Kiwifruit(Actinidia spp.)is a globally significant horticultural crop,renowned for its exceptional nutritional value and high vitamin C content.The distinctive genetic features of this genus,including a dioecious sexu...Kiwifruit(Actinidia spp.)is a globally significant horticultural crop,renowned for its exceptional nutritional value and high vitamin C content.The distinctive genetic features of this genus,including a dioecious sexual system(XY/XX)and a wide range of ploidy(2x-10x),have driven substantial genomic and phenotypic diversification,thereby constituting a valuable germplasm resource for systematic breeding.Recent advances in kiwifruit genomics are transforming the field and revolutionizing our understanding of its evolution,domestication,and the genetic mechanisms underlying agronomic traits.In this review,we highlight the key achievements in kiwifruit genome research over the past decades,chronologically spanning from the initial draft genome assembly to the recent super pan-genome construction.We further synthesize how multi-omics approaches have been leveraged for fine mapping,gene discovery,and the analysis of gene expression and metabolic pathways.Finally,we discuss future research directions and breeding strategies enabled by these genomic breakthroughs,particularly through the applications of genomic selection and gene editing in kiwifruit.展开更多
Anion exchange membrane(AEM),as a kind of key membrane materials,has shown great application potential in many electrochemical fields,and remarkable progress has been made in related research in recent years.In this p...Anion exchange membrane(AEM),as a kind of key membrane materials,has shown great application potential in many electrochemical fields,and remarkable progress has been made in related research in recent years.In this paper,the research status of AEM is reviewed,including its material design,preparation method,performance optimization and application in the fields of hydrogen production by electrolytic water,fuel cell and water treatment.In terms of material design,new polymer skeleton structures are emerging to regulate the stability of ion conduction channels and membranes by introducing specific functional groups or changing the molecular chain structure.The preparation methods have been gradually expanded from the traditional solution casting method to more advanced technologies,such as interfacial polymerization and electrostatic spinning,which effectively improve the microstructure and property uniformity of the film.Performance optimization focuses on improving ion conductivity,reducing membrane swelling rate and enhancing chemical stability,and a variety of modification strategies are developed and applied.Despite the achievements made so far,there are still some challenges,such as the lack of long-term stability in highly alkaline environments.Future research needs to further explore new material systems and preparation processes in order to promote the wide application and sustainable development of AEM technology in energy,environmental protection and other fields.展开更多
The development of low-energy consumption and environmentally friendly electrodeposition of metal/alloy films or coatings is presently one of the primary topics for the research community.For this purpose,deep eutecti...The development of low-energy consumption and environmentally friendly electrodeposition of metal/alloy films or coatings is presently one of the primary topics for the research community.For this purpose,deep eutectic solvents(DESs)are valued as electrolytes for their advantages of low operating temperature and wide electrochemical windows.At present,there is large amount of literature on this emerging field,but there are no specialized reviews of these studies.Here,after a brief introduction of DESs’concept and history,we comprehensively reviewed the lastest progress on the metal/alloy electrodeposition in DESs.Additionally,we discussed the key influence factors of the electrodeposition process and analyzed the corresponding mechanisms.Based on these,we emphasized the importance of the establishment of predictive models for dealing with the challenges in large-scale applications.展开更多
The convergence of materials science and biotechnology has catalyzed the development of innovative platforms,including nanotechnology,smart sensors,and supramolecular materials,significantly advancing the progress in ...The convergence of materials science and biotechnology has catalyzed the development of innovative platforms,including nanotechnology,smart sensors,and supramolecular materials,significantly advancing the progress in the field of life sciences[1−7].Among them,supramolecular materials have garnered increasing attention in life sciences owing to their distinctive self-assembly capabilities and intelligent responsiveness[8−12].展开更多
Memory enables organisms to encode,store,and retrieve information essential for interacting with and adapting to a dynamic environment.As an internal representation of the external world,memory serves as a crucial bri...Memory enables organisms to encode,store,and retrieve information essential for interacting with and adapting to a dynamic environment.As an internal representation of the external world,memory serves as a crucial bridge between past experiences and future behaviors.However,the brain continuously forms new memories,raising the question of how new memories are integrated without disrupting previously formed ones.展开更多
The growing demand for energy storage has inspired researchers’exploration of advanced batteries.Aqueous zinc ion batteries(ZIBs)are promising secondary chemical battery system that can be selected and pursued.Rechar...The growing demand for energy storage has inspired researchers’exploration of advanced batteries.Aqueous zinc ion batteries(ZIBs)are promising secondary chemical battery system that can be selected and pursued.Rechargeable ZIBs possess merits of high security,low cost,environmental friendliness,and competitive performance,and they are received a lot of attention.However,the development of suitable zinc ion intercalation-type cathode materials is still a big challenge,resulting in failing to meet the commercial needs of ZIBs.Both vanadium-based and manganese-based compounds are representative of the most advanced and most widely used rechargeable ZIBs electrodes.The valence state of vanadium is+2~+5,which can realize multi-electron transfer in the redox reaction and has a high specific capacity.Most of the manganese-based compounds have tunnel structure or three-dimensional space frame,with enough space to accommodate zinc ions.In order to understand the energy storage mechanism and electrochemical performance of these two materials,a specialized review focusing on state-of-the-art developments is needed.This review offers access for researchers to keep abreast of the research progress of cathode materials for ZIBs.The latest advanced researches in vanadium-based and manganese-based cathode materials applied in aqueous ZIBs are highlighted.This article will provide useful guidance for future studies on cathode materials and aqueous ZIBs.展开更多
This paper reviews briefly advances in recent research on monsoon by Chinese scholars, including primarily: (1) the establishment of various monsoon indices. In particular, the standardized dynamic seasonal variabi...This paper reviews briefly advances in recent research on monsoon by Chinese scholars, including primarily: (1) the establishment of various monsoon indices. In particular, the standardized dynamic seasonal variability index of the monsoon can delimit the geographical distribution of global monsoon systems and determine quantitatively the date of abrupt change in circulation. (2) The provision of three driving forces for the generation of monsoon. (3) The revelation of the heating-pump action of the Tibetan Plateau, which strengthens southerlies in the southern and southeastern periphery of the Plateau and results in a strong rainfall center from the northern Bay of Bengal (BOB) to the Plateau itself. (4) Clarification of the initial onset of the Asian Summer Monsoon (ASM) in the BOB east of 90°E, Indochina Peninsula (ICP) and the South China Sea, of which the rapid northward progression of tropical convection in the Sumatra and the rapid westward movement of the South Asia High to the Indochina Peninsula are the earliest signs. (5) The provision of an integrated mechanism for the onset of the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM), which emphasizes the integrated impact of sensible heat over Indian Peninsula, the warm advection of the Tibetan Plateau and the sensible heat and latent heat over the Indochina Peninsula on the one hand, and the seasonal phase-lock effect of the northward propagation of low frequency oscillation on the other. (6) The revelation of the "planetary-scale moisture transport large-value band" from the Southern Hemisphere through to the Asian monsoon region and into the North Pacific, which is converged by several large-scale moisture transport belts in the Asian-Australian monsoon regions and whose variation influences directly the temporal and spatial distribution of summer rainfall in China. (7) Presenting the features of the seasonal advance of the EASM, the propagation of intraseasonal oscillation, and their relationship with rainfall in China; indicating that the intraseasonal oscillation of the EASM propagates in the form of a wave-train along the coast and behaves as monsoon surge propagating northward. (8) Describing the interannual and interdecadal variation of Asian monsoon, revealing the factors affecting it, and possible mechanisms of the variation of Asian monsoon. An elementary outlook on the existing problems and future direction of monsoon research is also provided.展开更多
Atmospheric chemistry research has been growing rapidly in China in the last 25 years since the concept of the“air pollution complex”was first proposed by Professor Xiaoyan TANG in 1997.For papers published in 2021 ...Atmospheric chemistry research has been growing rapidly in China in the last 25 years since the concept of the“air pollution complex”was first proposed by Professor Xiaoyan TANG in 1997.For papers published in 2021 on air pollution(only papers included in the Web of Science Core Collection database were considered),more than 24000 papers were authored or co-authored by scientists working in China.In this paper,we review a limited number of representative and significant studies on atmospheric chemistry in China in the last few years,including studies on(1)sources and emission inventories,(2)atmospheric chemical processes,(3)interactions of air pollution with meteorology,weather and climate,(4)interactions between the biosphere and atmosphere,and(5)data assimilation.The intention was not to provide a complete review of all progress made in the last few years,but rather to serve as a starting point for learning more about atmospheric chemistry research in China.The advances reviewed in this paper have enabled a theoretical framework for the air pollution complex to be established,provided robust scientific support to highly successful air pollution control policies in China,and created great opportunities in education,training,and career development for many graduate students and young scientists.This paper further highlights that developing and low-income countries that are heavily affected by air pollution can benefit from these research advances,whilst at the same time acknowledging that many challenges and opportunities still remain in atmospheric chemistry research in China,to hopefully be addressed over the next few decades.展开更多
1.Introduction Surface integrity has great significance for the quality and performance of machined components,and has therefore been increasingly recognized by industry.In particular,within certain industries that re...1.Introduction Surface integrity has great significance for the quality and performance of machined components,and has therefore been increasingly recognized by industry.In particular,within certain industries that require high reliability,such as the aerospace industry,surface integrity is one of the most relevant indexes used to evaluate the quality of machined parts.Thus,obtaining updated knowledge on surface integrity is of great interest to both the academic community and industry[1].展开更多
1.Introduction Compared with the United States,whose annual number of tornadoes can exceed 1000,the average number of tornadoes per year in China over the past half a century is estimated to be fewer than 100(Fan and...1.Introduction Compared with the United States,whose annual number of tornadoes can exceed 1000,the average number of tornadoes per year in China over the past half a century is estimated to be fewer than 100(Fan and Yu,2015),even though both countries are located in a similar latitudinal zone of the Northern Hemisphere.展开更多
Biomedical applications of nanomaterials are exponentially increasing every year due to analogy to various cell receptors, ligands, structural proteins, and genetic materials(that is, DNA). In bone tissue, nanoscale m...Biomedical applications of nanomaterials are exponentially increasing every year due to analogy to various cell receptors, ligands, structural proteins, and genetic materials(that is, DNA). In bone tissue, nanoscale materials can provide scaffold for excellent tissue repair via mechanical stimulation, releasing of various loaded drugs and mediators, 3D scaffold for cell growth and differentiation of bone marrow stem cells to osteocytes. This review will therefore highlight recent advancements on tissue and nanoscale materials interaction.展开更多
This paper summarizes main progresses made in tropical cyclone research field in China in the past few years after the 8th five year program of China. New achievements have been made on tropical cyclone (hereafter ref...This paper summarizes main progresses made in tropical cyclone research field in China in the past few years after the 8th five year program of China. New achievements have been made on tropical cyclone (hereafter referred as TC) structure, numerical prediction, evaluation of operational numerical model, TC–caused heavy rain, TC climate features and disasters, etc.展开更多
With the emergence and development of wearable devices,the novel ene rgy storage systems with flexible feature and high energy density are urgently needed.As we all know,for next generation high energystorage systems,...With the emergence and development of wearable devices,the novel ene rgy storage systems with flexible feature and high energy density are urgently needed.As we all know,for next generation high energystorage systems,lithium-sulfur(Li-S) batteries with a high theoretical capacity are regarded as one of the most promising candidates.In addition,the flexible Li-S batteries have received more and more attention.The determined factor in the flexible Li-S batteries is how to design the foldable electrodes including both anode and cathode.As for the flexible sulfur cathode,it could be obtained by integrating the electroactive sulfur with a flexible substrate,generally.In recent years,the flexible cathode of Li-S batteries have made considerable progress,however there are also many huge challenges needing to overcome,such as low content of sulfur,fast decrease of capacity and short cycle life.In this paper,the current develop status of flexible cathodes of Li-S batteries have been summarized,and the future trend also be pointed out.展开更多
Based on historical documents,modern survey and statistics,as well as the result of predecessor studies,the trend and main process of forest dynamics are recognized.The forest area and forest coverage rates for each p...Based on historical documents,modern survey and statistics,as well as the result of predecessor studies,the trend and main process of forest dynamics are recognized.The forest area and forest coverage rates for each province of China from 1700 to 1949 are estimated backward by every 50 years.Linking the result with modern National Forest Inventory data,the spatial-temporal dynamics of Chinese forest in recent 300 years(AD 1700-1998)is quantitatively analyzed.The study shows that in recent 300 years,the forest area in current territory of China has declined by 0.95×10^8 hm^2(or 9.2%of the coverage rate)in total,with a trend of decrease and recovery.Before the 1960s,there was a trend of accelerated descending.The forest area was reduced by 1.66×10^8 hm^2(or 17%of the coverage rate)in 260 years.While after the 1960s,there has been a rapid increase.The forest area increased by 0.7×10^8 hm^2(or 8%of the coverage rate)in 40 years.The study also shows that there is a significant spatial difference in the dynamics of forest.The amplitudes of increasing and decreasing in western China are both smaller than the ones in eastern China.During the rapid declining period from 1700 to 1949,the most serious decrease appeared in the Northeast,the Southwest and the Southeast,where the coverage rate in most provinces dropped over 20%.In Heilongjiang Province,the coverage rate dropped by 50%.In Jilin Province,it dropped by 36%.In Sichuan Province and Chongqing Municipality,it dropped by 42%.In Yunnan Province,it dropped by 35%.During the recovery period 1949-1998,the western provinces,municipality and autonomous regions,including Ningxia,Gansu,Inner Mongolia,Sichuan-Chongqing,Yunnan,Tibet,Xinjiang and Qinghai,etc,the increase rates are all below 5%,while the eastern provinces,municipality and autonomous regions(except Heilongjiang,Hubei,Jiangsu-Shanghai)have achieved an increase over 5%,among which the Guangdong-Hainan,Guangxi,Anhui,Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei,Shandong,Henan,Zhejiang,and Fujian have an increase over 10%.展开更多
As a promising signaling transduction approach, fluorescence polarization(FP)/fluorescence anisotropy(FA), provides a powerful quantitative tool for the rotational motion of fluorescently labeled molecules in chemical...As a promising signaling transduction approach, fluorescence polarization(FP)/fluorescence anisotropy(FA), provides a powerful quantitative tool for the rotational motion of fluorescently labeled molecules in chemical or biological homogeneous systems. Unlike fluorescence intensity, FP/FA is almost independent the concentration or quantum of fluorophores, but they are highly dependent on the size or molecular weight of the molecules or materials attached to fluorophores. Recently, significant progress in FP/FA was made, due to the introduction of some nanomaterials as FP/FA enhancers. The detection sensitivity is thus greatly improved by using nanomaterials as FP/FA enhancers, and nanomaterial-based FP/FA is currently used successfully in immunoassay, and analysis of protein, nucleic acid, small molecule and metal ion.Nanomaterial-based FP/FA provides a new kind of strategy to design fluorescent sensors and establishes innovative analytical methods. In this review, we summarize the scientific publications in the field of FP/FA sensor in recent five years, and first introduce the recent progress of FP/FA sensor based on nanomaterial. Subsequently, the various analytical applications of FP/FA based on nanomaterial are discussed. Finally, we provide perspectives on the current challenges and future prospects in this promising field.展开更多
During the recent four decades since 1980,a series of modern climate satellites were launched,allowing for the measurement and record-keeping of multiple climate parameters,especially over the polar regions where trad...During the recent four decades since 1980,a series of modern climate satellites were launched,allowing for the measurement and record-keeping of multiple climate parameters,especially over the polar regions where traditional observations are difficult to obtain.China has been actively engaging in polar expeditions.Many observations were conducted during this period,accompanied by improved Earth climate models,leading to a series of insightful understandings concerning Arctic and Antarctic climate changes.Here,we review the recent progress China has made concerning Arctic and Antarctic climate change research over the past decade.The Arctic temperature increase is much higher than the global-mean warming rate,associated with a rapid decline in sea ice,a phenomenon called the Arctic Amplification.The Antarctic climate changes showed a zonally asymmetric pattern over the past four decades,with most of the fastest changes occurring over West Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula.The Arctic and Antarctic climate changes were driven by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and ozone loss,while tropical-polar teleconnections play important roles in driving the regional climate changes and extreme events over the polar regions.Polar climate changes may also feedback to the entire Earth climate system.The adjustment of the circulation in both the troposphere and the stratosphere contributed to the interactions between the polar climate changes and lower latitudes.Climate change has also driven rapid Arctic and Southern ocean acidification.Chinese researchers have made a series of advances in understanding these processes,as reviewed in this paper.展开更多
Neutral beam infection has been recognized as one of the most effective means for plasma heating.According to the research plan of the EAST physics experiment,two sets of neutral beam injectors(4-8 MW,10-100s)were bui...Neutral beam infection has been recognized as one of the most effective means for plasma heating.According to the research plan of the EAST physics experiment,two sets of neutral beam injectors(4-8 MW,10-100s)were built and operated in 2014.We present the development of the EAST neutral beam injector(NBI)and the latest experiment results obtained on the test-stand about operation of ion source,beam extraction,and measurement of key parameters.Those results show that all targets reach or almost reach the design targets.All these lay a solid foundation for the achievement of plasma heating and current drive for EAST in 2014.展开更多
Demand for efficient and continuous application for high-grid energy storage systems involves the study towards novel battery technologies. Hence, considering the vast naturally available resources of potassium all ov...Demand for efficient and continuous application for high-grid energy storage systems involves the study towards novel battery technologies. Hence, considering the vast naturally available resources of potassium all over the world and its encouraging intercalation chemistries, it has recently enticed attention in electrochemical energy storage industry in the form of potassium ion batteries (PIBs). The major factor in this K+ based battery, is to develop efficient approaches to manufacture electrode substance to intercalate its big size potassium ions with considerable voltage, kinetics, charge/discharge capacity, capacity retention, cost, etc. This study contributes in the recent developments of anode and cathode materials for PIBs, including several electrode materials in regards to synthesis, structure, electrochemical performance, and K-storage mechanisms. Finally, the review contributes to provide helpful sources for the increasing number of scientists working in this industry regarding its critical issues and challenges and also to indicate the future direction of electrode materials in PIBs.展开更多
Undoubtedly,the enormous progress observed in recent years in the Ni-rich layered cathode materials has been crucial in terms of pushing boundaries of the Li-ion battery(LIB)technology.The achieved improvements in the...Undoubtedly,the enormous progress observed in recent years in the Ni-rich layered cathode materials has been crucial in terms of pushing boundaries of the Li-ion battery(LIB)technology.The achieved improvements in the energy density,cyclability,charging speed,reduced costs,as well as safety and stability,already contribute to the wider adoption of LIBs,which extends nowadays beyond mobile electronics,power tools,and electric vehicles,to the new range of applications,including grid storage solutions.With numerous published papers and broad reviews already available on the subject of Ni-rich oxides,this review focuses more on the most recent progress and new ideas presented in the literature references.The covered topics include doping and composition optimization,advanced coating,concentration gradient and single crystal materials,as well as innovations concerning new electrolytes and their modification,with the application of Ni-rich cathodes in solid-state batteries also discussed.Related cathode materials are briefly mentioned,with the high-entropy approach and zero-strain concept presented as well.A critical overview of the still unresolved issues is given,with perspectives on the further directions of studies and the expected gains provided.展开更多
Potassium-ion batteries(PIBs) as a promising supplement to lithium-ion batteries have drawn great attention attributing to the abundant potassium resources, the fast-ionic conductivity of potassium ions in electrolyte...Potassium-ion batteries(PIBs) as a promising supplement to lithium-ion batteries have drawn great attention attributing to the abundant potassium resources, the fast-ionic conductivity of potassium ions in electrolyte, and the low standard redox potential of potassium. However, the development of PIBs is still in its infancy, which is largely restricted by the fact that the electrode materials, especially the cathode materials of PIBs, are far from satisfactory in practical applications regarding the capacity, voltage, and cycle life. Therefore, most of current research efforts have been devoted to exploring new and high-performance electrode materials for achieving PIBs with high capacity and voltage as well as excellent cyclability. In this review,the recent advancements on cathode materials for PIBs are specially summarized. Besides, technological developments, scientific challenges, and future research opportunities of cathode materials for PIBs are also briefly outlooked.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32472680 and U23A20204)Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2308085MC69)+1 种基金Key Scientific Research Foundation of the Education Department of Province Anhui(2024AH050452)China-Zimbabwe Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Agricultural Ecology and Cash Crops(2024YFE0214500).
摘要Kiwifruit(Actinidia spp.)is a globally significant horticultural crop,renowned for its exceptional nutritional value and high vitamin C content.The distinctive genetic features of this genus,including a dioecious sexual system(XY/XX)and a wide range of ploidy(2x-10x),have driven substantial genomic and phenotypic diversification,thereby constituting a valuable germplasm resource for systematic breeding.Recent advances in kiwifruit genomics are transforming the field and revolutionizing our understanding of its evolution,domestication,and the genetic mechanisms underlying agronomic traits.In this review,we highlight the key achievements in kiwifruit genome research over the past decades,chronologically spanning from the initial draft genome assembly to the recent super pan-genome construction.We further synthesize how multi-omics approaches have been leveraged for fine mapping,gene discovery,and the analysis of gene expression and metabolic pathways.Finally,we discuss future research directions and breeding strategies enabled by these genomic breakthroughs,particularly through the applications of genomic selection and gene editing in kiwifruit.
基金“Grassland Talents”of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,Young Talents of Science and Technology in Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(NJYT23030)Technology Breakthrough Engineering Hydrogen Energy Field“Unveiling and Leading”Project(2024KJTW0018)+3 种基金“Steed Plan High Level Talents”of Inner Mongolia University,Carbon neutralization research project(STZX202218)National Natural Science Foundation of China(U22A20107),Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Natural Science Foundation(2023MS02002)Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Conversion(MATEC2024KF011)National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFA1205201).
摘要Anion exchange membrane(AEM),as a kind of key membrane materials,has shown great application potential in many electrochemical fields,and remarkable progress has been made in related research in recent years.In this paper,the research status of AEM is reviewed,including its material design,preparation method,performance optimization and application in the fields of hydrogen production by electrolytic water,fuel cell and water treatment.In terms of material design,new polymer skeleton structures are emerging to regulate the stability of ion conduction channels and membranes by introducing specific functional groups or changing the molecular chain structure.The preparation methods have been gradually expanded from the traditional solution casting method to more advanced technologies,such as interfacial polymerization and electrostatic spinning,which effectively improve the microstructure and property uniformity of the film.Performance optimization focuses on improving ion conductivity,reducing membrane swelling rate and enhancing chemical stability,and a variety of modification strategies are developed and applied.Despite the achievements made so far,there are still some challenges,such as the lack of long-term stability in highly alkaline environments.Future research needs to further explore new material systems and preparation processes in order to promote the wide application and sustainable development of AEM technology in energy,environmental protection and other fields.
基金financially supported from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52274291,52204305)Beijing Institute of Technology Research Fund Program for Young Scholars,China(No.1740011182102).
摘要The development of low-energy consumption and environmentally friendly electrodeposition of metal/alloy films or coatings is presently one of the primary topics for the research community.For this purpose,deep eutectic solvents(DESs)are valued as electrolytes for their advantages of low operating temperature and wide electrochemical windows.At present,there is large amount of literature on this emerging field,but there are no specialized reviews of these studies.Here,after a brief introduction of DESs’concept and history,we comprehensively reviewed the lastest progress on the metal/alloy electrodeposition in DESs.Additionally,we discussed the key influence factors of the electrodeposition process and analyzed the corresponding mechanisms.Based on these,we emphasized the importance of the establishment of predictive models for dealing with the challenges in large-scale applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22101043)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(N2205013,N232410019,N2405013)+3 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province(2023-MSBA-068)the Opening Fund of State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing(SKLHOP202203006)the Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids,Ministry of Education(FMS2023005)Northeastern University。
摘要The convergence of materials science and biotechnology has catalyzed the development of innovative platforms,including nanotechnology,smart sensors,and supramolecular materials,significantly advancing the progress in the field of life sciences[1−7].Among them,supramolecular materials have garnered increasing attention in life sciences owing to their distinctive self-assembly capabilities and intelligent responsiveness[8−12].
摘要Memory enables organisms to encode,store,and retrieve information essential for interacting with and adapting to a dynamic environment.As an internal representation of the external world,memory serves as a crucial bridge between past experiences and future behaviors.However,the brain continuously forms new memories,raising the question of how new memories are integrated without disrupting previously formed ones.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51872090,51772097)the Hebei Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholar(No.E2019209433,E2017209079)the financial support from Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Plan Project of China(No.2016TP1007,2017TP1001,and 2018RS3009)。
摘要The growing demand for energy storage has inspired researchers’exploration of advanced batteries.Aqueous zinc ion batteries(ZIBs)are promising secondary chemical battery system that can be selected and pursued.Rechargeable ZIBs possess merits of high security,low cost,environmental friendliness,and competitive performance,and they are received a lot of attention.However,the development of suitable zinc ion intercalation-type cathode materials is still a big challenge,resulting in failing to meet the commercial needs of ZIBs.Both vanadium-based and manganese-based compounds are representative of the most advanced and most widely used rechargeable ZIBs electrodes.The valence state of vanadium is+2~+5,which can realize multi-electron transfer in the redox reaction and has a high specific capacity.Most of the manganese-based compounds have tunnel structure or three-dimensional space frame,with enough space to accommodate zinc ions.In order to understand the energy storage mechanism and electrochemical performance of these two materials,a specialized review focusing on state-of-the-art developments is needed.This review offers access for researchers to keep abreast of the research progress of cathode materials for ZIBs.The latest advanced researches in vanadium-based and manganese-based cathode materials applied in aqueous ZIBs are highlighted.This article will provide useful guidance for future studies on cathode materials and aqueous ZIBs.
基金This work was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40633018 40675056)the key project A of the State Ministry of Science and Technology of China "South China Sea Monsoon Experiment (SCSMEX)".
摘要This paper reviews briefly advances in recent research on monsoon by Chinese scholars, including primarily: (1) the establishment of various monsoon indices. In particular, the standardized dynamic seasonal variability index of the monsoon can delimit the geographical distribution of global monsoon systems and determine quantitatively the date of abrupt change in circulation. (2) The provision of three driving forces for the generation of monsoon. (3) The revelation of the heating-pump action of the Tibetan Plateau, which strengthens southerlies in the southern and southeastern periphery of the Plateau and results in a strong rainfall center from the northern Bay of Bengal (BOB) to the Plateau itself. (4) Clarification of the initial onset of the Asian Summer Monsoon (ASM) in the BOB east of 90°E, Indochina Peninsula (ICP) and the South China Sea, of which the rapid northward progression of tropical convection in the Sumatra and the rapid westward movement of the South Asia High to the Indochina Peninsula are the earliest signs. (5) The provision of an integrated mechanism for the onset of the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM), which emphasizes the integrated impact of sensible heat over Indian Peninsula, the warm advection of the Tibetan Plateau and the sensible heat and latent heat over the Indochina Peninsula on the one hand, and the seasonal phase-lock effect of the northward propagation of low frequency oscillation on the other. (6) The revelation of the "planetary-scale moisture transport large-value band" from the Southern Hemisphere through to the Asian monsoon region and into the North Pacific, which is converged by several large-scale moisture transport belts in the Asian-Australian monsoon regions and whose variation influences directly the temporal and spatial distribution of summer rainfall in China. (7) Presenting the features of the seasonal advance of the EASM, the propagation of intraseasonal oscillation, and their relationship with rainfall in China; indicating that the intraseasonal oscillation of the EASM propagates in the form of a wave-train along the coast and behaves as monsoon surge propagating northward. (8) Describing the interannual and interdecadal variation of Asian monsoon, revealing the factors affecting it, and possible mechanisms of the variation of Asian monsoon. An elementary outlook on the existing problems and future direction of monsoon research is also provided.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.91844000)。
摘要Atmospheric chemistry research has been growing rapidly in China in the last 25 years since the concept of the“air pollution complex”was first proposed by Professor Xiaoyan TANG in 1997.For papers published in 2021 on air pollution(only papers included in the Web of Science Core Collection database were considered),more than 24000 papers were authored or co-authored by scientists working in China.In this paper,we review a limited number of representative and significant studies on atmospheric chemistry in China in the last few years,including studies on(1)sources and emission inventories,(2)atmospheric chemical processes,(3)interactions of air pollution with meteorology,weather and climate,(4)interactions between the biosphere and atmosphere,and(5)data assimilation.The intention was not to provide a complete review of all progress made in the last few years,but rather to serve as a starting point for learning more about atmospheric chemistry research in China.The advances reviewed in this paper have enabled a theoretical framework for the air pollution complex to be established,provided robust scientific support to highly successful air pollution control policies in China,and created great opportunities in education,training,and career development for many graduate students and young scientists.This paper further highlights that developing and low-income countries that are heavily affected by air pollution can benefit from these research advances,whilst at the same time acknowledging that many challenges and opportunities still remain in atmospheric chemistry research in China,to hopefully be addressed over the next few decades.
摘要1.Introduction Surface integrity has great significance for the quality and performance of machined components,and has therefore been increasingly recognized by industry.In particular,within certain industries that require high reliability,such as the aerospace industry,surface integrity is one of the most relevant indexes used to evaluate the quality of machined parts.Thus,obtaining updated knowledge on surface integrity is of great interest to both the academic community and industry[1].
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China National "973" Fundamental Research Program (Grant No.2013CB430103)
摘要1.Introduction Compared with the United States,whose annual number of tornadoes can exceed 1000,the average number of tornadoes per year in China over the past half a century is estimated to be fewer than 100(Fan and Yu,2015),even though both countries are located in a similar latitudinal zone of the Northern Hemisphere.
基金funded by the 863 project(2015AA020502)National Natural Science Foundation of China(61401217,61527806)+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20140900)the Economical Forest Cultivation and Utilization of 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center in Hunan Province[(2013)448]
摘要Biomedical applications of nanomaterials are exponentially increasing every year due to analogy to various cell receptors, ligands, structural proteins, and genetic materials(that is, DNA). In bone tissue, nanoscale materials can provide scaffold for excellent tissue repair via mechanical stimulation, releasing of various loaded drugs and mediators, 3D scaffold for cell growth and differentiation of bone marrow stem cells to osteocytes. This review will therefore highlight recent advancements on tissue and nanoscale materials interaction.
基金This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 49975013 and 40175019.
摘要This paper summarizes main progresses made in tropical cyclone research field in China in the past few years after the 8th five year program of China. New achievements have been made on tropical cyclone (hereafter referred as TC) structure, numerical prediction, evaluation of operational numerical model, TC–caused heavy rain, TC climate features and disasters, etc.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51771076)the Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.NSFC51621001)+2 种基金the“1000 plan”from Chinese Governmentthe Guangdong“Pearl River Talents Plan”(No.2017GC010218)the Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan Projects(No.201804010104)。
摘要With the emergence and development of wearable devices,the novel ene rgy storage systems with flexible feature and high energy density are urgently needed.As we all know,for next generation high energystorage systems,lithium-sulfur(Li-S) batteries with a high theoretical capacity are regarded as one of the most promising candidates.In addition,the flexible Li-S batteries have received more and more attention.The determined factor in the flexible Li-S batteries is how to design the foldable electrodes including both anode and cathode.As for the flexible sulfur cathode,it could be obtained by integrating the electroactive sulfur with a flexible substrate,generally.In recent years,the flexible cathode of Li-S batteries have made considerable progress,however there are also many huge challenges needing to overcome,such as low content of sulfur,fast decrease of capacity and short cycle life.In this paper,the current develop status of flexible cathodes of Li-S batteries have been summarized,and the future trend also be pointed out.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.40471007No.40571007Knowledge Innovation Project of CAS,No.KZCX2-YW-315-4
摘要Based on historical documents,modern survey and statistics,as well as the result of predecessor studies,the trend and main process of forest dynamics are recognized.The forest area and forest coverage rates for each province of China from 1700 to 1949 are estimated backward by every 50 years.Linking the result with modern National Forest Inventory data,the spatial-temporal dynamics of Chinese forest in recent 300 years(AD 1700-1998)is quantitatively analyzed.The study shows that in recent 300 years,the forest area in current territory of China has declined by 0.95×10^8 hm^2(or 9.2%of the coverage rate)in total,with a trend of decrease and recovery.Before the 1960s,there was a trend of accelerated descending.The forest area was reduced by 1.66×10^8 hm^2(or 17%of the coverage rate)in 260 years.While after the 1960s,there has been a rapid increase.The forest area increased by 0.7×10^8 hm^2(or 8%of the coverage rate)in 40 years.The study also shows that there is a significant spatial difference in the dynamics of forest.The amplitudes of increasing and decreasing in western China are both smaller than the ones in eastern China.During the rapid declining period from 1700 to 1949,the most serious decrease appeared in the Northeast,the Southwest and the Southeast,where the coverage rate in most provinces dropped over 20%.In Heilongjiang Province,the coverage rate dropped by 50%.In Jilin Province,it dropped by 36%.In Sichuan Province and Chongqing Municipality,it dropped by 42%.In Yunnan Province,it dropped by 35%.During the recovery period 1949-1998,the western provinces,municipality and autonomous regions,including Ningxia,Gansu,Inner Mongolia,Sichuan-Chongqing,Yunnan,Tibet,Xinjiang and Qinghai,etc,the increase rates are all below 5%,while the eastern provinces,municipality and autonomous regions(except Heilongjiang,Hubei,Jiangsu-Shanghai)have achieved an increase over 5%,among which the Guangdong-Hainan,Guangxi,Anhui,Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei,Shandong,Henan,Zhejiang,and Fujian have an increase over 10%.
基金the financial support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21822407, 21405163)the top priority program of “OneThree-Five” Strategic Planning of Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS
摘要As a promising signaling transduction approach, fluorescence polarization(FP)/fluorescence anisotropy(FA), provides a powerful quantitative tool for the rotational motion of fluorescently labeled molecules in chemical or biological homogeneous systems. Unlike fluorescence intensity, FP/FA is almost independent the concentration or quantum of fluorophores, but they are highly dependent on the size or molecular weight of the molecules or materials attached to fluorophores. Recently, significant progress in FP/FA was made, due to the introduction of some nanomaterials as FP/FA enhancers. The detection sensitivity is thus greatly improved by using nanomaterials as FP/FA enhancers, and nanomaterial-based FP/FA is currently used successfully in immunoassay, and analysis of protein, nucleic acid, small molecule and metal ion.Nanomaterial-based FP/FA provides a new kind of strategy to design fluorescent sensors and establishes innovative analytical methods. In this review, we summarize the scientific publications in the field of FP/FA sensor in recent five years, and first introduce the recent progress of FP/FA sensor based on nanomaterial. Subsequently, the various analytical applications of FP/FA based on nanomaterial are discussed. Finally, we provide perspectives on the current challenges and future prospects in this promising field.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFA 0605703)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41976193 and No.42176243)+8 种基金X.CHEN was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFC1509100)the National Science Foundation of China(No.41825012)B.WU was supported by the Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41790472)the National Key Basic Research Project of China(2019YFA0607002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41730959)X.CHENG was funded by the Innovation Group Project of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)(Grant No.311021008)M.DING was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42122047 and 42105036)the Basic Research Fund of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(2021Y021 and 2021Z006)Q.SUN was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFE0106300).
摘要During the recent four decades since 1980,a series of modern climate satellites were launched,allowing for the measurement and record-keeping of multiple climate parameters,especially over the polar regions where traditional observations are difficult to obtain.China has been actively engaging in polar expeditions.Many observations were conducted during this period,accompanied by improved Earth climate models,leading to a series of insightful understandings concerning Arctic and Antarctic climate changes.Here,we review the recent progress China has made concerning Arctic and Antarctic climate change research over the past decade.The Arctic temperature increase is much higher than the global-mean warming rate,associated with a rapid decline in sea ice,a phenomenon called the Arctic Amplification.The Antarctic climate changes showed a zonally asymmetric pattern over the past four decades,with most of the fastest changes occurring over West Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula.The Arctic and Antarctic climate changes were driven by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and ozone loss,while tropical-polar teleconnections play important roles in driving the regional climate changes and extreme events over the polar regions.Polar climate changes may also feedback to the entire Earth climate system.The adjustment of the circulation in both the troposphere and the stratosphere contributed to the interactions between the polar climate changes and lower latitudes.Climate change has also driven rapid Arctic and Southern ocean acidification.Chinese researchers have made a series of advances in understanding these processes,as reviewed in this paper.
基金Supported by the National Magnetic Confinement Fusion Science Program of China under Grant No 2013GB101001
摘要Neutral beam infection has been recognized as one of the most effective means for plasma heating.According to the research plan of the EAST physics experiment,two sets of neutral beam injectors(4-8 MW,10-100s)were built and operated in 2014.We present the development of the EAST neutral beam injector(NBI)and the latest experiment results obtained on the test-stand about operation of ion source,beam extraction,and measurement of key parameters.Those results show that all targets reach or almost reach the design targets.All these lay a solid foundation for the achievement of plasma heating and current drive for EAST in 2014.
基金The authors express their thanks to the research starting foundation from Shaanxi University of Science and Technology(Grant No.2018GBJ-04).
摘要Demand for efficient and continuous application for high-grid energy storage systems involves the study towards novel battery technologies. Hence, considering the vast naturally available resources of potassium all over the world and its encouraging intercalation chemistries, it has recently enticed attention in electrochemical energy storage industry in the form of potassium ion batteries (PIBs). The major factor in this K+ based battery, is to develop efficient approaches to manufacture electrode substance to intercalate its big size potassium ions with considerable voltage, kinetics, charge/discharge capacity, capacity retention, cost, etc. This study contributes in the recent developments of anode and cathode materials for PIBs, including several electrode materials in regards to synthesis, structure, electrochemical performance, and K-storage mechanisms. Finally, the review contributes to provide helpful sources for the increasing number of scientists working in this industry regarding its critical issues and challenges and also to indicate the future direction of electrode materials in PIBs.
基金supported by the program“Excellence Initiative-Research University”for the AGH University of Krakow(IDUB AGH,No.501.696.7996,Action 4,ID 6354)partially supported by the AGH University of Krakow under No.16.16.210.476.
摘要Undoubtedly,the enormous progress observed in recent years in the Ni-rich layered cathode materials has been crucial in terms of pushing boundaries of the Li-ion battery(LIB)technology.The achieved improvements in the energy density,cyclability,charging speed,reduced costs,as well as safety and stability,already contribute to the wider adoption of LIBs,which extends nowadays beyond mobile electronics,power tools,and electric vehicles,to the new range of applications,including grid storage solutions.With numerous published papers and broad reviews already available on the subject of Ni-rich oxides,this review focuses more on the most recent progress and new ideas presented in the literature references.The covered topics include doping and composition optimization,advanced coating,concentration gradient and single crystal materials,as well as innovations concerning new electrolytes and their modification,with the application of Ni-rich cathodes in solid-state batteries also discussed.Related cathode materials are briefly mentioned,with the high-entropy approach and zero-strain concept presented as well.A critical overview of the still unresolved issues is given,with perspectives on the further directions of studies and the expected gains provided.
基金financialy supported by the German Research Foundation(DFG:LE2249/4-1 and LE2249/5-1)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21577086)the China Scholarship Council(CSC)for providing the doctoral scholarship(No.201806920051,No.201608370095)
摘要Potassium-ion batteries(PIBs) as a promising supplement to lithium-ion batteries have drawn great attention attributing to the abundant potassium resources, the fast-ionic conductivity of potassium ions in electrolyte, and the low standard redox potential of potassium. However, the development of PIBs is still in its infancy, which is largely restricted by the fact that the electrode materials, especially the cathode materials of PIBs, are far from satisfactory in practical applications regarding the capacity, voltage, and cycle life. Therefore, most of current research efforts have been devoted to exploring new and high-performance electrode materials for achieving PIBs with high capacity and voltage as well as excellent cyclability. In this review,the recent advancements on cathode materials for PIBs are specially summarized. Besides, technological developments, scientific challenges, and future research opportunities of cathode materials for PIBs are also briefly outlooked.