Promoting the high penetration of renewable energies like photovoltaic(PV)systems has become an urgent issue for expanding modern power grids and has accomplished several challenges compared to existing distribution g...Promoting the high penetration of renewable energies like photovoltaic(PV)systems has become an urgent issue for expanding modern power grids and has accomplished several challenges compared to existing distribution grids.This study measures the effectiveness of the Puma optimizer(PO)algorithm in parameter estimation of PSC(perovskite solar cells)dynamic models with hysteresis consideration considering the electric field effects on operation.The models used in this study will incorporate hysteresis effects to capture the time-dependent behavior of PSCs accurately.The PO optimizes the proposed modified triple diode model(TDM)with a variable voltage capacitor and resistances(VVCARs)considering the hysteresis behavior.The suggested PO algorithm contrasts with other wellknown optimizers from the literature to demonstrate its superiority.The results emphasize that the PO realizes a lower RMSE(Root mean square errors),which proves its capability and efficacy in parameter extraction for the models.The statistical results emphasize the efficiency and supremacy of the proposed PO compared to the other well-known competing optimizers.The convergence rates show good,fast,and stable convergence rates with lower RMSE via PO compared to the other five competitive optimizers.Moreover,the lowermean realized via the PO optimizer is illustrated by the box plot for all optimizers.展开更多
Introducing a combination of transcription factors such as Oct4,Sox2,Klf4 and c-Myc(OSKM)enables reprogramming which converts somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells(i PSCs)(Takahashi and Yamanaka,2006...Introducing a combination of transcription factors such as Oct4,Sox2,Klf4 and c-Myc(OSKM)enables reprogramming which converts somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells(i PSCs)(Takahashi and Yamanaka,2006).i PSCs play an important role in clinical and regenerative medicine because they can be utilized to model a specific disease or differentiate into functional cells for transplantation.Enhancing the efficiency of induction and improving the qualities of iPSCs are constant themes in this field.展开更多
Metal halide perovskite solar cells(PSCs)are revolutionizing next-generation photovoltaics by combining high efficiency with low-cost solution processing and flexible compatibility.Certified efficiencies now surpass 2...Metal halide perovskite solar cells(PSCs)are revolutionizing next-generation photovoltaics by combining high efficiency with low-cost solution processing and flexible compatibility.Certified efficiencies now surpass 27%,nearing the theoretical limit for single-junction cells and highlighting their strong potential for commercialization[1].In contrast to traditional silicon cells,which require high-temperature processing and rigid substrates,PSCs can be fabricated near room temperature using earth-abundant materials,significantly lowering energy consumption and production costs.However,their commercialization is hindered by a fundamental challenge:insufficient long-term operational stability.展开更多
Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)are widely recognized as a transformative technology for next-generation photovoltaics,given their exceptional promise for achieving high power conversion efficiencies(PCE),utilizing low-co...Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)are widely recognized as a transformative technology for next-generation photovoltaics,given their exceptional promise for achieving high power conversion efficiencies(PCE),utilizing low-cost raw materials,and enabling versatile fabrication routes[1,2].展开更多
Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have emerged as a highly promising photovoltaic technology,due to their impressive power conversion efficiency(PCE),cost-effective fabrication processes,and largescale scalability.In PSCs,t...Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have emerged as a highly promising photovoltaic technology,due to their impressive power conversion efficiency(PCE),cost-effective fabrication processes,and largescale scalability.In PSCs,the electron transport layer(ETL)plays a crucial role.C60 is widely used in inverted PSCs due to its excellent electron-acceptingability and environmental stability[1].However,the use of C60in PSCs faces several significant challenges[2].For instance,its low solubility and poor interface toughness lead to suboptimal interfacial electronic and mechanical properties.展开更多
Flexible perovskite solar cells(f-PSCs)hold great promise for next-generation wearable electronics,portable power sources and even space power systems.However,these applications are fundamentally limited by optoelectr...Flexible perovskite solar cells(f-PSCs)hold great promise for next-generation wearable electronics,portable power sources and even space power systems.However,these applications are fundamentally limited by optoelectronic degradation under mechanical strain.Although incorporating continuous polymeric networks enhances mechanical robustness,these insulating dielectric materials inevitably introduce carrier-transport barriers,leading to severe charge accumulation and a compromised fill factor(FF).Herein,we introduce 50-nm carboxyl-functionalized polymethyl methacrylate nanospheres(CPNs)to fundamentally decouple mechanical stress dissipation from interfacial carrier transport kinetics in inverted f-PSCs.Unlike continuous dielectric buffer layers,the CPNs self-assemble into a discontinuous nano-island network at the buried interface,maintaining unobstructed conductive pathways for efficient cross-interfacial charge transfer.Mechanically,the elastic nano-islands modulate the local strain field to efficiently dissipate mechanical and thermal stresses.Furthermore,the localized electrostatic field induced by the negatively charged carboxyl groups spatially repels electrons and accelerates hole extraction,profoundly suppressing non-radiative interfacial recombination.Consequently,the optimized f-PSCs achieve a power conversion efficiency exceeding 26%with a remarkably high FF of 0.845.The devices demonstrate outstanding structural and operational stability,exhibiting negligible degradation after 5,000 bending cycles at a 6-mm radius and retaining 96.3%of their initial efficiency after 200 thermal cycles(−60 to+80℃).This work provides a robust micromechanical and optoelectronic strategy for highly reliable flexible photovoltaics.展开更多
Polymeric hole transport layers(HTLs)are emerging as one of the most promising classes of hole transporting materials for inverted(p-i-n)perovskite solar cells,offering tunable molecular design,reliable film formation...Polymeric hole transport layers(HTLs)are emerging as one of the most promising classes of hole transporting materials for inverted(p-i-n)perovskite solar cells,offering tunable molecular design,reliable film formation,and potential for scalable processing.Within this class,fluorene-based polymers stand out due to their rigidπ-conjugated backbone,which imparts thermal stability and optical transparency,and the unique C9 substitution site,which enables precise control over solubility,morphology,interfacial chemistry,and energy alignment.By linking the fluorene core with alkyl,functionalized alkyl,vinylene,biphenyl/spiro,or in situ crosslinkable motifs,researchers have created a diverse family of HTLs that balance mobility,stability,and manufacturability.Recent studies show that well-engineered fluorene polymers can deliver power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)above 20%and retain over 90%of their initial performance after 1000 h of operational stress.Despite advances,challenges remain,as fabrication and stability inconsistencies hinder comparison,and few fluorene-based sys-tems combine efficiency,stability,and scalability.Bridging this gap will require systematic mapping of C9 substitution patterns to device metrics,hybrid designs that merge complementary traits,and ISOS-compliant benchmarking.This review provides a unifying framework to guide the development of next-generation fluo-rene-based polymeric HTLs for durable,commercially viable perovskite photovoltaics.展开更多
The improvement in efficiency and stability of inverted perovskite solar cells(PSCs)is primarily constrained by the charge-carrier and energy losses at the interface of perovskite active layer/charge-carrier transport...The improvement in efficiency and stability of inverted perovskite solar cells(PSCs)is primarily constrained by the charge-carrier and energy losses at the interface of perovskite active layer/charge-carrier transport layers.Herein,a kind of dipolar molecule,4-aminocyclohexanone hydrochloride(ACHCl),is introduced to the surface of perovskite films in PSCs with p-i-n structure.This surface modification ingeniously utilizes the surface defects of perovskite films to anchor the dipolar molecule,thus inducing surface polarization,which not only effectively reduces interfacial defects but also optimizes the energy-level alignment between the interfaces.Specifically,the carbonyl group and chloride ion on ACHCl anchors on the uncoordinated lead ion defects and fills in the halide vacancies on perovskite surface,respectively,which effectively alleviates the trap-state density,thereby reducing the carrier losses caused by defect-assisted recombination at the interface of perovskite layer/hole transport layer.Meanwhile,the anchoring effect of ACHCl facilitates the formation of a relatively ordered cation-dipole layer and induces surface polarization,resulting in more favorable energylevel alignment and enhanced charge-carrier extraction,ultimately reducing interfacial energy losses.Consequently,the effective reduction in interfacial losses facilitates the ACHCl-modified devices to achieve a power conversion efficiency of 26.12%and improved stability.展开更多
Marine heatwaves(MHWs)are intensifying globally,yet their ecological consequences in monsoon-driven tropical basins remain underexplored.Here,we assessed the spatiotemporal characteristics of MHWs in the Bay of Bengal...Marine heatwaves(MHWs)are intensifying globally,yet their ecological consequences in monsoon-driven tropical basins remain underexplored.Here,we assessed the spatiotemporal characteristics of MHWs in the Bay of Bengal(Bo B)and their impacts on surface chlorophyll a(Chl a)and phytoplankton size classes(PSCs)during the summer and winter monsoon seasons.Using long-term satellite-derived sea surface temperature,ocean color,and physical reanalysis data from 1982 to 2022,we identified a significant increase in MHW frequency(16 d per decade),intensity(0.07℃per decade),and duration(1.9 d per decade),with the highest cumulative intensity concentrated in the northeastern Bo B.MHWs were associated with widespread negative Chl a anomalies across the basin,driven by suppressed vertical nutrient supply resulting from weakened winds,shoaled mixed layers,and reduced mesoscale eddy activity.Notably,positive Chl a anomalies occurred in some nearshore regions during summer,coinciding with sustained riverine nutrient input.Phytoplankton communities exhibited a consistent shift toward smaller size classes,particularly pico-and nanophytoplankton,reflecting adaptive responses to nutrient limitation and stratification.Seasonal contrasts were evident,with winter MHWs producing stronger and more persistent biological impacts than those in summer.These findings highlight the role of compound physical processes in driving ecosystem responses to extreme ocean warming.As MHWs continue to intensify under climate change,their influence on phytoplankton biomass and size structure may alter trophic dynamics and carbon cycling in one of the world's most stratified and sensitive tropical marine systems.展开更多
Ion migration and electrode corrosion limit the operational stability of perovskite solar cells(PSCs),hindering their commercialization.Herein,we demonstrate that Nb2O5films effectively address these challenges ...Ion migration and electrode corrosion limit the operational stability of perovskite solar cells(PSCs),hindering their commercialization.Herein,we demonstrate that Nb2O5films effectively address these challenges when incorporated as buffer layers between the electron transport layer(ETL)and the metal electrode.Electrochemical analysis combined with density functional theory(DFT)calculations reveals that Nb2O5exhibits exceptional corrosion resistance against iodide-induced degradation,effectively blocking bidirectional diffusion of iodide ions and metal atoms.Furthermore,the Nb2O5buffer layer optimizes energy band alignment and interfacial contact,strengthens the built-in electric field,and suppresses non-radiative recombination,enabling efficient electron extraction.As a result of these synergistic effects,the Nb2O5modified PSCs achieve a champion power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 25.85%,with an open-circuit voltage of 1.194 V and a fill factor of 85.35%,significantly outperforming the control device with a PCE of 23.97%.The Nb2O5modified devices demonstrate excellent operational stability.The device retains 94%of its initial PCE after 500 h of maximum power point(MPP)tracking under ambient conditions with 60-65%relative humidity.This cost-effective approach establishes oxide buffer layers as a practical strategy to advance the commercial viability of PSCs,and provides fundamental insights into interface corrosion mechanisms and engineering principles of ETL/electrode interfaces for long-term device stability.展开更多
Piezoelectric semiconductor(PSC)materials exhibit strong electromechanical coupling affected by free carriers,which makes their contact behavior essential for sensors,actuators,and electronic devices.Analytical models...Piezoelectric semiconductor(PSC)materials exhibit strong electromechanical coupling affected by free carriers,which makes their contact behavior essential for sensors,actuators,and electronic devices.Analytical models for three-dimensional(3D)PSC contact problems are still scarce,especially for conductive indenters.This work develops a semi-analytical framework to study the 3D frictionless contact between a conductive indenter and a PSC half-space.Fundamental solutions under a unit force and a unit electric charge are derived,and the corresponding frequency response functions are combined with a discrete convolution-fast Fourier transform(DC-FFT)algorithm to achieve an efficient semi-analytical contact model.The numerical results demonstrate that an increase in the surface charge density reduces the indentation pressure and modifies the electric potential distribution.A higher steady carrier concentration enhances the screening effect,suppresses the electromechanical coupling,and shifts the system response toward purely elastic behaviors.The sensitivity analysis shows that the indentation depth is dominated by the elastic constants,while the electric potential is mainly affected by the piezoelectric coefficient.Although the analysis is carried out with spherical indenters,the model is not limited to a specific indenter shape.It provides an effective tool for investigating complex 3D PSC contact problems and offers useful insights into the design of PSC materials-based devices.展开更多
In comparison with inorganic solar cells, polymer solar cells (PSCs) possess the advantages of light weight and po- tential low-cost production technology such as roll-to-roll printing production. And the power conv...In comparison with inorganic solar cells, polymer solar cells (PSCs) possess the advantages of light weight and po- tential low-cost production technology such as roll-to-roll printing production. And the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the PSCs reached ca. 10% recently. However, the high PCE is limited to the PSCs with the low bandgap pol- ymer PBDTTTs as donor and PCTOBM as acceptor, and the optimized active layer thickness of the high efficiency PSCs is usually less than 100 nm. The dominant acceptor of PCTOBM places serious limitation on the development of the polymer donor materials to match with PC70BM, and the thin active layer makes large area fabrication of the PSCs very difficult.展开更多
Cesium lead iodide(CsPbI3)is widely employed as the absorber material for perovskite solar cells(PSC)with its excellent photothermal stability.Here,an electron transport layer(ETL)-free CsPbI3 PSC was modeled using th...Cesium lead iodide(CsPbI3)is widely employed as the absorber material for perovskite solar cells(PSC)with its excellent photothermal stability.Here,an electron transport layer(ETL)-free CsPbI3 PSC was modeled using the solar cell capacitance simulator(SCAPS)program.The simulation involves a series of parameters optimization,including the thickness,doping concentration,defect density and permittivity of the fluorine-doped tin oxide(FTO)electrode,the hole transport layer(HTL),and the perovskite(PVK)layer.Additionally,the defect density at the FTO/PVK interface and the PVK/HTL interface were considered.The study revealed that the power conversion efficiency(PCE)of the device is significantly affected by variations in the parameters of the PVK layer,especially the thickness and defect density.Moreover,the defect density at the contact interfaces also notably influences the device efficiency.After systematic computational optimization,the best device exhibited an open-circuit voltage(VOC)of 1.16 V,a short-circuit current(JSC)of 21.52 mA/cm2,a fill factor(FF)of 87.83%,and a PCE of 21.9%,which is close to the full-structured device reported in experiment,demonstrating the potential of all inorganic PSCs with simplified structures.展开更多
基金supported via funding from Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University project number(PSAU/2025/R/1446).
摘要Promoting the high penetration of renewable energies like photovoltaic(PV)systems has become an urgent issue for expanding modern power grids and has accomplished several challenges compared to existing distribution grids.This study measures the effectiveness of the Puma optimizer(PO)algorithm in parameter estimation of PSC(perovskite solar cells)dynamic models with hysteresis consideration considering the electric field effects on operation.The models used in this study will incorporate hysteresis effects to capture the time-dependent behavior of PSCs accurately.The PO optimizes the proposed modified triple diode model(TDM)with a variable voltage capacitor and resistances(VVCARs)considering the hysteresis behavior.The suggested PO algorithm contrasts with other wellknown optimizers from the literature to demonstrate its superiority.The results emphasize that the PO realizes a lower RMSE(Root mean square errors),which proves its capability and efficacy in parameter extraction for the models.The statistical results emphasize the efficiency and supremacy of the proposed PO compared to the other well-known competing optimizers.The convergence rates show good,fast,and stable convergence rates with lower RMSE via PO compared to the other five competitive optimizers.Moreover,the lowermean realized via the PO optimizer is illustrated by the box plot for all optimizers.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. XDA01020102)the grant from the Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81225004)
摘要Introducing a combination of transcription factors such as Oct4,Sox2,Klf4 and c-Myc(OSKM)enables reprogramming which converts somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells(i PSCs)(Takahashi and Yamanaka,2006).i PSCs play an important role in clinical and regenerative medicine because they can be utilized to model a specific disease or differentiate into functional cells for transplantation.Enhancing the efficiency of induction and improving the qualities of iPSCs are constant themes in this field.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.W2412114,22279059)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20240083)+5 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.30925020113)the Basic Research Program of Jiangsu(No.BK20251428)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2025M784315)the Fundamental Research Funds of Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Artificially-Structured Functional Materials and Devicesthe National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2025YFE0111800)support from the NJUST Large Instrument Equipment Open Fund。
摘要Metal halide perovskite solar cells(PSCs)are revolutionizing next-generation photovoltaics by combining high efficiency with low-cost solution processing and flexible compatibility.Certified efficiencies now surpass 27%,nearing the theoretical limit for single-junction cells and highlighting their strong potential for commercialization[1].In contrast to traditional silicon cells,which require high-temperature processing and rigid substrates,PSCs can be fabricated near room temperature using earth-abundant materials,significantly lowering energy consumption and production costs.However,their commercialization is hindered by a fundamental challenge:insufficient long-term operational stability.
摘要Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)are widely recognized as a transformative technology for next-generation photovoltaics,given their exceptional promise for achieving high power conversion efficiencies(PCE),utilizing low-cost raw materials,and enabling versatile fabrication routes[1,2].
基金funding support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52172205)the Scientific Research Project of Hubei University of Science and Technology(Nos.2020–22GP08,2024–2025X08).
摘要Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have emerged as a highly promising photovoltaic technology,due to their impressive power conversion efficiency(PCE),cost-effective fabrication processes,and largescale scalability.In PSCs,the electron transport layer(ETL)plays a crucial role.C60 is widely used in inverted PSCs due to its excellent electron-acceptingability and environmental stability[1].However,the use of C60in PSCs faces several significant challenges[2].For instance,its low solubility and poor interface toughness lead to suboptimal interfacial electronic and mechanical properties.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U24A6003,52361145847,52227803)`the Beijing Natural Science Foundation-Huairou Innovation Joint Funding(Grant No.L245005).
摘要Flexible perovskite solar cells(f-PSCs)hold great promise for next-generation wearable electronics,portable power sources and even space power systems.However,these applications are fundamentally limited by optoelectronic degradation under mechanical strain.Although incorporating continuous polymeric networks enhances mechanical robustness,these insulating dielectric materials inevitably introduce carrier-transport barriers,leading to severe charge accumulation and a compromised fill factor(FF).Herein,we introduce 50-nm carboxyl-functionalized polymethyl methacrylate nanospheres(CPNs)to fundamentally decouple mechanical stress dissipation from interfacial carrier transport kinetics in inverted f-PSCs.Unlike continuous dielectric buffer layers,the CPNs self-assemble into a discontinuous nano-island network at the buried interface,maintaining unobstructed conductive pathways for efficient cross-interfacial charge transfer.Mechanically,the elastic nano-islands modulate the local strain field to efficiently dissipate mechanical and thermal stresses.Furthermore,the localized electrostatic field induced by the negatively charged carboxyl groups spatially repels electrons and accelerates hole extraction,profoundly suppressing non-radiative interfacial recombination.Consequently,the optimized f-PSCs achieve a power conversion efficiency exceeding 26%with a remarkably high FF of 0.845.The devices demonstrate outstanding structural and operational stability,exhibiting negligible degradation after 5,000 bending cycles at a 6-mm radius and retaining 96.3%of their initial efficiency after 200 thermal cycles(−60 to+80℃).This work provides a robust micromechanical and optoelectronic strategy for highly reliable flexible photovoltaics.
基金P.G.and S.O.acknowledge the financial support from the Bilateral Project CNR-NSFC(2024/2025,No.52311530673)P.G.thanks Xiamen Independent Deployment Project,Frontier Technology Innovation,2023CX03+1 种基金Xiamen Natural Science Foundation Project,2024,3502Z202473100A.R.B.M.Y.and P.G.also acknowledge Universiti Teknologi Malaysia AJ090000.6700.09453-Tabung Pembayaran Lantikan Skim Prominent Visiting Researcher Scheme JTNCPI.
摘要Polymeric hole transport layers(HTLs)are emerging as one of the most promising classes of hole transporting materials for inverted(p-i-n)perovskite solar cells,offering tunable molecular design,reliable film formation,and potential for scalable processing.Within this class,fluorene-based polymers stand out due to their rigidπ-conjugated backbone,which imparts thermal stability and optical transparency,and the unique C9 substitution site,which enables precise control over solubility,morphology,interfacial chemistry,and energy alignment.By linking the fluorene core with alkyl,functionalized alkyl,vinylene,biphenyl/spiro,or in situ crosslinkable motifs,researchers have created a diverse family of HTLs that balance mobility,stability,and manufacturability.Recent studies show that well-engineered fluorene polymers can deliver power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)above 20%and retain over 90%of their initial performance after 1000 h of operational stress.Despite advances,challenges remain,as fabrication and stability inconsistencies hinder comparison,and few fluorene-based sys-tems combine efficiency,stability,and scalability.Bridging this gap will require systematic mapping of C9 substitution patterns to device metrics,hybrid designs that merge complementary traits,and ISOS-compliant benchmarking.This review provides a unifying framework to guide the development of next-generation fluo-rene-based polymeric HTLs for durable,commercially viable perovskite photovoltaics.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52372190,52372191,51972123,62541407,and 22271106).
摘要The improvement in efficiency and stability of inverted perovskite solar cells(PSCs)is primarily constrained by the charge-carrier and energy losses at the interface of perovskite active layer/charge-carrier transport layers.Herein,a kind of dipolar molecule,4-aminocyclohexanone hydrochloride(ACHCl),is introduced to the surface of perovskite films in PSCs with p-i-n structure.This surface modification ingeniously utilizes the surface defects of perovskite films to anchor the dipolar molecule,thus inducing surface polarization,which not only effectively reduces interfacial defects but also optimizes the energy-level alignment between the interfaces.Specifically,the carbonyl group and chloride ion on ACHCl anchors on the uncoordinated lead ion defects and fills in the halide vacancies on perovskite surface,respectively,which effectively alleviates the trap-state density,thereby reducing the carrier losses caused by defect-assisted recombination at the interface of perovskite layer/hole transport layer.Meanwhile,the anchoring effect of ACHCl facilitates the formation of a relatively ordered cation-dipole layer and induces surface polarization,resulting in more favorable energylevel alignment and enhanced charge-carrier extraction,ultimately reducing interfacial energy losses.Consequently,the effective reduction in interfacial losses facilitates the ACHCl-modified devices to achieve a power conversion efficiency of 26.12%and improved stability.
基金The Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)Nos SML2021SP308,SML2024SP023,and SML2024SP029the National Natural Science Foundation of China Nos42176173,42476168,and 42406172the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation No.2023A1515110837。
摘要Marine heatwaves(MHWs)are intensifying globally,yet their ecological consequences in monsoon-driven tropical basins remain underexplored.Here,we assessed the spatiotemporal characteristics of MHWs in the Bay of Bengal(Bo B)and their impacts on surface chlorophyll a(Chl a)and phytoplankton size classes(PSCs)during the summer and winter monsoon seasons.Using long-term satellite-derived sea surface temperature,ocean color,and physical reanalysis data from 1982 to 2022,we identified a significant increase in MHW frequency(16 d per decade),intensity(0.07℃per decade),and duration(1.9 d per decade),with the highest cumulative intensity concentrated in the northeastern Bo B.MHWs were associated with widespread negative Chl a anomalies across the basin,driven by suppressed vertical nutrient supply resulting from weakened winds,shoaled mixed layers,and reduced mesoscale eddy activity.Notably,positive Chl a anomalies occurred in some nearshore regions during summer,coinciding with sustained riverine nutrient input.Phytoplankton communities exhibited a consistent shift toward smaller size classes,particularly pico-and nanophytoplankton,reflecting adaptive responses to nutrient limitation and stratification.Seasonal contrasts were evident,with winter MHWs producing stronger and more persistent biological impacts than those in summer.These findings highlight the role of compound physical processes in driving ecosystem responses to extreme ocean warming.As MHWs continue to intensify under climate change,their influence on phytoplankton biomass and size structure may alter trophic dynamics and carbon cycling in one of the world's most stratified and sensitive tropical marine systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52172238,52102304)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2025A1515011362)+1 种基金Open Project of Shaanxi Laboratory of Aerospace Power(2021SXSYS-01-03)“Special Lubrication and Sealing for Aerospace”Shaanxi Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Team(2024RS-CXTD-63)。
摘要Ion migration and electrode corrosion limit the operational stability of perovskite solar cells(PSCs),hindering their commercialization.Herein,we demonstrate that Nb2O5films effectively address these challenges when incorporated as buffer layers between the electron transport layer(ETL)and the metal electrode.Electrochemical analysis combined with density functional theory(DFT)calculations reveals that Nb2O5exhibits exceptional corrosion resistance against iodide-induced degradation,effectively blocking bidirectional diffusion of iodide ions and metal atoms.Furthermore,the Nb2O5buffer layer optimizes energy band alignment and interfacial contact,strengthens the built-in electric field,and suppresses non-radiative recombination,enabling efficient electron extraction.As a result of these synergistic effects,the Nb2O5modified PSCs achieve a champion power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 25.85%,with an open-circuit voltage of 1.194 V and a fill factor of 85.35%,significantly outperforming the control device with a PCE of 23.97%.The Nb2O5modified devices demonstrate excellent operational stability.The device retains 94%of its initial PCE after 500 h of maximum power point(MPP)tracking under ambient conditions with 60-65%relative humidity.This cost-effective approach establishes oxide buffer layers as a practical strategy to advance the commercial viability of PSCs,and provides fundamental insights into interface corrosion mechanisms and engineering principles of ETL/electrode interfaces for long-term device stability.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12402113)the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(No.2024NSFSC0037)。
摘要Piezoelectric semiconductor(PSC)materials exhibit strong electromechanical coupling affected by free carriers,which makes their contact behavior essential for sensors,actuators,and electronic devices.Analytical models for three-dimensional(3D)PSC contact problems are still scarce,especially for conductive indenters.This work develops a semi-analytical framework to study the 3D frictionless contact between a conductive indenter and a PSC half-space.Fundamental solutions under a unit force and a unit electric charge are derived,and the corresponding frequency response functions are combined with a discrete convolution-fast Fourier transform(DC-FFT)algorithm to achieve an efficient semi-analytical contact model.The numerical results demonstrate that an increase in the surface charge density reduces the indentation pressure and modifies the electric potential distribution.A higher steady carrier concentration enhances the screening effect,suppresses the electromechanical coupling,and shifts the system response toward purely elastic behaviors.The sensitivity analysis shows that the indentation depth is dominated by the elastic constants,while the electric potential is mainly affected by the piezoelectric coefficient.Although the analysis is carried out with spherical indenters,the model is not limited to a specific indenter shape.It provides an effective tool for investigating complex 3D PSC contact problems and offers useful insights into the design of PSC materials-based devices.
摘要In comparison with inorganic solar cells, polymer solar cells (PSCs) possess the advantages of light weight and po- tential low-cost production technology such as roll-to-roll printing production. And the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the PSCs reached ca. 10% recently. However, the high PCE is limited to the PSCs with the low bandgap pol- ymer PBDTTTs as donor and PCTOBM as acceptor, and the optimized active layer thickness of the high efficiency PSCs is usually less than 100 nm. The dominant acceptor of PCTOBM places serious limitation on the development of the polymer donor materials to match with PC70BM, and the thin active layer makes large area fabrication of the PSCs very difficult.
基金supported by the Ningbo Natural Science Foundation (No.2023J093)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.61904182)the K. C. Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University
摘要Cesium lead iodide(CsPbI3)is widely employed as the absorber material for perovskite solar cells(PSC)with its excellent photothermal stability.Here,an electron transport layer(ETL)-free CsPbI3 PSC was modeled using the solar cell capacitance simulator(SCAPS)program.The simulation involves a series of parameters optimization,including the thickness,doping concentration,defect density and permittivity of the fluorine-doped tin oxide(FTO)electrode,the hole transport layer(HTL),and the perovskite(PVK)layer.Additionally,the defect density at the FTO/PVK interface and the PVK/HTL interface were considered.The study revealed that the power conversion efficiency(PCE)of the device is significantly affected by variations in the parameters of the PVK layer,especially the thickness and defect density.Moreover,the defect density at the contact interfaces also notably influences the device efficiency.After systematic computational optimization,the best device exhibited an open-circuit voltage(VOC)of 1.16 V,a short-circuit current(JSC)of 21.52 mA/cm2,a fill factor(FF)of 87.83%,and a PCE of 21.9%,which is close to the full-structured device reported in experiment,demonstrating the potential of all inorganic PSCs with simplified structures.