NaPi-IIb is a multiple passage protein membrane which is primarily responsible for phosphate uptake in the kidney and in the small intestine. Beyond its physiological functions, their involvement with carcinogenesis w...NaPi-IIb is a multiple passage protein membrane which is primarily responsible for phosphate uptake in the kidney and in the small intestine. Beyond its physiological functions, their involvement with carcinogenesis was initially described in mid-2003, due to its distinct level of expression in normal and tumor cells of the ovary. Although less common than cervical cancer, epithelial ovarian cancer is considered the most lethal gynecologic malignancy, which is mainly due to diagnosis in the advanced stages as a result of the absence of symptoms during the onset of the disease and the lack of tools for early detection. Here, we produce antibodies that are anti-synthetic peptides that are derived from the regions of second extracellular loop of NaPi-IIb, which is a non-overlapping portion of MX35 epitope. These two 15 distinct amino acid residue peptides, designated as Let#1 and Let#2, are engineered in a very thorough way to detect specific sites only in this isoform, thus excluding cross-reactivity with other carriers of the same family. The lack of immunogenicity of small peptides is surpassed by the conjugation with carrier proteins. Using immunochemical methods, we demonstrate that polyclonal antibodies that are mono-specific for the Let#1 and Let#2 peptides recognize proteins that express similar amino acid sequences during blood circulation. Additionally, using flow cytometry, we identify NaPi-IIb in NIH:OVCAR-3 cells. The clear identification of two shorter peptides on the extracellular loop of NaPi-IIb, which are far from the monoclonal antibody MX35-recognizing epitopes, adds new promising tools for ovarian cancer follow-up and staging.展开更多
Nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)inputs from human activities are major causes of water eutrophication.The Yangtze River Basin,being the most populous and economically developed region in China,suffers from severe water po...Nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)inputs from human activities are major causes of water eutrophication.The Yangtze River Basin,being the most populous and economically developed region in China,suffers from severe water pollution.This study calculates the grey water footprint(GWF)and grey water footprint pressure(Igrey)related to N and P for 131 prefecture-level cities in the Yangtze River Basin for 2020.We use ArcGIS spatial mapping to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of anthropogenic net N and P inputs,GWF,and Igrey.We explore the impact pathway of driving factors on water quality by using correlation heatmaps and structural equation modeling.The results show that:1)The grey water footprint of the Yangtze River Basin in 2020 was 6.37×1011 m3.The largest contribution is N leaching in farmland(47.1%),followed by livestock excreted N in grassland(34.4%)and N from human activities in built-up land(16.9%).The GWF from natural land was the smallest(1.5%).2)In 2020,the Igrey in the Yangtze River Basin was 2.13,with approximately 70%of prefecture-level cities in a violation of water quality standards(Igrey>1).The pollution areas were primarily concentrated in and around the urban agglomeration of Chengdu-Chongqing and middle reaches of the Yangtze.3)The water quality pathways and mechanisms in different pollution dominated areas are distinct.In crop-dominated areas,GDP1 has a positive impact on TN,TP,and EC through the Igrey-crop.In livestock-dominated areas,P/A has a negative impact on pH and DO through the Igrey-livestock.Therefore,we have successfully identified the water quality pathways and mechanisms in the Yangtze River Basin using Igrey.展开更多
摘要NaPi-IIb is a multiple passage protein membrane which is primarily responsible for phosphate uptake in the kidney and in the small intestine. Beyond its physiological functions, their involvement with carcinogenesis was initially described in mid-2003, due to its distinct level of expression in normal and tumor cells of the ovary. Although less common than cervical cancer, epithelial ovarian cancer is considered the most lethal gynecologic malignancy, which is mainly due to diagnosis in the advanced stages as a result of the absence of symptoms during the onset of the disease and the lack of tools for early detection. Here, we produce antibodies that are anti-synthetic peptides that are derived from the regions of second extracellular loop of NaPi-IIb, which is a non-overlapping portion of MX35 epitope. These two 15 distinct amino acid residue peptides, designated as Let#1 and Let#2, are engineered in a very thorough way to detect specific sites only in this isoform, thus excluding cross-reactivity with other carriers of the same family. The lack of immunogenicity of small peptides is surpassed by the conjugation with carrier proteins. Using immunochemical methods, we demonstrate that polyclonal antibodies that are mono-specific for the Let#1 and Let#2 peptides recognize proteins that express similar amino acid sequences during blood circulation. Additionally, using flow cytometry, we identify NaPi-IIb in NIH:OVCAR-3 cells. The clear identification of two shorter peptides on the extracellular loop of NaPi-IIb, which are far from the monoclonal antibody MX35-recognizing epitopes, adds new promising tools for ovarian cancer follow-up and staging.
基金supported by the Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation–Beijing Municipal Education Commission Joint Key Project[KZ20190028042].
摘要Nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)inputs from human activities are major causes of water eutrophication.The Yangtze River Basin,being the most populous and economically developed region in China,suffers from severe water pollution.This study calculates the grey water footprint(GWF)and grey water footprint pressure(Igrey)related to N and P for 131 prefecture-level cities in the Yangtze River Basin for 2020.We use ArcGIS spatial mapping to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of anthropogenic net N and P inputs,GWF,and Igrey.We explore the impact pathway of driving factors on water quality by using correlation heatmaps and structural equation modeling.The results show that:1)The grey water footprint of the Yangtze River Basin in 2020 was 6.37×1011 m3.The largest contribution is N leaching in farmland(47.1%),followed by livestock excreted N in grassland(34.4%)and N from human activities in built-up land(16.9%).The GWF from natural land was the smallest(1.5%).2)In 2020,the Igrey in the Yangtze River Basin was 2.13,with approximately 70%of prefecture-level cities in a violation of water quality standards(Igrey>1).The pollution areas were primarily concentrated in and around the urban agglomeration of Chengdu-Chongqing and middle reaches of the Yangtze.3)The water quality pathways and mechanisms in different pollution dominated areas are distinct.In crop-dominated areas,GDP1 has a positive impact on TN,TP,and EC through the Igrey-crop.In livestock-dominated areas,P/A has a negative impact on pH and DO through the Igrey-livestock.Therefore,we have successfully identified the water quality pathways and mechanisms in the Yangtze River Basin using Igrey.