Editor's Note:As a unique system of succession in Tibetan Buddhism,the reincarnation of Living Buddhas is governed by standardized religious rituals,historical conventions,and established principles.Since the Karm...Editor's Note:As a unique system of succession in Tibetan Buddhism,the reincarnation of Living Buddhas is governed by standardized religious rituals,historical conventions,and established principles.Since the Karma Kagyu sect pioneered the reincarnation system of Living Buddhas in the 13th century,this tradition has continued for more than 700 years.Since the Gelug sect adopted the reincarnation practice in the 16th century,resulting in major lineages such as the Dalai Lama and Panchen Erdeni reincarnations,the system has now held a history of over 400 years.Since the Yuan Dynasty(1271-1368),successive central governments of China have,without exception,strengthened administration over reincarnation matters.In the 57th year of the reign of Emperor Qianlong(1792)of the Qing Dynasty,the Golden Urn Lot-Drawing System was formally established.This system has remained in place up to the present day.Demonstrating national sovereignty,governmental authority,as well as the sacredness and impartiality of Buddhism,it has effectively prevented corruption and malpractice during the reincarnation process.展开更多
Carex sect.Paniceae sensu lato(s.l.)exhibits two major disjunct centers of diversity:eastern North America and East Asia.This pattern,commonly observed in other plant groups,has been associated with trans-Pacific disp...Carex sect.Paniceae sensu lato(s.l.)exhibits two major disjunct centers of diversity:eastern North America and East Asia.This pattern,commonly observed in other plant groups,has been associated with trans-Pacific dispersal from Asia to America and subsequent local extinctions in western North America.This study reconstructed a phylogenetic tree using two nuclear(external transcribed spacer and internal transcribed spacer)and three plastid(matK,trnL-F,and rpl32-trnLUAG)regions,along with 474 nuclear loci from high-throughput sequencing(Hyb-Seq).Dating analysis and ancestral area reconstruction were used to investigate the evolutionary and biogeographic history of sect.Paniceae s.l.A broader circumscription of sect.Paniceae s.l.,incorporating sects.Bicolores and Laxiflorae,is established.Two primary clades were identified:one clade predominantly diversified in North America and the other in East Asia.Biogeographic analyses suggested a likely origin of sect.Paniceae s.l.in the Palearctic during the Late Miocene.The most probable scenario involved dispersal to eastern North America via the Western Palearctic,followed by subsequent dispersal into western North America,other parts of the continent,and back to the Old World.Within East Asia,the group was inferred to have diversified during the Pliocene and Pleistocene,with the basalmost nodes inferred in China's Mainland.Multiple dispersal events from this region to the Russian Far East,Korea,and Japan were inferred.This study highlights the underexplored role of East Asia in the biogeography of grass-like plants and the existence of alternative migration routes in explaining the East Asia-eastern North America pattern of disjunction.展开更多
To the Editor:Abeleda et al.[1]recently argued in a perspective article that the Philippines should do better in order to achieve its goal of reducing schistosomiasis incidence to zero in humans,animals,and snails by ...To the Editor:Abeleda et al.[1]recently argued in a perspective article that the Philippines should do better in order to achieve its goal of reducing schistosomiasis incidence to zero in humans,animals,and snails by 2025[2,3].The authors appropriately ascribed the need to ramp up surveillance,WASH(water,sanitation,and hygiene),and veterinary efforts.In this letter,I would like to add to the discussion that the key to achieving schistosomiasis elimination may be strengthening the veterinary public health sector and framing mitigation efforts within the One Health lens.Schistosoma(S.)japonicum infection is a zoonotic disease and it affects more than 40 species of animals,including livestock animals like cattle,pigs,and water buffaloes,and pets like dogs[4].In the Philippines,the prevalence of infection in animal reservoirs remains largely unknown in most endemic areas due to the lack of concerted epidemiological efforts unlike what is being done in human hosts.In areas where studies have been done,infection rates are from less than 10%to 97%in water buffaloes tested[5-7].Indeed,as Abeleda et al.[1]argued,there is a need to do better on this front.展开更多
摘要Editor's Note:As a unique system of succession in Tibetan Buddhism,the reincarnation of Living Buddhas is governed by standardized religious rituals,historical conventions,and established principles.Since the Karma Kagyu sect pioneered the reincarnation system of Living Buddhas in the 13th century,this tradition has continued for more than 700 years.Since the Gelug sect adopted the reincarnation practice in the 16th century,resulting in major lineages such as the Dalai Lama and Panchen Erdeni reincarnations,the system has now held a history of over 400 years.Since the Yuan Dynasty(1271-1368),successive central governments of China have,without exception,strengthened administration over reincarnation matters.In the 57th year of the reign of Emperor Qianlong(1792)of the Qing Dynasty,the Golden Urn Lot-Drawing System was formally established.This system has remained in place up to the present day.Demonstrating national sovereignty,governmental authority,as well as the sacredness and impartiality of Buddhism,it has effectively prevented corruption and malpractice during the reincarnation process.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32400172 to Y.F.L.,32070218,31770212 to X.F.J.)the start-up project of Zhejiang A&F University(Grant No.2022LFRo11 to X.F.J.)+1 种基金the Ramon y Cajal program of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation(award RYC2021-031238-I to P.J.-M.)support from a Postdoctoral Fellowship Program grant from the Spanish Ministry of Science,Innovation and Universities(JDC2022-048955-1).
摘要Carex sect.Paniceae sensu lato(s.l.)exhibits two major disjunct centers of diversity:eastern North America and East Asia.This pattern,commonly observed in other plant groups,has been associated with trans-Pacific dispersal from Asia to America and subsequent local extinctions in western North America.This study reconstructed a phylogenetic tree using two nuclear(external transcribed spacer and internal transcribed spacer)and three plastid(matK,trnL-F,and rpl32-trnLUAG)regions,along with 474 nuclear loci from high-throughput sequencing(Hyb-Seq).Dating analysis and ancestral area reconstruction were used to investigate the evolutionary and biogeographic history of sect.Paniceae s.l.A broader circumscription of sect.Paniceae s.l.,incorporating sects.Bicolores and Laxiflorae,is established.Two primary clades were identified:one clade predominantly diversified in North America and the other in East Asia.Biogeographic analyses suggested a likely origin of sect.Paniceae s.l.in the Palearctic during the Late Miocene.The most probable scenario involved dispersal to eastern North America via the Western Palearctic,followed by subsequent dispersal into western North America,other parts of the continent,and back to the Old World.Within East Asia,the group was inferred to have diversified during the Pliocene and Pleistocene,with the basalmost nodes inferred in China's Mainland.Multiple dispersal events from this region to the Russian Far East,Korea,and Japan were inferred.This study highlights the underexplored role of East Asia in the biogeography of grass-like plants and the existence of alternative migration routes in explaining the East Asia-eastern North America pattern of disjunction.
摘要To the Editor:Abeleda et al.[1]recently argued in a perspective article that the Philippines should do better in order to achieve its goal of reducing schistosomiasis incidence to zero in humans,animals,and snails by 2025[2,3].The authors appropriately ascribed the need to ramp up surveillance,WASH(water,sanitation,and hygiene),and veterinary efforts.In this letter,I would like to add to the discussion that the key to achieving schistosomiasis elimination may be strengthening the veterinary public health sector and framing mitigation efforts within the One Health lens.Schistosoma(S.)japonicum infection is a zoonotic disease and it affects more than 40 species of animals,including livestock animals like cattle,pigs,and water buffaloes,and pets like dogs[4].In the Philippines,the prevalence of infection in animal reservoirs remains largely unknown in most endemic areas due to the lack of concerted epidemiological efforts unlike what is being done in human hosts.In areas where studies have been done,infection rates are from less than 10%to 97%in water buffaloes tested[5-7].Indeed,as Abeleda et al.[1]argued,there is a need to do better on this front.