognition accuracy of 94.38%,surpassing that of a simple CNN(90.04%),ResNet18(91.72%),and ResNet50(92.48%).Finally,WM-ResNet50 was applied to monitor the whole process at laboratory tests and field cases.Both results affirmed the feasibility and effectiveness of MS inversion in predicting actual slurry diffusion ranges within deep rock layers.By comparison,it was revealed that the MS sources classified by WM-ResNet50 matched grouting records well.A solution to address insufficient diffusion under long-borehole grouting has been proposed.WM-ResNet50′s accuracy was validated through in-situ coring and XRD analysis for cement-based hydration products.This study provides a beneficial reference for similar rock signal processing and in-field grouting practices.展开更多
The clinical efficacy of mRNA-based therapeutics is critically dependent on the structural integrity of the mRNA molecule,which in turn is governed by the efficiency and robustness of its manufacturing process.Unlike ...The clinical efficacy of mRNA-based therapeutics is critically dependent on the structural integrity of the mRNA molecule,which in turn is governed by the efficiency and robustness of its manufacturing process.Unlike conventional small-molecule synthesis,mRNA manufacturing relies on complex enzymatic cascades involving biomacromolecules with dynamic conformations as templates,intermediates,and catalysts.Key enzymatic modules,including plasmid linearization for DNA template preparation(Module 1),in vitro transcription(IVT)synthesis(Module 2),capping modification(Module 3)of mRNA,and different nucleases-aided removal of impurities(Module 4),are highly interdependent,each with specific catalytic enzymes and auxiliary cofactors.These modules present major engineering challenges of low efficiency and lack of modular compatibility across the multi-step enzymatic processes.Moreover,traditional approaches such as multienzyme immobilization or compartmentalization often fail to meet the demands of high-throughput,continuous and scalable manufacturing.This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the engineering of enzymatic modules for mRNA manufacturing,emphasizing challenges in catalytic regulation,module integration and process intensification.The potential strategies for improving reaction compatibility and enabling process integration and intensification are discussed,providing insights into future directions for engineering mRNA synthesis at scale.展开更多
Flexible perovskite solar cells have attracted considerable attention owing to their light weight,mechanical flexibility,and broad potential for applications.With their rapid development,research emphasis has progress...Flexible perovskite solar cells have attracted considerable attention owing to their light weight,mechanical flexibility,and broad potential for applications.With their rapid development,research emphasis has progressively moved from small-area devices toward flexible perovskite solar modules(F-PSMs).However,compared with rigid modules,studies on F-PSMs remain relatively limited,and the fabrication of flexible modules that are simultaneously effi-cient,stable,and compatible with industrial-scale production still represents a major challenge.In this review,we systematically summarize the fabrication techniques developed for F-PSMs and analyze and compare their effects on large-area film formation,device integration,module efficiency,mechanical durability,and operational stability.Finally,we discuss the commercialization prospects of F-PSMs and propose feasible strategies to promote their industrial-ization,aiming to provide useful guidance for their future development and practical applications.展开更多
Photo-rechargeable batteries(PRCBs)integrating both photovoltaic-conversion(PV)and energy-storage(ES)functions into a single device are an emerging research frontier,which facilitate the efficient and sustainable util...Photo-rechargeable batteries(PRCBs)integrating both photovoltaic-conversion(PV)and energy-storage(ES)functions into a single device are an emerging research frontier,which facilitate the efficient and sustainable utilization of green energy.However,the overall efficiency of PRCBs is limited by the dynamic mismatch between the PV module and the ES module.Herein,we fabricate a three-terminal PRCB by integrating a perovskite solar cell(PSC)with a p-i-n structure as the PV module and a Ni(OH)2-based asymmetric supercapacitor(ASC)as the ES module.The PV module is synergistically optimized by introducing a dipole molecule of 3-azetidinone hydrochloride(AOHCl)into the interface of the perovskite layer/electron transport layer to simultaneously passivate interface defects and construct a dipole layer,reducing carrier and energy losses during PV conversion and photo-charging.A three-dimensionalβ-Ni(OH)2 electrode is in situ grown,and a high-performance Ni(OH)2-based asymmetric supercapacitor is assembled.We implement an energy management strategy to investigate the matching between PV modules and ES modules and the photovoltaic charging process of PRCB.A universal relationship between the photo-charging working voltage(Vwork)of PRCB and the maximum power point voltage(VMPP)of the PV module is established.When Vwork slightly exceeds VMPP,the PV and ES modules realize an optimal matching,and the PRCB achieves the highest storage efficiency(ηstorage)and the overall efficiency(ηoverall).In our system,when the Vwork of the PRCB is set to 1.05 V,the PRCB achieves anηstorage of up to 97.13%and an ηoverall of 20.07%,which is the highest efficiency reported so far for the PSC-based PRCBs.展开更多
Understanding the electromagnetic compatibility of power modules in complex electromagnetic environments is critical for the safety of integrated modular avionics.However,fully testing the module against various Elect...Understanding the electromagnetic compatibility of power modules in complex electromagnetic environments is critical for the safety of integrated modular avionics.However,fully testing the module against various Electro Magnetic Interference(EMI)waveforms is time-consuming and labor-intensive.To address this challenge,we propose a deep-learning-based approach,termed Multi-waveform Transfer Learning(MWTL),building a unified model to predict module responses across multiple interference waveforms.MWTL utilizes a Convolutional Neural Network-Long Short-Term Memory(CNN-LSTM)architecture to effectively extract the temporal features and build the relation between the interference signals and the response signals.In addition,by leveraging shared features across different scenarios,a Transfer Learning(TL)strategy is applied,generalizing the model into unseen interference waveforms,thereby reducing the need for extensive training data in new tasks.The experimental results show that the proposed method delivers excellent predictive performance across various types of interference,maintaining high accuracy even with limited data.In particular,by transferring shared features from multitask learning to new tasks,the approach significantly reduces data requirements for new scenarios while preserving prediction accuracy.展开更多
P-type PbTe is one of the most representative high-performance thermoelectric materials,while the conversion efficiency of the fabricated module is limited by the relatively low zT of n-type PbTe.Here,we report the op...P-type PbTe is one of the most representative high-performance thermoelectric materials,while the conversion efficiency of the fabricated module is limited by the relatively low zT of n-type PbTe.Here,we report the optimization of Cu-doped n-type PbTe by tuning the ionic migration energy,aiming for the high-efficiency and robust modules.It is revealed that the strategy of lattice contraction,achieved by Ge/Se co-doping,preserves the excellent carrier mobility from interstitial Cu and suppresses the unstable transport at high temperature.In the optimized sample of Pb0.94Ge0.06Cu0.02Se0.04Te0.96,a superior average zT(300–823 K)of 1.04 and a high peak zT of 1.45 at 823 K are obtained.A remarkable conversion efficiency of 10.5%at a temperature difference of 500 K is achieved in the fabricated PbTe-based module.展开更多
This paper studies cosilting modules over Morita rings,the dual concept of silting modules in tilting theory.LetΛ=(BA MAAN BB),where A,B are rings,andANB,BMAare bimodules with M⊗AN=0=N⊗B...This paper studies cosilting modules over Morita rings,the dual concept of silting modules in tilting theory.LetΛ=(BA MAAN BB),where A,B are rings,andANB,BMAare bimodules with M⊗AN=0=N⊗BM.Using torsionfree class theories,we achieve a complete structural characterization of cosilting modules,generalizing known results for triangular matrix rings.Let X be a right A-module and Y be a right B-module.We mainly prove that(X,HomA(M,X),0,1)⊕(HomB(N,Y),Y,1,0)is a cosilting right A-module if and only if X is a cosilting right A-module and Y is a cosilting right B-module,HomA(M,X)is cogenerated by Y and HomB(N,Y)is cogenerated by X.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52302320)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2652026308)。
摘要Perovskite solar cells(PSCs),with their outstanding performance of a certified efficiency exceeding 27%,have become the most promising candidates for industrialization among the third-generation photovoltaic technologies.However,in the scale-up process from small-area devices in the laboratory to industrial-grade modules,the fall in efficiency and stability severely restricts the industrialization process of perovskite photovoltaics.This review systematically summarizes the research progress of largearea perovskite modules,with a focus on the application status of key functional layers such as perovskite absorber layers,carrier transport layers,and electrodes.Furthermore,we deeply analyze the technical challenges in terms of material selection,film deposition and device fabrication faced by each functional layer in the scale-up process.Finally,we propose a prospect with future research directions for large-area Perovskite solar modules(PSMs),aiming to provide references for promoting the industrial application of perovskite photovoltaic.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,Grant number:52442114).
摘要Due to their lightweight and flexibility,soft bionic robots are popular in deep-sea exploration.However,existing buoyancy materials lack optimal compatibility.This study proposes a flexible,pressure-resistant,multi-medium buoy-ancy module comprising a flexible cavity filled with a Hollow Glass Microsphere(HGM)-water mixture and introduces structured-grid thinking,which enables contour adaptation to complex bionic robot morphologies.The density and pressure resistance of the buoyancy modules were experimentally tested,and the effects of varying silicone hardness,wall thickness,and volume percentage of HGM in the mixture on the performance of the buoyancy modules were compared.The results indicate that the density of the buoyancy modules ranges from 0.751 to 0.964 g/cm3.Under a pressure of 30 MPa,the volume change rate of the buoyancy modules is between 1.74%and 2.13%.The effect of air content in the flexible cavity on buoyancy modules under high pressure was examined by comparing experimental findings with simulations.
基金the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(W2412077)the Innovation Project of Optics Valley Laboratory(OVL2025YZ004)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52473301,52502247)the Fundamental Research Support Program of Huazhong University of Science and Technology(2025BRB016)the State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources(LAPS25001)。
摘要Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have emerged as a promising candidate for next-generation photovoltaic technologies owing to their low fabrication costs and remarkable power conversion efficiencies(PCEs).Nevertheless,their commercialization is hindered by long-term stability issues,particularly the irreversible performance degradation caused by electrode corrosion and ion diffusion during prolonged operation.Here,we present a thermally evaporated non-noble metal electrode,a nickel(Ni)electrode,with exceptional intrinsic physicochemical stability as an alternative to conventional metal electrodes for highly stable perovskite devices.We demonstrate that the Ni electrode exhibits appropriate energylevel alignment and a higher charge migration barrier,endowing it with superior intrinsic stability compared to traditional copper(Cu)electrodes while effectively mitigating interfacial reactions between the perovskite layer and the metal electrode.Consequently,we achieve PCEs of 23.21%and 15.45%for smallarea devices and perovskite solar modules(PSMs,aperture area:113 cm2)based on Ni-electrode,respectively,representing the highest reported efficiencies for PSCs utilizing inert non-noble metal electrodes to date.More importantly,the encapsulated PSM retains 96.4%of its initial PCE after 1000 h of thermal aging at 65℃in ambient air,underscoring the exceptional operational stability of the proposed Nibased electrode system.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant Nos.2022YFB3709300,2021YFB3701000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52271090,52071036,U2037601,U21A2048)+1 种基金the Chongqing Science and Technology Commission,China(Grant Nos.CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0021,CSTC2024YCJH-BGZXM0164,CSTB2024TIAD-KPX0001)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant Nos.SKLMT-ZZKT-2022Z01,SKLMTZZKT-2022M12,2022CDJDX-002,2025CDJZKPT-05)。
摘要AE81 magnesium alloy castings for electric vehicle battery module ends were fabricated using high pressure die casting(HPDC).Effects of filling behavior and solidification sequence on the spatial distribution of microstructure and mechanical properties were systematically investigated.The results indicate that along the flow path toward the overflow gate,the area fraction of externally solidified crystals(ESCs)gradually decreases,and the average grain size becomes finer,resulting in a slight increase in yield strength.In addition,the pores'volume fraction significantly affects ductility and tensile strength,with the gate region exhibiting the highest porosity(0.74%)and thus the lowest elongation(4.3%)and ultimate tensile strength(218 MPa).In other regions,the porosity decreases to 0.33%-0.39%,resulting in increased elongation(6%-7%)and higher ultimate tensile strength(235-242 MPa).Analysis of the microstructure-property relationship reveals that the yield strength follows the Hall-Petch relationship,while elongation and tensile strength are negatively correlated with pore volume fraction.This finding elucidates the mechanism behind the formation of performance gradients in HPDC magnesium alloys and provides a theoretical basis for the design of lightweight components in new energy vehicles.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62474057 and 12104508)the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province,China(Grant No.2308085QE137)+3 种基金the Key Research and Development Plan of Anhui Province(Grant No.2023t07020005)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.JZ2024HGTB0249)the National College Student Innovation Training Program(Grant No.202510359014)the Scientific Research Program of the National University of Defense Technology(Grant No.ZK22-26)。
摘要The development of high-efficiency,stable,and scalable perovskite solar cells/perovskite solar modules(PSCs/PSMs)highly depends on the performance and cost-effectiveness of functional layers such as electron transport layers(ETLs)and hole transport layers(HTLs).Among various deposition techniques,chemical bath deposition(CBD)has emerged as a promising low-cost,solution-based method for fabricating both ETLs and HTLs,offering advantages such as uniform film coverage and tunable material properties.In this review,we systematically summarize recent progress in employing CBD-based ETLs/HTLs in PSCs/PSMs,with an emphasis on film growth mechanisms,deposition procedures,scalable fabrication,interface engineering strategies,and device performance.Particular attention is devoted to widely used materials,including SnO2,TiO2,and CdS for ETLs,as well as NiOx for HTLs.The effects of key parameters in the CBD technique,such as precursor concentration,temperature,and deposition duration,on film morphology and overall device performance are critically evaluated.Furthermore,this review explores the integration of CBD-based ETLs/HTLs into scalable PSMs and assesses their impact on both efficiency and long-term stability.Finally,current challenges and prospects for leveraging the CBD technique in the commercial development of PSCs/PSMs are discussed.
基金supported by the National Key Program of China(Grant No.2021YFD1200102-02)the National Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32560654)+3 种基金the Yunnan Provincial Seed Industry Joint Laboratory Project,China(Grant No.202205AR070001-01)the Yunnan Provincial Basic Research Special Youth Project,China(Grant No.202301AU070130)the Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Scientific Research Preliminary Project,China(Grant No.2024KYZX-09)the Open Project of the State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China(Grant No.SKL-KF202325).
摘要Rice blast severely threatens grain yield and quality,and utilizing resistance genes to cultivate disease-resistant varieties is the most effective strategy for controlling this disease.Yuanjiang common wild rice from China is an important germplasm resource that retains many genes lost or absent in cultivated rice,making it valuable for mining blast resistance genes.
摘要Two-dimensional transition metal sulfides(MS2)are regarded as promising cocatalyst for photocatalytic hydrogen(H2)production,but the intrinsic symmetric S-M-S module usually causes an improper adsorption/desorption ability of Had on catalytic S atoms.Herein,the symmetry of S-Re-S modules in traditional ReS2is disrupted by incorporating selenium(Se)atoms,enabling the self-optimized electronic property of active S sites in asymmetric S-Re-Se modules for high performance photocatalytic H2production.Through a one-step photodeposition process,Se atoms were controllably and uniformly incorporated into a-ReS2nanoparticles,thereby forming a homogeneous amorphous ReSxSe2‒x(a-ReSxSe2‒x)cocatalyst on the TiO₂surface.It is found that incorporating Se atoms into amorphous ReS2(a-ReS2)structure creates massive asymmetric S-Re-Se modules and induces a steered electron transport from Se to S atoms,thus forming self-optimized electron-rich S(2+δ)‒sites in the a-ReSxSe2‒xcocatalysts.Furthermore,the electron-rich S(2+δ)‒centers interact with Had via a higher antibonding orbital occupancy,enabling a near-equilibrium Had adsorption/desorption energy for the efficient H2generation.Encouragingly,the photocatalytic H2-production performance of the optimized a-ReS1.2Se0.8/TiO2photocatalyst outperforms the a-ReS2/TiO2and a-ReSe2/TiO2samples by factors of 2.12 and 1.53,respectively.This work constructs new asymmetric active modules to induce self-optimized charge distribution in catalytic atoms,advancing the rational design principle of highly active photocatalysts for sustainable H2production.
摘要Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)are widely recognized as a transformative technology for next-generation photovoltaics,given their exceptional promise for achieving high power conversion efficiencies(PCE),utilizing low-cost raw materials,and enabling versatile fabrication routes[1,2].
摘要The prospective cohort study by Twohig et al evaluates the efficacy of a novel educational video module(EVM)in promoting treatment engagement and reducing alcohol use among hospitalized patients with alcohol-associated liver disease(ALD).Analyzing 42 patients,the study demonstrates that exposure to the EVM significantly increased rates of both pharmacologic(50%vs 22%)and psychosocial(73.8%vs 44%)treatment within 30 days of discharge,while markedly reducing the return to alcohol use(7.9%vs 35.6%)compared to a retrospective control cohort.These findings underscore the potential of a standardized,scalable educational intervention to bridge critical knowledge gaps in alcohol use disorder(AUD)management.While the study highlights the EVM as a powerful tool for patient empowerment and system-level quality improvement,its single-center design and limited sample size necessitate further validation through multicenter randomized trials.This article contextualizes these promising results within the broader challenge of AUD treatment,emphasizing the urgent need to integrate innovative,patient-centered education into standard clinical pathways to alleviate the growing burden of ALD.
摘要A study by Twohig et al evaluated the impact of an educational video module(EVM)on the treatment of alcohol use disorder(AUD)in hospitalized patients with alcohol-related liver disease(ALD).This single-center prospective study involved 42 patients,and the results were compared with those of a retrospective control group.EVM increased the rates of pharmacological(50%vs 22%,P=0.0008)and psychosocial(73.8%vs 44%,P=0.001)treatments within 30 days posttreatment.The rate of alcohol relapse decreased significantly(7.9%vs 35.6%,P=0.003)after the intervention.All the participants recommended the EVM.These findings suggest that standardized educational interventions can address knowledge gaps and improve treatment engagement for AUD in patients with ALD.
基金supported by National Science and Technology Council(NSTC)Taiwan,Grant No.NSTC 113-2221-E-167-023.
摘要Mango is a plant with high economic value in the agricultural industry;thus,it is necessary to maximize the productivity performance of the mango plant,which can be done by implementing artificial intelligence.In this study,a lightweight object detection model will be developed that can detect mango plant conditions based on disease potential,so that it becomes an early detection warning system that has an impact on increasing agricultural productivity.The proposed lightweight model integrates YOLOv7-Tiny and the proposed modules,namely the C2S module.The C2S module consists of three sub-modules such as the convolutional block attention module(CBAM),the coordinate attention(CA)module,and the squeeze-and-excitation(SE)module.The dataset is constructed by eight classes,including seven classes of disease conditions and one class of health conditions.The experimental result shows that the proposed lightweight model has the optimal results,which increase by 13.15% of mAP50 compared to the original model YOLOv7-Tiny.While the mAP50:95 also achieved the highest results compared to other models,including YOLOv3-Tiny,YOLOv4-Tiny,YOLOv5,and YOLOv7-Tiny.The advantage of the proposed lightweightmodel is the adaptability that supports it in constrained environments,such as edge computing systems.This proposedmodel can support a robust,precise,and convenient precision agriculture system for the user.
基金Scientific Research Project of Hunan Provincial Department of Education(Key Project)(No.25A0147).
摘要Imbalanced category distributions in the training data can significantly affect the performance of point clouds segmentation models based on deep learning.However,point clouds often exhibit significant class imbalance in urban environments.This imbalance causes the network to under-learn minority categories during training,making it difficult to identify these classes during prediction accurately and thereby limiting classification accuracy.To address this issue,we propose a Multi-scale Hybrid Attention network(MHAnet),which integrates the hybrid and the external attention module.The hybrid attention module captures multi-scale features and highlights key regions,improving the network’s capability to differentiate minority classes.The external attention module introduces global context and dynamically adjusts the distribution of feature weights to reduce the imbalance caused by category imbalance.Additionally,to further extract common features among similar categories,a hybrid loss function is introduced to balance the contribution of different categories during training.Experimental results on the Semantic3D showed that MHAnet achieved excellent performance in urban point cloud semantic segmentation,with an overall accuracy(OA)of 93.9%and a mean intersection over union(mIoU)of 71.13%,outperforming mainstream methods.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52204089,52374082)the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program(No.2023QNRC001)by China Association for Science and Technology(CAST).
摘要Microseismic(MS)monitoring is an effective technique to detect mining-induced rock fractures.However,recognizing grouting-induced signals is challenging due to complex geological conditions in deep rock plates.Therefore,a hybrid model(WM-ResNet50)integrating data enhancement,a deep convolutional neural network(CNN),and convolutional block attention modules(CBAM)was proposed.Firstly,an MS system was established at the Xieqiao coal mine in Anhui Province,China.MS waveforms and injection parameters were acquired during grouting.Secondly,signals were categorized based on time-frequency characteristics to build a dataset,which was divided into training,validation,and test sets at a ratio of 4:1:1.Subsequently,the performance of WM-ResNet50 was evaluated based on indices such as individual precision,total accuracy,recall,and loss function.The results indicated that WMResNet50 achieved an average recognition accuracy of 94.38%,surpassing that of a simple CNN(90.04%),ResNet18(91.72%),and ResNet50(92.48%).Finally,WM-ResNet50 was applied to monitor the whole process at laboratory tests and field cases.Both results affirmed the feasibility and effectiveness of MS inversion in predicting actual slurry diffusion ranges within deep rock layers.By comparison,it was revealed that the MS sources classified by WM-ResNet50 matched grouting records well.A solution to address insufficient diffusion under long-borehole grouting has been proposed.WM-ResNet50′s accuracy was validated through in-situ coring and XRD analysis for cement-based hydration products.This study provides a beneficial reference for similar rock signal processing and in-field grouting practices.
摘要The clinical efficacy of mRNA-based therapeutics is critically dependent on the structural integrity of the mRNA molecule,which in turn is governed by the efficiency and robustness of its manufacturing process.Unlike conventional small-molecule synthesis,mRNA manufacturing relies on complex enzymatic cascades involving biomacromolecules with dynamic conformations as templates,intermediates,and catalysts.Key enzymatic modules,including plasmid linearization for DNA template preparation(Module 1),in vitro transcription(IVT)synthesis(Module 2),capping modification(Module 3)of mRNA,and different nucleases-aided removal of impurities(Module 4),are highly interdependent,each with specific catalytic enzymes and auxiliary cofactors.These modules present major engineering challenges of low efficiency and lack of modular compatibility across the multi-step enzymatic processes.Moreover,traditional approaches such as multienzyme immobilization or compartmentalization often fail to meet the demands of high-throughput,continuous and scalable manufacturing.This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the engineering of enzymatic modules for mRNA manufacturing,emphasizing challenges in catalytic regulation,module integration and process intensification.The potential strategies for improving reaction compatibility and enabling process integration and intensification are discussed,providing insights into future directions for engineering mRNA synthesis at scale.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:22475147Tianjin Natural Science Foundation,Grant/Award Number:24JCZDJC00510Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities。
摘要Flexible perovskite solar cells have attracted considerable attention owing to their light weight,mechanical flexibility,and broad potential for applications.With their rapid development,research emphasis has progressively moved from small-area devices toward flexible perovskite solar modules(F-PSMs).However,compared with rigid modules,studies on F-PSMs remain relatively limited,and the fabrication of flexible modules that are simultaneously effi-cient,stable,and compatible with industrial-scale production still represents a major challenge.In this review,we systematically summarize the fabrication techniques developed for F-PSMs and analyze and compare their effects on large-area film formation,device integration,module efficiency,mechanical durability,and operational stability.Finally,we discuss the commercialization prospects of F-PSMs and propose feasible strategies to promote their industrial-ization,aiming to provide useful guidance for their future development and practical applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Numbers:52372190,52372191,62541407,and22271106)。
摘要Photo-rechargeable batteries(PRCBs)integrating both photovoltaic-conversion(PV)and energy-storage(ES)functions into a single device are an emerging research frontier,which facilitate the efficient and sustainable utilization of green energy.However,the overall efficiency of PRCBs is limited by the dynamic mismatch between the PV module and the ES module.Herein,we fabricate a three-terminal PRCB by integrating a perovskite solar cell(PSC)with a p-i-n structure as the PV module and a Ni(OH)2-based asymmetric supercapacitor(ASC)as the ES module.The PV module is synergistically optimized by introducing a dipole molecule of 3-azetidinone hydrochloride(AOHCl)into the interface of the perovskite layer/electron transport layer to simultaneously passivate interface defects and construct a dipole layer,reducing carrier and energy losses during PV conversion and photo-charging.A three-dimensionalβ-Ni(OH)2 electrode is in situ grown,and a high-performance Ni(OH)2-based asymmetric supercapacitor is assembled.We implement an energy management strategy to investigate the matching between PV modules and ES modules and the photovoltaic charging process of PRCB.A universal relationship between the photo-charging working voltage(Vwork)of PRCB and the maximum power point voltage(VMPP)of the PV module is established.When Vwork slightly exceeds VMPP,the PV and ES modules realize an optimal matching,and the PRCB achieves the highest storage efficiency(ηstorage)and the overall efficiency(ηoverall).In our system,when the Vwork of the PRCB is set to 1.05 V,the PRCB achieves anηstorage of up to 97.13%and an ηoverall of 20.07%,which is the highest efficiency reported so far for the PSC-based PRCBs.
摘要Understanding the electromagnetic compatibility of power modules in complex electromagnetic environments is critical for the safety of integrated modular avionics.However,fully testing the module against various Electro Magnetic Interference(EMI)waveforms is time-consuming and labor-intensive.To address this challenge,we propose a deep-learning-based approach,termed Multi-waveform Transfer Learning(MWTL),building a unified model to predict module responses across multiple interference waveforms.MWTL utilizes a Convolutional Neural Network-Long Short-Term Memory(CNN-LSTM)architecture to effectively extract the temporal features and build the relation between the interference signals and the response signals.In addition,by leveraging shared features across different scenarios,a Transfer Learning(TL)strategy is applied,generalizing the model into unseen interference waveforms,thereby reducing the need for extensive training data in new tasks.The experimental results show that the proposed method delivers excellent predictive performance across various types of interference,maintaining high accuracy even with limited data.In particular,by transferring shared features from multitask learning to new tasks,the approach significantly reduces data requirements for new scenarios while preserving prediction accuracy.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFB3813800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants No.52272254 and 12504041)+3 种基金the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(GZC20250010)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation funded project(2024M763384)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Q24E020021)Ningbo Science&Technology Project(2023A-160-B).
摘要P-type PbTe is one of the most representative high-performance thermoelectric materials,while the conversion efficiency of the fabricated module is limited by the relatively low zT of n-type PbTe.Here,we report the optimization of Cu-doped n-type PbTe by tuning the ionic migration energy,aiming for the high-efficiency and robust modules.It is revealed that the strategy of lattice contraction,achieved by Ge/Se co-doping,preserves the excellent carrier mobility from interstitial Cu and suppresses the unstable transport at high temperature.In the optimized sample of Pb0.94Ge0.06Cu0.02Se0.04Te0.96,a superior average zT(300–823 K)of 1.04 and a high peak zT of 1.45 at 823 K are obtained.A remarkable conversion efficiency of 10.5%at a temperature difference of 500 K is achieved in the fabricated PbTe-based module.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12101003)the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province(Grant No.2108085QA07)the Natural Science Research Project of Anhui Educational Committee(Grant No.2022AH050961)。
摘要This paper studies cosilting modules over Morita rings,the dual concept of silting modules in tilting theory.LetΛ=(BA MAAN BB),where A,B are rings,andANB,BMAare bimodules with M⊗AN=0=N⊗BM.Using torsionfree class theories,we achieve a complete structural characterization of cosilting modules,generalizing known results for triangular matrix rings.Let X be a right A-module and Y be a right B-module.We mainly prove that(X,HomA(M,X),0,1)⊕(HomB(N,Y),Y,1,0)is a cosilting right A-module if and only if X is a cosilting right A-module and Y is a cosilting right B-module,HomA(M,X)is cogenerated by Y and HomB(N,Y)is cogenerated by X.