Open-central canopy(OCC)has become the popular tree shape for arboreal apple orchards in full fruit period in the Loess Plateau of China.This study aimed to elucidate the physiological regulation mechanisms related to...Open-central canopy(OCC)has become the popular tree shape for arboreal apple orchards in full fruit period in the Loess Plateau of China.This study aimed to elucidate the physiological regulation mechanisms related to planting density optimization,photosynthetic performance enhancement,and fruit quality improvement in dense-canopy OCC apple orchards in the Loess Plateau of China through tree thinning practices at different intensities.This study used three planting densities of OCC apple trees as experimental materials.These include no thinning[NT,3 m(plant)×4 m(row)],low-intensity thinning[LT,i.e.,first thinning based on NT:4 m(plant)×6 m(row)],and high-intensity thinning[HT,i.e.,second thinning based on LT:6 m(plant)×8 m(row)].In three successive experimental years,changes in spatiotemporal variations of photosynthetically active radiation(PAR)intercepted by canopy,leaf gas exchange,gross photosynthetic rate(Pg),photorespiration rate(Pr),nonphotochemical quenching(NPQ)dark relaxation curves,antioxidant enzyme activity[ascorbate peroxidase,catalase and superoxide dismutase(SOD)],and fruit quality were carefully measured and compared.Results showed that compared with NT,LT increased PAR by 36%,maximum net photosynthetic rate under light saturation(Pnmax,P)by 30%,carboxylation efficiency(CE)by 37%,fruit soluble solid content(SSC)by 4%,and peel anthocyanin content(AC)by 20%.Moreover,LT enhanced the photoprotective capacity through elevated ratio of Pr to Pg under PAR of 2000μmol∙m-2∙s-1(52%),the reversible component in NPQ[r(qE),9%],and antioxidant enzymes(SOD 10%).Compared with NT,HT enhanced PAR by 71%,Pnmax,P by 67%,CE by 65%,SSC by 9%,and AC by 37%and boosted photoprotection through increased Pr/Pg(116%),r(qE)(11%),and SOD activity(29%).The Pearson Correlation Coefficients between PAR and the fruit quality indices(including single fruit weight,SSC,and AC)were 0.89,0.73,and 0.96,respectively.Single fruit weight and SSC were significantly and positively correlated with photosynthetic parameters(such as Pnmax,P and CE).In summary,after tree thinning,the light environment in the OCC of apple trees was remarkably improved,and the leaf photosynthetic and photoprotective capacities were enhanced,thus significantly boosting fruit qualities.In terms of the dose responses,high-intensity thinning demonstrated the most significant enhanced effects.展开更多
Although open-central canopy(OCC)is popular in apple(Malus×domestica)orchards in Loess Plateau of China,its relevant photosynthetic mechanisms have not been elucidated.In this study,changes in photosynthetically ...Although open-central canopy(OCC)is popular in apple(Malus×domestica)orchards in Loess Plateau of China,its relevant photosynthetic mechanisms have not been elucidated.In this study,changes in photosynthetically active radiation(PAR),gas exchange,chlorophyll fluorescence quenching and fruit quality in apple trees were measured in OCC and compared with those in the conventional condensed round and large canopy(RLC).Results showed that light intercepted at different orientations was 44%higher by OCC than that by RLC.The improved light environment within OCC remarkably increased leaf maximum net photosynthetic rate(Pnmax)and significantly decreased stomatal limitation.Under high light,the ratio of photorespiratory rate to gross photosynthetic rate(Pr/Pg)in OCC was higher than that in RLC.Moreover,reversible component in non-photochemical quenching(r(qE))was increased,while irreversible component(r(qI))was decreased in OCC than in RLC.As a result,the fruit quality in OCC was greatly boosted as evidenced by the significantly increased single fruit weight,fruit flesh firmness and fruit soluble solid contents and the sharply decreased fruit titratable acid contents.PAR intercepted by the canopy and the fruit soluble solid contents,leaf Pnmaxor single fruit weight were positively correlated,while PAR or Pnmaxwas negatively correlated with the fruit titratable acid contents.Accordingly,the improved crown light environment and the enhanced leaf photosynthetic performance and photoprotective capacity in OCC led to the boosted fruit quality.展开更多
随着开源项目的广泛应用,开发人员对第三方库(Third Party Library,TPL)的依赖日益加深,这在加速软件开发的同时,也可能引入TPL中的漏洞,给软件安全带来隐患。因此,准确识别项目依赖的第三方库成为软件工程领域的重要研究课题。当前,面...随着开源项目的广泛应用,开发人员对第三方库(Third Party Library,TPL)的依赖日益加深,这在加速软件开发的同时,也可能引入TPL中的漏洞,给软件安全带来隐患。因此,准确识别项目依赖的第三方库成为软件工程领域的重要研究课题。当前,面向C/C++语言的软件成分分析(Software Composition Analysis,SCA)方法主要分为基于TPL全局特征和基于TPL关键特征两类。其中,基于全局特征的方法虽然信息覆盖全面,但由于受到噪声干扰,存在特征鲁棒性差且检测开销大等局限性;为了捕捉TPL的细节特征以增强检测鲁棒性,基于关键特征的方法筛选具有TPL语义代表性的核心函数作为关键特征,但是由于缺乏语义信息的考虑,难以准确定位核心函数。针对上述问题,提出了一种基于中心性分析的软件成分分析方法(CentSCA)。该方法基于代码属性分别过滤重复函数、简单函数和常见函数等非核心函数,然后利用中心性分析方法对函数调用图中关键节点(函数)的捕捉能力,定位具有TPL核心语义的关键函数,进而实现软件依赖检测。为了验证CentSCA的有效性,本文构建了一个包含510个开源项目和1016条依赖关系的真实数据集,并对其进行了详细实验。实验结果显示,CentSCA取得了0.72的F1分数,相较于现有的SCA工具CENTRIS和OSSFP,分别提升了26%和5%。在真实项目的案例研究中,CentSCA相较于OSSFP使供应链漏洞检测的误报数量减少了35个,进一步验证了其在实际场景下的实用性。展开更多
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province(Grant No.202203021221163)the Key R&D Program of Shanxi Province(Grant No.202302140601010)+2 种基金Sci-Tech Achievements Transformation Program of Shanxi Province(Grant No.202104021301048)the Agricultural Sci-Tech Innovation Program of Shanxi Agricultural University(Grant No.CXGC2023030)the Industry Leading Program of Shanxi Agricultural University(Grant No.CYYL24-12).
摘要Open-central canopy(OCC)has become the popular tree shape for arboreal apple orchards in full fruit period in the Loess Plateau of China.This study aimed to elucidate the physiological regulation mechanisms related to planting density optimization,photosynthetic performance enhancement,and fruit quality improvement in dense-canopy OCC apple orchards in the Loess Plateau of China through tree thinning practices at different intensities.This study used three planting densities of OCC apple trees as experimental materials.These include no thinning[NT,3 m(plant)×4 m(row)],low-intensity thinning[LT,i.e.,first thinning based on NT:4 m(plant)×6 m(row)],and high-intensity thinning[HT,i.e.,second thinning based on LT:6 m(plant)×8 m(row)].In three successive experimental years,changes in spatiotemporal variations of photosynthetically active radiation(PAR)intercepted by canopy,leaf gas exchange,gross photosynthetic rate(Pg),photorespiration rate(Pr),nonphotochemical quenching(NPQ)dark relaxation curves,antioxidant enzyme activity[ascorbate peroxidase,catalase and superoxide dismutase(SOD)],and fruit quality were carefully measured and compared.Results showed that compared with NT,LT increased PAR by 36%,maximum net photosynthetic rate under light saturation(Pnmax,P)by 30%,carboxylation efficiency(CE)by 37%,fruit soluble solid content(SSC)by 4%,and peel anthocyanin content(AC)by 20%.Moreover,LT enhanced the photoprotective capacity through elevated ratio of Pr to Pg under PAR of 2000μmol∙m-2∙s-1(52%),the reversible component in NPQ[r(qE),9%],and antioxidant enzymes(SOD 10%).Compared with NT,HT enhanced PAR by 71%,Pnmax,P by 67%,CE by 65%,SSC by 9%,and AC by 37%and boosted photoprotection through increased Pr/Pg(116%),r(qE)(11%),and SOD activity(29%).The Pearson Correlation Coefficients between PAR and the fruit quality indices(including single fruit weight,SSC,and AC)were 0.89,0.73,and 0.96,respectively.Single fruit weight and SSC were significantly and positively correlated with photosynthetic parameters(such as Pnmax,P and CE).In summary,after tree thinning,the light environment in the OCC of apple trees was remarkably improved,and the leaf photosynthetic and photoprotective capacities were enhanced,thus significantly boosting fruit qualities.In terms of the dose responses,high-intensity thinning demonstrated the most significant enhanced effects.
基金supported by Chinese National Key R&D Program(Grant No.2016YFD0201118)Shanxi Province Key R&D Program(Grant No.201903D211001-24-1)+2 种基金Agricultural Sci-Tech Innovation Project Program of Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Grant No.YGC2019TD08-2)Agricultural Sci-Tech Innovation Research Program of Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Grant Nos.YCX2020402,YCX2020302)Prior Support Program of Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Grant No.YCX2018D2YS04)。
摘要Although open-central canopy(OCC)is popular in apple(Malus×domestica)orchards in Loess Plateau of China,its relevant photosynthetic mechanisms have not been elucidated.In this study,changes in photosynthetically active radiation(PAR),gas exchange,chlorophyll fluorescence quenching and fruit quality in apple trees were measured in OCC and compared with those in the conventional condensed round and large canopy(RLC).Results showed that light intercepted at different orientations was 44%higher by OCC than that by RLC.The improved light environment within OCC remarkably increased leaf maximum net photosynthetic rate(Pnmax)and significantly decreased stomatal limitation.Under high light,the ratio of photorespiratory rate to gross photosynthetic rate(Pr/Pg)in OCC was higher than that in RLC.Moreover,reversible component in non-photochemical quenching(r(qE))was increased,while irreversible component(r(qI))was decreased in OCC than in RLC.As a result,the fruit quality in OCC was greatly boosted as evidenced by the significantly increased single fruit weight,fruit flesh firmness and fruit soluble solid contents and the sharply decreased fruit titratable acid contents.PAR intercepted by the canopy and the fruit soluble solid contents,leaf Pnmaxor single fruit weight were positively correlated,while PAR or Pnmaxwas negatively correlated with the fruit titratable acid contents.Accordingly,the improved crown light environment and the enhanced leaf photosynthetic performance and photoprotective capacity in OCC led to the boosted fruit quality.
摘要随着开源项目的广泛应用,开发人员对第三方库(Third Party Library,TPL)的依赖日益加深,这在加速软件开发的同时,也可能引入TPL中的漏洞,给软件安全带来隐患。因此,准确识别项目依赖的第三方库成为软件工程领域的重要研究课题。当前,面向C/C++语言的软件成分分析(Software Composition Analysis,SCA)方法主要分为基于TPL全局特征和基于TPL关键特征两类。其中,基于全局特征的方法虽然信息覆盖全面,但由于受到噪声干扰,存在特征鲁棒性差且检测开销大等局限性;为了捕捉TPL的细节特征以增强检测鲁棒性,基于关键特征的方法筛选具有TPL语义代表性的核心函数作为关键特征,但是由于缺乏语义信息的考虑,难以准确定位核心函数。针对上述问题,提出了一种基于中心性分析的软件成分分析方法(CentSCA)。该方法基于代码属性分别过滤重复函数、简单函数和常见函数等非核心函数,然后利用中心性分析方法对函数调用图中关键节点(函数)的捕捉能力,定位具有TPL核心语义的关键函数,进而实现软件依赖检测。为了验证CentSCA的有效性,本文构建了一个包含510个开源项目和1016条依赖关系的真实数据集,并对其进行了详细实验。实验结果显示,CentSCA取得了0.72的F1分数,相较于现有的SCA工具CENTRIS和OSSFP,分别提升了26%和5%。在真实项目的案例研究中,CentSCA相较于OSSFP使供应链漏洞检测的误报数量减少了35个,进一步验证了其在实际场景下的实用性。