Long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter(PM2.5)may increase the risk of neurotoxicity in human populations.However,research studies on the underlying mechanisms of chronic PM2.5-induced depression-like be...Long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter(PM2.5)may increase the risk of neurotoxicity in human populations.However,research studies on the underlying mechanisms of chronic PM2.5-induced depression-like behaviors,and potential therapeutical strategies,remain scarce.In the present study,after long-term exposure to real-world PM2.5 for 15 weeks,male mice displayed depression-like behaviors,which were revealed using the open field and sucrose preference tests.Mechanistically,chronic PM2.5 exposure promoted astrocytic A1 polarization and disrupted reduction-oxidation balance in the mouse hippocampus.Furthermore,PM2.5-exposed mice displayed pathological damage to hippocampal neurons as well as the inhibition of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 signaling.Astrocytic ablation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 exacerbated PM2.5-induced hippocampal neuronal injury in mice via the disruption of astrocyte-to-microglia communication;this finding was confirmed in mice with bilateral and unilateral hippocampal astrocytic Nfe2l2 knockdown.Importantly,the upregulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 activation by procyanidin significantly ameliorated PM2.5-induced depression-like behaviors through the remodeling of astrocyte-to-microglia communication.Together,our findings shed light on the important role of hippocampal astrocytic nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 activation for maintaining astrocyte-to-microglia communication,and indicate potential research avenues for therapeutic strategies against PM2.5-induced depresson-like behaviors.展开更多
This paper presents a resolution reconfigurable two-step successive approximation register analog-to-digital(A/D)converter(ADC)with the pseudo-multiple sampling(PMS)and gain error calibration method for CMOS image sen...This paper presents a resolution reconfigurable two-step successive approximation register analog-to-digital(A/D)converter(ADC)with the pseudo-multiple sampling(PMS)and gain error calibration method for CMOS image sensors.The proposed ADC can be configured with 10-bit,11-bit and 12-bit by adjusting the number of 10-bit A/D conversions,thereby satisfying various demands in different situations.The PMS method enables the attainment of high-resolution ADC results by summing the conversion outputs of several low-resolution ADCs,thereby reducing the number of unit capacitors and the area of the capacitor array.A compensation technique is proposed to expand the quantization range and improve the effective resolution of the proposed ADC.A calibration method suitable for bottom-plate sampling is proposed,which reduces the gain error between reference voltages.Simulated in a 55 nm process,the proposed ADC in the 12-bit mode achieves a differential nonlinearity of+0.47/-0.50 least significant bit(LSB)and an integral nonlinearity of+0.75/-0.84 LSB at a sampling frequency of 3.497×105per second with the calibration.The effective number of bits reaches 11.63 bits.The area occupied by a single ADC column is 39.5μm×119.2μm and the power consumption is 62.8μW.展开更多
基金National Basic Research Plan Project of China,No.2023YFC3708303the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82241084the High-level Talent in Public Health of Beijing,No.Discipline Leaders-03-29(all to XL).
摘要Long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter(PM2.5)may increase the risk of neurotoxicity in human populations.However,research studies on the underlying mechanisms of chronic PM2.5-induced depression-like behaviors,and potential therapeutical strategies,remain scarce.In the present study,after long-term exposure to real-world PM2.5 for 15 weeks,male mice displayed depression-like behaviors,which were revealed using the open field and sucrose preference tests.Mechanistically,chronic PM2.5 exposure promoted astrocytic A1 polarization and disrupted reduction-oxidation balance in the mouse hippocampus.Furthermore,PM2.5-exposed mice displayed pathological damage to hippocampal neurons as well as the inhibition of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 signaling.Astrocytic ablation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 exacerbated PM2.5-induced hippocampal neuronal injury in mice via the disruption of astrocyte-to-microglia communication;this finding was confirmed in mice with bilateral and unilateral hippocampal astrocytic Nfe2l2 knockdown.Importantly,the upregulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 activation by procyanidin significantly ameliorated PM2.5-induced depression-like behaviors through the remodeling of astrocyte-to-microglia communication.Together,our findings shed light on the important role of hippocampal astrocytic nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 activation for maintaining astrocyte-to-microglia communication,and indicate potential research avenues for therapeutic strategies against PM2.5-induced depresson-like behaviors.
基金supported by Key Research Project of Jiangsu Province(No.BE2023019-3)Joint Project of Yangtze River Delta Community of Sci-Tech Innovation(No.2022CSJGG0402)。
摘要This paper presents a resolution reconfigurable two-step successive approximation register analog-to-digital(A/D)converter(ADC)with the pseudo-multiple sampling(PMS)and gain error calibration method for CMOS image sensors.The proposed ADC can be configured with 10-bit,11-bit and 12-bit by adjusting the number of 10-bit A/D conversions,thereby satisfying various demands in different situations.The PMS method enables the attainment of high-resolution ADC results by summing the conversion outputs of several low-resolution ADCs,thereby reducing the number of unit capacitors and the area of the capacitor array.A compensation technique is proposed to expand the quantization range and improve the effective resolution of the proposed ADC.A calibration method suitable for bottom-plate sampling is proposed,which reduces the gain error between reference voltages.Simulated in a 55 nm process,the proposed ADC in the 12-bit mode achieves a differential nonlinearity of+0.47/-0.50 least significant bit(LSB)and an integral nonlinearity of+0.75/-0.84 LSB at a sampling frequency of 3.497×105per second with the calibration.The effective number of bits reaches 11.63 bits.The area occupied by a single ADC column is 39.5μm×119.2μm and the power consumption is 62.8μW.