President Xi Jinping emphasizes that the proposals for the 15th Five-Year Plan outline China's development priorities and offer significant opportunities.For leaders of foreign automakers,China’s thriving intelli...President Xi Jinping emphasizes that the proposals for the 15th Five-Year Plan outline China's development priorities and offer significant opportunities.For leaders of foreign automakers,China’s thriving intelligent automotive sector offers actionable growth opportunities.展开更多
Policy support for the services sector has continued to gain momentum.China's latest Report on the Work of the Government released in March called for expanding investment in key service industries,while the count...Policy support for the services sector has continued to gain momentum.China's latest Report on the Work of the Government released in March called for expanding investment in key service industries,while the country's first national conference dedicated to the services sector—now China's largest economic sector—in April underscored its growing strategic importance.As incomes rise and the economy becomes more sophisticated,services are expected to play an increasingly important role in driving economic growth.展开更多
At the intersection of a new wave of technological revolution and industrial transformation,the boundaries between manufacturing and services are blurring at an unprecedented pace.This is not a simple process of addin...At the intersection of a new wave of technological revolution and industrial transformation,the boundaries between manufacturing and services are blurring at an unprecedented pace.This is not a simple process of adding one sector to another,but a deeper structural shift.As manufacturing and services become increasingly integrated,a broader transformation is underway—from labor-intensive production to more intelligence-driven development.展开更多
With China's per capita GDP exceeding US$13,000 for three consecutive years and its middle-income population continuously growing,consumer spending is shifting markedly from acquiring more goods to pursuing improv...With China's per capita GDP exceeding US$13,000 for three consecutive years and its middle-income population continuously growing,consumer spending is shifting markedly from acquiring more goods to pursuing improved services and enhanced experiences.In 2025,the added value of China's services sector surged past 80 trillion yuan(US$11.8 trillion),accounting for 57.7 percent of the nation's GDP and marking the 11th consecutive year that services have accounted for more than half of the country's economy.Looking ahead to the 15th Five-Year Plan period(2026-2030),the sector's total value is projected to eclipse the 100-trillion-yuan(US$14.76 trillion)threshold.展开更多
Delivery riders weave through bustling streets,home-service workers arrive with a simple tap on a phone,and 15-minute community life circles empower residents to handle everyday errands close to home.These scenes illu...Delivery riders weave through bustling streets,home-service workers arrive with a simple tap on a phone,and 15-minute community life circles empower residents to handle everyday errands close to home.These scenes illustrate how China's services sector is improving people's daily lives.展开更多
The waste sector is a growing contributor to greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions in Côte d’Ivoire,with methane(CH4)as the dominant pollutant.This study examines GHG emission trends from this sector during the period...The waste sector is a growing contributor to greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions in Côte d’Ivoire,with methane(CH4)as the dominant pollutant.This study examines GHG emission trends from this sector during the period 1990-2022,using data from Côte d’Ivoire’s national GHG inventory reports.Findings re-veal a consistent increase in GHG emissions,driven mainly by rapid urbani-zation,population growth,and the rising amount of municipal solid waste.The growing contribution of the waste sector to national GHG emissions high-lights the urgent need for targeted and sector-specific mitigation strategies to align with national and international climate goals.Despite recent policy re-forms,including the closure of the Akouédo landfill,the establishment of the Kossihouen sanitary landfill,the creation of the National Waste Management Agency,and the adoption of the 2023 Environmental Code prohibiting open burning and uncontrolled dumpsites,the waste sector remains widespread and continues to generate significant emissions,posing risks to air quality and public health.The results highlight the critical importance of implementing sustainable waste management practices,such as improved collection,sanitary landfilling,recycling,and methane recovery systems,to reduce emissions and support national climate change mitigation objectives.展开更多
Chinese President Xi Jinping has pointed out that the proposals for formulating the 15th Five-Year Plan map out China's economic and social development for the next five years while also offering the world a list ...Chinese President Xi Jinping has pointed out that the proposals for formulating the 15th Five-Year Plan map out China's economic and social development for the next five years while also offering the world a list of opportunities.China's fast-growing intelligent auto sector is one of the brightest items on that list.展开更多
The Thursday flight from China to Zimbabwe’s capital Harare has become a permanent,welcome feature.While there are a handful of returning locals and international aid workers,the overwhelming majority are Chinese cit...The Thursday flight from China to Zimbabwe’s capital Harare has become a permanent,welcome feature.While there are a handful of returning locals and international aid workers,the overwhelming majority are Chinese citizens.展开更多
Background International organisations and development agencies have important roles to play in addressing noncommunicable diseases(NCDs)and their risk factors at the nexus of health,socioeconomic,and environmental de...Background International organisations and development agencies have important roles to play in addressing noncommunicable diseases(NCDs)and their risk factors at the nexus of health,socioeconomic,and environmental development challenges.Much of this work occurs through direct engagement with the private sector.We aimed to assess the types of private sector engagement(PSE)approaches and the degree of alignment across ten major international organisations whose work is critical to achieving global NCD and mental health goals.Methods We examined the publicly available PSE strategy documents for a purposive sample of ten major international development partners.We obtained copies of each organisation's publicly available PSE policy documents and extracted data on the stated purpose,processes,and types of engagement.We used thematic analysis and triangulation to identify areas of agreement,dissonance and silence across the policy approaches.Results Whilst all PSE documents emphasised the importance of conducting due diligence,they varied widely in their approach to the risk of engagement and the sophistication of potential conflict of interest management strategies.Many documents were silent on prohibited industries,managing reputational risks,and guidance to Member States.The proactive engagement stance in USAID and World Bank policy documents contrasted starkly with more conservative approaches advanced by UNDP,FAO,and WHO.Conclusions The core practices of conducting due diligence and risk mitigation are common to all of the major international organizations we assessed,however,the framing,content,and PSE processes vary widely.The potential impact of these findings is that WHO and other partners can focus on adopting common approaches wherever possible for greater coherence and smoother coordination across the wider development system.展开更多
Climate change may have detrimental effects on different sectoral growth in global economy and according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,the impacts of climate change will be more vigorous in the comi...Climate change may have detrimental effects on different sectoral growth in global economy and according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,the impacts of climate change will be more vigorous in the coming years.The climatic and non-climatic driving forces behind the economic sectoral performances involve short-and long-run interconnections among variables.This study attempts to investigate the effect of climatic factors(temperature and precipitation)along with non-climatic factors,including foreign direct investment(FDI),human capital index(HCI),natural capital(NC),and information and communication technology(ICT)on three major sectors of the economy(agricultural sector,industrial sector,and service sector)through non-linear model framework by employing cross-sectionally augmented autoregressive distributed lag(CS-ARDL)estimation technique.It considers a panel of 56 selected countries from different income groups,including high-income countries,upper-middle-income countries,lower-middle-income countries,and low-income countries,covering the period 1985-2022.The confirmation of slope heterogeneity,cross-sectional dependence,stationarity,and cointegration among variables lends support to the robustness of results.The augmented mean group(AMG)robustness test was applied to check robustness and the results were found mostly consistent with estimation method.The results revealed that upper-middle-income countries are more vulnerable to extreme temperatures compared to high-income countries.The results also confirmed an inverted U-shaped relationship between each sector’s output and precipitation in upper-middle-income countries.In contrast,for upper-middle-income,lower-middle-income,and low-income countries,this relation exists in industrial sector only in long run.This indicates that precipitation is initially beneficial for production activities.However,beyond a certain threshold of precipitation,this trend reverses,i.e.,the output of the economic sectors tends to decline.Furthermore,there is no supporting evidence that confirms a short-run non-linear relation between precipitation and agricultural yields.In upper-middle-income countries,the results confirmed that FDI is a driving factor behind both agricultural sector and service sector in long run while short-run results indicated a negative association but insignificant.This study also showed that in long run,an increase in HCI contributes to improving the output of the three sectors for high-income countries.The empirical findings provide valuable insights for policy-makers and governments to formulate coherent adaptation and mitigation strategies,thereby accelerating the transition of sectoral productivity from low to high levels in the sample countries.展开更多
CO2 emissions(CEs)pose a growing threat to environmental changes and global warming,attracting extensive attention.Here,we leveraged near-real-time monitoring data spanning 2019 to 2022 to investigate spatiotempora...CO2 emissions(CEs)pose a growing threat to environmental changes and global warming,attracting extensive attention.Here,we leveraged near-real-time monitoring data spanning 2019 to 2022 to investigate spatiotemporal heterogeneity,sectoral contributions,provincial spatial correlation,and driving factors influencing CEs at the provincial level in China.Our analysis,integrating Moran’s Index analysis,Spearman correlation analysis,and the Geographically Weighted Regression model,unveiled China’s consistent world-leading CEs,surpassing 10,000 Mt over the study period.Spatially,CEs exhibited a heterogeneous distribution,with markedly higher emissions in eastern and northern regions compared to western and southern areas.Temporally,CEs displayed significant fluctuations,peaking in the fourth quarter before declining in subsequent quarters.Chinese NewYear and COVID-19 had the biggest effects on CEs,with average daily reductions of-20.8%and-18.9%,respectively,compared to the four-year average and the same period in 2019.Sectoral analysis highlighted the power and industry sectors as primary contributors to CEs in China,jointly accounting for 37.9%-40.2%and 43.5%-46.4%of total CEs,respectively.Spatial clustering analysis identified a distinct High-High agglomeration region,predominantly encompassing provinces such as Inner Mongolia,Shandong and Jiangsu.Furthermore,total energy consumption and electricity consumption emerged as significant drivers of CEs,exhibiting correlation coefficients exceeding 0.9,followed by exhaust emissions,population size,and gross domestic product.Moreover,the influence of drivers on provincial CEs exhibited notable spatial heterogeneity,with regression coefficients displaying a decreasing gradient from north to south.These findings provide scientific and technological support to realize the provincial dual-carbon goals in China.展开更多
Buildings are crucial for achieving carbon reduction and mitigating climate change.China's dual-carbon strategy includes ambitious goals for carbon peaking and carbon neutrality in the building sector.However,clea...Buildings are crucial for achieving carbon reduction and mitigating climate change.China's dual-carbon strategy includes ambitious goals for carbon peaking and carbon neutrality in the building sector.However,clear technical pathways and roadmaps for achieving these objectives remain lacking.In this study,we examined the trajectory and characteristics of energy consumption and emissions in China's building sector and conducted future scenario analyses informed by global comparative studies.Ecological development pathways were proposed as target scenarios to achieve carbon neutrality in the building sector.Detailed pathways to achieve carbon neutrality were delineated,covering various tasks and timelines.These included managing building stocks,improving energy efficiency and sufficiency,promoting electrification,implementing photovoltaic-energy storage-direct current-flexibility(PEDF)buildings,decarbonizing heating systems,and developing new energy systems for rural areas.In addition,we discussed and recommended policy measures to enhance building service provisions within the framework of the ecological development concept and promote key technologies within the context of a low-carbon energy system transition.The findings of this study provide high-level recommendations for policymakers in the building and energy sectors and offer insights into technological perspectives and development targets for future research and engineering practice.展开更多
Agriculture holds a pivotal position in the economic fabric of every nation,yet concerns about agricultural carbon emission intensity(ACI)have become a major hurdle to achieving global economic sustainability.Focusing...Agriculture holds a pivotal position in the economic fabric of every nation,yet concerns about agricultural carbon emission intensity(ACI)have become a major hurdle to achieving global economic sustainability.Focusing on 31 provincial-level regions in China,this study uses the Exploratory Spatio-temporal Data Analysis(ESTDA)and Panel Quantile Regression(PQR)model to analyze the spatio-temporal interaction characteristics and influencing factors of ACI in China from 2004 to 2023.The findings are as follows:(1)ACI showed an overall downward trend,and the spatial distribution pattern was characterized by“high in the western region and low along the southeastern coast”.Although the overall disparity tended to converge,some high-carbon-intensity regions exhibited extreme trends.ACI displayed clear spatial directionality,with the spatial center shifting steadily toward the northeast.(2)Regions in the northwest,northeast,and central-south parts exhibited strong local spatial structural dynamics,and the local spatial dependence of ACI in each region showed a nonlinear trend.Generally speaking,the spatial association pattern demonstrated a certain degree of inertia in spatial transfer,reflecting strong path dependence or spatial lock-in characteristics.(3)Optimization of industrial structure and improvement in agricultural mechanization will increase ACI,while economic development can effectively reduce it.The impact of urbanization on ACI exhibits a nonlinear pattern.The coordinated development of economic growth and urbanization significantly reduces ACI,with a stronger emission reduction observed in regions with low ACI.The optimization of industrial structure,when combined with urbanization and environmental regulation,contributes to significant emission reductions particularly in high-ACI areas.Similarly,the synergy between agricultural mechanization and urbanization effectively lowers emissions in low-ACI regions,though this effect diminishes in areas with higher ACI.展开更多
This study analyzes the influence of green bonds on carbon neutrality.It examines the daily data of sectoral CO2 emissions of the top five CO2-emitting nations from January 2,2019 to December 30,2022 using wavel...This study analyzes the influence of green bonds on carbon neutrality.It examines the daily data of sectoral CO2 emissions of the top five CO2-emitting nations from January 2,2019 to December 30,2022 using wavelet transform coherence,quantile-onquantile regression,Granger causality in quantiles,and quantile regression approaches.The results revealed that(i)green bonds are strongly related to sectoral CO2 emissions;(ii)green bonds reduce transport sector CO2 emissions in China,the US,and Japan while causing an upsurge in India and Russia;(iii)green bonds reduce industrial sector CO2 emissions only in the US;(iv)green bonds have a declining influence in energy sector CO2 emissions at lower quantiles in India,China,and the US,whereas the impact increases at higher quantiles;and(v)green bonds decrease residential sector CO2 emissions in the US,Russia,and Japan.The study revealed that green bonds help reduce CO2 emissions in the residential sector in various quantiles.Therefore,the US,Russia,and Japan should raise household awareness of green energy utilization by promoting them with green bonds.In addition,green bonds can effectively reduce transportation sector CO2 emissions in China and the US.Therefore,the policymakers of the two global powers should contribute to global CO2 reduction by promoting green transportation and clean energy transition in the transportation sector through green bonds.Thus,green bonds can play an effective role in the fight against global warming.展开更多
This study assessed the connectedness between oil shocks and industry stock indexes in the United States(US).We consider the normal and extreme conditions across different frequency horizons,and the quantile time–fre...This study assessed the connectedness between oil shocks and industry stock indexes in the United States(US).We consider the normal and extreme conditions across different frequency horizons,and the quantile time–frequency connectedness method is used to determine the tail risk contagion under different frequency horizons.Our results reveal that the short-term frequency connectedness significantly exceeds the long-term frequency connectedness.We also indicate that the connectedness in the lower and upper quantiles is greater than at the conditional mean.Importantly,oil risk shock is the biggest net transmitter of shocks to the US sectors in normal and extreme conditions,highlighting that oil risk shocks cause substantial variations in US sector stock returns in the short,medium,and long term.Finally,QAR(3)model demonstrates the significant impact of oil risk shocks on US sector stock returns during extreme and normal conditions.Therefore,our study underscores the role of asymmetry in the reaction of US sector stock returns to oil-related shocks,and we suggest that policies aimed at overcoming the adverse effects of oil shocks on stock markets and promoting financial stability should incorporate asymmetric features.展开更多
While plastics offer short-term benefits to the agri-food sector by increasing productivity and food safety,they are endangering these gains in the long-term.Soil,water,and food are becoming increasingly contaminated,...While plastics offer short-term benefits to the agri-food sector by increasing productivity and food safety,they are endangering these gains in the long-term.Soil,water,and food are becoming increasingly contaminated,with persistent interactive micro-and nano-plastics disturbing the functioning of the ecosystem and affecting human health.Plastic use is likely to grow further because of population increases,resource limitations,agrochemical regulations,climate change,and transitional technologies.Up to now,efforts to mitigate plastic pollution have been mainly focused on reducing the carbon footprint and managing plastic waste.This paper demonstrates that accounting for the long-term plastic particle footprint would pave the way for transparent reviews of strategies in the agri-food sector.This would enable decisions in favor of innovations that deserve to increase our plastic particulate footprint,to be accompanied by cross-sector trade-offs,putting an end to irreversible pollution that is not justified by significant improvements in human wellbeing.展开更多
The automotive sector is crucial in modern society,facilitating essential transportation needs across personal,commercial,and logistical domains while significantly contributing to national economic development and em...The automotive sector is crucial in modern society,facilitating essential transportation needs across personal,commercial,and logistical domains while significantly contributing to national economic development and employment generation.The transformative impact of Artificial Intelligence(AI)has revolutionised multiple facets of the automotive industry,encompassing intelligent manufacturing processes,diagnostic systems,control mechanisms,supply chain operations,customer service platforms,and traffic management solutions.While extensive research exists on the above aspects of AI applications in automotive contexts,there is a compelling need to synthesise this knowledge comprehensively to guide and inspire future research.This review introduces a novel taxonomic framework that provides a holistic perspective on AI integration into the automotive sector,focusing on next-generation AI methods and their critical implementation aspects.Additionally,the proposed conceptual framework for real-time condition monitoring of electric vehicle subsystems delivers actionable maintenance recommendations to stakeholders,addressing a critical gap in the field.The review highlights that AI has significantly expedited the development of autonomous vehicles regarding navigation,decision-making,and safety features through the use of advanced algorithms and deep learning structures.Furthermore,it identifies advanced driver assistance systems,vehicle health monitoring,and predictive maintenance as the most impactful AI applications,transforming operational safety and maintenance efficiency in modern automotive technologies.The work is beneficial to understanding the various use cases of AI in the different automotive domains,where AI maintains a state-of-the-art for sector-specific applications,providing a strong foundation for meeting Industry 4.0 needs and encouraging AI use among more nascent industry segments.The current work is intended to consolidate previous works while shedding some light on future research directions in promoting further growth of AI-based innovations in the scope of automotive applications.展开更多
Germany aims to achieve a national climate-neutral energy system by 2045.The residential sector still accounts for 29%of end energy consumption,with 74%attributed to the direct use of fossil fuels for heating and hot ...Germany aims to achieve a national climate-neutral energy system by 2045.The residential sector still accounts for 29%of end energy consumption,with 74%attributed to the direct use of fossil fuels for heating and hot water.In order to reduce fossil energy use in the household sector,great efforts are being made to design new energy concepts that expand the use of renewable energies to supply electricity andheat.Onepossibility is toconvertparts of the natural gas grid to a hydrogen-based gas grid to deliver and store energy for urban quarters of buildings,especially with older building stock where electrification of heat via heat pumps is difficult due to technical,acoustical,and economic reasons.A comprehensive dataset was generated by a bottom-up analysis with open governmental and statistical data to determine regional building types regarding energy demand,solar potential,and existing grid infrastructure.The buildings’connections to the electricity,gas,and district heating networks are considered.From this,a representative sample dataset was chosen as input for a newly developed energy system model based on energy flow simulation.The model simulates the interaction of hydrogen generation(HG)(from excess solar energy by electrolysis),storage in a metal-hydride storage(MHS)tank,and hydrogen use in a connected fuel cell(FC),forming a local PVPtGtHP(Photovoltaic Power-to-Gas-to-Heat-and-Power)network.Next to the seasonal hydrogen storage path(HSP),a battery will complete the system to forma hybrid energy storage system(HESS).Paired with seasonal time series for PV power,electricity and heat demand,and a model for connection to grid infrastructure,the simulation of different hydrogen applications and MHS placements aims to analyze operating times and energy share of the systems’equipment and existing infrastructure.The method to obtain the data set together with the simulationmodel presented can be used by energy planners for cities,communities,and building developers to analyze the potentials of a quarter or region and plan a transition towards a more energy-efficient and sustainable energy system.展开更多
Recently,the transportation sector in China has gradually become the main source of urban air pollution and primary driver of carbon emissions growth.Considering air pollutants and greenhouse gases come from the same ...Recently,the transportation sector in China has gradually become the main source of urban air pollution and primary driver of carbon emissions growth.Considering air pollutants and greenhouse gases come from the same emission sources,it is necessary to establish an updated high-resolution emission inventory for the transportation sector in Central China,themost polluted region in China.The inventory includes on-road mobile,non-roadmobile,oil storage and transportation,and covers 9 types of air pollutants and 3 types of greenhouse gases.Based on the Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System(LEAP)model,the emissions of pollutants were predicted for the period from2020 to 2035 in different scenarios.Results showed that in 2020,emissions of SO2,NOx,CO,PM10,PM2.5,VOCs,NH3,BC,OC,CO2,CH4,and N2O in Henan Province were 27.5,503.2,878.6,20.1,17.4,222.1,21.5,9.4,2.9,92,077.9,6.0,and 10.4 kilotons,respectively.Energy demand and pollutant emissions in Henan Province are simulated under four scenarios(Baseline Scenario(BS),Pollution Abatement Scenario(PA),Green Transportation Scenario(GT),and Reinforcing Low Carbon Scenario(RLC)).The collaborative emission reduction effect is most significant in the RLC scenario,followed by the GT scenario.By 2035,under the RLC scenario,energy consumption and emissions of SO2,NOx,CO,PM10,PM2.5,VOCs,NH3,CO2,CH4,and N2O are projected to decrease by 72.0%,30.0%,55.6%,56.0%,38.6%,39.7%,51.5%,66.1%,65.5%,55.4%,and 52.8%,respectively.This study provides fundamental data support for subsequent numerical simulations.展开更多
摘要President Xi Jinping emphasizes that the proposals for the 15th Five-Year Plan outline China's development priorities and offer significant opportunities.For leaders of foreign automakers,China’s thriving intelligent automotive sector offers actionable growth opportunities.
摘要Policy support for the services sector has continued to gain momentum.China's latest Report on the Work of the Government released in March called for expanding investment in key service industries,while the country's first national conference dedicated to the services sector—now China's largest economic sector—in April underscored its growing strategic importance.As incomes rise and the economy becomes more sophisticated,services are expected to play an increasingly important role in driving economic growth.
摘要At the intersection of a new wave of technological revolution and industrial transformation,the boundaries between manufacturing and services are blurring at an unprecedented pace.This is not a simple process of adding one sector to another,but a deeper structural shift.As manufacturing and services become increasingly integrated,a broader transformation is underway—from labor-intensive production to more intelligence-driven development.
摘要With China's per capita GDP exceeding US$13,000 for three consecutive years and its middle-income population continuously growing,consumer spending is shifting markedly from acquiring more goods to pursuing improved services and enhanced experiences.In 2025,the added value of China's services sector surged past 80 trillion yuan(US$11.8 trillion),accounting for 57.7 percent of the nation's GDP and marking the 11th consecutive year that services have accounted for more than half of the country's economy.Looking ahead to the 15th Five-Year Plan period(2026-2030),the sector's total value is projected to eclipse the 100-trillion-yuan(US$14.76 trillion)threshold.
摘要Delivery riders weave through bustling streets,home-service workers arrive with a simple tap on a phone,and 15-minute community life circles empower residents to handle everyday errands close to home.These scenes illustrate how China's services sector is improving people's daily lives.
摘要The waste sector is a growing contributor to greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions in Côte d’Ivoire,with methane(CH4)as the dominant pollutant.This study examines GHG emission trends from this sector during the period 1990-2022,using data from Côte d’Ivoire’s national GHG inventory reports.Findings re-veal a consistent increase in GHG emissions,driven mainly by rapid urbani-zation,population growth,and the rising amount of municipal solid waste.The growing contribution of the waste sector to national GHG emissions high-lights the urgent need for targeted and sector-specific mitigation strategies to align with national and international climate goals.Despite recent policy re-forms,including the closure of the Akouédo landfill,the establishment of the Kossihouen sanitary landfill,the creation of the National Waste Management Agency,and the adoption of the 2023 Environmental Code prohibiting open burning and uncontrolled dumpsites,the waste sector remains widespread and continues to generate significant emissions,posing risks to air quality and public health.The results highlight the critical importance of implementing sustainable waste management practices,such as improved collection,sanitary landfilling,recycling,and methane recovery systems,to reduce emissions and support national climate change mitigation objectives.
摘要Chinese President Xi Jinping has pointed out that the proposals for formulating the 15th Five-Year Plan map out China's economic and social development for the next five years while also offering the world a list of opportunities.China's fast-growing intelligent auto sector is one of the brightest items on that list.
摘要The Thursday flight from China to Zimbabwe’s capital Harare has become a permanent,welcome feature.While there are a handful of returning locals and international aid workers,the overwhelming majority are Chinese citizens.
摘要Background International organisations and development agencies have important roles to play in addressing noncommunicable diseases(NCDs)and their risk factors at the nexus of health,socioeconomic,and environmental development challenges.Much of this work occurs through direct engagement with the private sector.We aimed to assess the types of private sector engagement(PSE)approaches and the degree of alignment across ten major international organisations whose work is critical to achieving global NCD and mental health goals.Methods We examined the publicly available PSE strategy documents for a purposive sample of ten major international development partners.We obtained copies of each organisation's publicly available PSE policy documents and extracted data on the stated purpose,processes,and types of engagement.We used thematic analysis and triangulation to identify areas of agreement,dissonance and silence across the policy approaches.Results Whilst all PSE documents emphasised the importance of conducting due diligence,they varied widely in their approach to the risk of engagement and the sophistication of potential conflict of interest management strategies.Many documents were silent on prohibited industries,managing reputational risks,and guidance to Member States.The proactive engagement stance in USAID and World Bank policy documents contrasted starkly with more conservative approaches advanced by UNDP,FAO,and WHO.Conclusions The core practices of conducting due diligence and risk mitigation are common to all of the major international organizations we assessed,however,the framing,content,and PSE processes vary widely.The potential impact of these findings is that WHO and other partners can focus on adopting common approaches wherever possible for greater coherence and smoother coordination across the wider development system.
摘要Climate change may have detrimental effects on different sectoral growth in global economy and according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,the impacts of climate change will be more vigorous in the coming years.The climatic and non-climatic driving forces behind the economic sectoral performances involve short-and long-run interconnections among variables.This study attempts to investigate the effect of climatic factors(temperature and precipitation)along with non-climatic factors,including foreign direct investment(FDI),human capital index(HCI),natural capital(NC),and information and communication technology(ICT)on three major sectors of the economy(agricultural sector,industrial sector,and service sector)through non-linear model framework by employing cross-sectionally augmented autoregressive distributed lag(CS-ARDL)estimation technique.It considers a panel of 56 selected countries from different income groups,including high-income countries,upper-middle-income countries,lower-middle-income countries,and low-income countries,covering the period 1985-2022.The confirmation of slope heterogeneity,cross-sectional dependence,stationarity,and cointegration among variables lends support to the robustness of results.The augmented mean group(AMG)robustness test was applied to check robustness and the results were found mostly consistent with estimation method.The results revealed that upper-middle-income countries are more vulnerable to extreme temperatures compared to high-income countries.The results also confirmed an inverted U-shaped relationship between each sector’s output and precipitation in upper-middle-income countries.In contrast,for upper-middle-income,lower-middle-income,and low-income countries,this relation exists in industrial sector only in long run.This indicates that precipitation is initially beneficial for production activities.However,beyond a certain threshold of precipitation,this trend reverses,i.e.,the output of the economic sectors tends to decline.Furthermore,there is no supporting evidence that confirms a short-run non-linear relation between precipitation and agricultural yields.In upper-middle-income countries,the results confirmed that FDI is a driving factor behind both agricultural sector and service sector in long run while short-run results indicated a negative association but insignificant.This study also showed that in long run,an increase in HCI contributes to improving the output of the three sectors for high-income countries.The empirical findings provide valuable insights for policy-makers and governments to formulate coherent adaptation and mitigation strategies,thereby accelerating the transition of sectoral productivity from low to high levels in the sample countries.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52200120)the R&D Program of Beijing Municipal Education Commission(No.KM202310011003).
摘要CO2 emissions(CEs)pose a growing threat to environmental changes and global warming,attracting extensive attention.Here,we leveraged near-real-time monitoring data spanning 2019 to 2022 to investigate spatiotemporal heterogeneity,sectoral contributions,provincial spatial correlation,and driving factors influencing CEs at the provincial level in China.Our analysis,integrating Moran’s Index analysis,Spearman correlation analysis,and the Geographically Weighted Regression model,unveiled China’s consistent world-leading CEs,surpassing 10,000 Mt over the study period.Spatially,CEs exhibited a heterogeneous distribution,with markedly higher emissions in eastern and northern regions compared to western and southern areas.Temporally,CEs displayed significant fluctuations,peaking in the fourth quarter before declining in subsequent quarters.Chinese NewYear and COVID-19 had the biggest effects on CEs,with average daily reductions of-20.8%and-18.9%,respectively,compared to the four-year average and the same period in 2019.Sectoral analysis highlighted the power and industry sectors as primary contributors to CEs in China,jointly accounting for 37.9%-40.2%and 43.5%-46.4%of total CEs,respectively.Spatial clustering analysis identified a distinct High-High agglomeration region,predominantly encompassing provinces such as Inner Mongolia,Shandong and Jiangsu.Furthermore,total energy consumption and electricity consumption emerged as significant drivers of CEs,exhibiting correlation coefficients exceeding 0.9,followed by exhaust emissions,population size,and gross domestic product.Moreover,the influence of drivers on provincial CEs exhibited notable spatial heterogeneity,with regression coefficients displaying a decreasing gradient from north to south.These findings provide scientific and technological support to realize the provincial dual-carbon goals in China.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52478095 and 72261147760)the Chinese Academy of Engineering Project"Low-Carbon Transition Strategy and Pathways for Urban and Rural Energy Supply Systems in China"(2023-XBZD-07)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(GZC20240874)。
摘要Buildings are crucial for achieving carbon reduction and mitigating climate change.China's dual-carbon strategy includes ambitious goals for carbon peaking and carbon neutrality in the building sector.However,clear technical pathways and roadmaps for achieving these objectives remain lacking.In this study,we examined the trajectory and characteristics of energy consumption and emissions in China's building sector and conducted future scenario analyses informed by global comparative studies.Ecological development pathways were proposed as target scenarios to achieve carbon neutrality in the building sector.Detailed pathways to achieve carbon neutrality were delineated,covering various tasks and timelines.These included managing building stocks,improving energy efficiency and sufficiency,promoting electrification,implementing photovoltaic-energy storage-direct current-flexibility(PEDF)buildings,decarbonizing heating systems,and developing new energy systems for rural areas.In addition,we discussed and recommended policy measures to enhance building service provisions within the framework of the ecological development concept and promote key technologies within the context of a low-carbon energy system transition.The findings of this study provide high-level recommendations for policymakers in the building and energy sectors and offer insights into technological perspectives and development targets for future research and engineering practice.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.42230106,No.42171250State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology,No.2022-ZD-04。
摘要Agriculture holds a pivotal position in the economic fabric of every nation,yet concerns about agricultural carbon emission intensity(ACI)have become a major hurdle to achieving global economic sustainability.Focusing on 31 provincial-level regions in China,this study uses the Exploratory Spatio-temporal Data Analysis(ESTDA)and Panel Quantile Regression(PQR)model to analyze the spatio-temporal interaction characteristics and influencing factors of ACI in China from 2004 to 2023.The findings are as follows:(1)ACI showed an overall downward trend,and the spatial distribution pattern was characterized by“high in the western region and low along the southeastern coast”.Although the overall disparity tended to converge,some high-carbon-intensity regions exhibited extreme trends.ACI displayed clear spatial directionality,with the spatial center shifting steadily toward the northeast.(2)Regions in the northwest,northeast,and central-south parts exhibited strong local spatial structural dynamics,and the local spatial dependence of ACI in each region showed a nonlinear trend.Generally speaking,the spatial association pattern demonstrated a certain degree of inertia in spatial transfer,reflecting strong path dependence or spatial lock-in characteristics.(3)Optimization of industrial structure and improvement in agricultural mechanization will increase ACI,while economic development can effectively reduce it.The impact of urbanization on ACI exhibits a nonlinear pattern.The coordinated development of economic growth and urbanization significantly reduces ACI,with a stronger emission reduction observed in regions with low ACI.The optimization of industrial structure,when combined with urbanization and environmental regulation,contributes to significant emission reductions particularly in high-ACI areas.Similarly,the synergy between agricultural mechanization and urbanization effectively lowers emissions in low-ACI regions,though this effect diminishes in areas with higher ACI.
摘要This study analyzes the influence of green bonds on carbon neutrality.It examines the daily data of sectoral CO2 emissions of the top five CO2-emitting nations from January 2,2019 to December 30,2022 using wavelet transform coherence,quantile-onquantile regression,Granger causality in quantiles,and quantile regression approaches.The results revealed that(i)green bonds are strongly related to sectoral CO2 emissions;(ii)green bonds reduce transport sector CO2 emissions in China,the US,and Japan while causing an upsurge in India and Russia;(iii)green bonds reduce industrial sector CO2 emissions only in the US;(iv)green bonds have a declining influence in energy sector CO2 emissions at lower quantiles in India,China,and the US,whereas the impact increases at higher quantiles;and(v)green bonds decrease residential sector CO2 emissions in the US,Russia,and Japan.The study revealed that green bonds help reduce CO2 emissions in the residential sector in various quantiles.Therefore,the US,Russia,and Japan should raise household awareness of green energy utilization by promoting them with green bonds.In addition,green bonds can effectively reduce transportation sector CO2 emissions in China and the US.Therefore,the policymakers of the two global powers should contribute to global CO2 reduction by promoting green transportation and clean energy transition in the transportation sector through green bonds.Thus,green bonds can play an effective role in the fight against global warming.
基金supported by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF-2024S1A5A2A01028034).
摘要This study assessed the connectedness between oil shocks and industry stock indexes in the United States(US).We consider the normal and extreme conditions across different frequency horizons,and the quantile time–frequency connectedness method is used to determine the tail risk contagion under different frequency horizons.Our results reveal that the short-term frequency connectedness significantly exceeds the long-term frequency connectedness.We also indicate that the connectedness in the lower and upper quantiles is greater than at the conditional mean.Importantly,oil risk shock is the biggest net transmitter of shocks to the US sectors in normal and extreme conditions,highlighting that oil risk shocks cause substantial variations in US sector stock returns in the short,medium,and long term.Finally,QAR(3)model demonstrates the significant impact of oil risk shocks on US sector stock returns during extreme and normal conditions.Therefore,our study underscores the role of asymmetry in the reaction of US sector stock returns to oil-related shocks,and we suggest that policies aimed at overcoming the adverse effects of oil shocks on stock markets and promoting financial stability should incorporate asymmetric features.
基金funding from the European Union's Horizon Europe research and innovation program under Grant Agreement No.101081776,from the UK Research and Innovation(UKRI)fund under the UK government's Horizon Europe funding guarantee,from the Swiss State Secretariat for Education,Research and Innovation(SERI)from the National Key Research and Development Program supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China(No.2023YFE0104900).
摘要While plastics offer short-term benefits to the agri-food sector by increasing productivity and food safety,they are endangering these gains in the long-term.Soil,water,and food are becoming increasingly contaminated,with persistent interactive micro-and nano-plastics disturbing the functioning of the ecosystem and affecting human health.Plastic use is likely to grow further because of population increases,resource limitations,agrochemical regulations,climate change,and transitional technologies.Up to now,efforts to mitigate plastic pollution have been mainly focused on reducing the carbon footprint and managing plastic waste.This paper demonstrates that accounting for the long-term plastic particle footprint would pave the way for transparent reviews of strategies in the agri-food sector.This would enable decisions in favor of innovations that deserve to increase our plastic particulate footprint,to be accompanied by cross-sector trade-offs,putting an end to irreversible pollution that is not justified by significant improvements in human wellbeing.
基金The authors are grateful to the Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah and the Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education for their generous support and funding provided through University Distinguished Research Grants(Project No.RDU223016)as well as financial assistance provided through the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme(No.FRGS/1/2022/TK10/UMP/02/35).
摘要The automotive sector is crucial in modern society,facilitating essential transportation needs across personal,commercial,and logistical domains while significantly contributing to national economic development and employment generation.The transformative impact of Artificial Intelligence(AI)has revolutionised multiple facets of the automotive industry,encompassing intelligent manufacturing processes,diagnostic systems,control mechanisms,supply chain operations,customer service platforms,and traffic management solutions.While extensive research exists on the above aspects of AI applications in automotive contexts,there is a compelling need to synthesise this knowledge comprehensively to guide and inspire future research.This review introduces a novel taxonomic framework that provides a holistic perspective on AI integration into the automotive sector,focusing on next-generation AI methods and their critical implementation aspects.Additionally,the proposed conceptual framework for real-time condition monitoring of electric vehicle subsystems delivers actionable maintenance recommendations to stakeholders,addressing a critical gap in the field.The review highlights that AI has significantly expedited the development of autonomous vehicles regarding navigation,decision-making,and safety features through the use of advanced algorithms and deep learning structures.Furthermore,it identifies advanced driver assistance systems,vehicle health monitoring,and predictive maintenance as the most impactful AI applications,transforming operational safety and maintenance efficiency in modern automotive technologies.The work is beneficial to understanding the various use cases of AI in the different automotive domains,where AI maintains a state-of-the-art for sector-specific applications,providing a strong foundation for meeting Industry 4.0 needs and encouraging AI use among more nascent industry segments.The current work is intended to consolidate previous works while shedding some light on future research directions in promoting further growth of AI-based innovations in the scope of automotive applications.
基金supported by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action[BMWK SimBench-Sektor project,grant number 03EI1058C].
摘要Germany aims to achieve a national climate-neutral energy system by 2045.The residential sector still accounts for 29%of end energy consumption,with 74%attributed to the direct use of fossil fuels for heating and hot water.In order to reduce fossil energy use in the household sector,great efforts are being made to design new energy concepts that expand the use of renewable energies to supply electricity andheat.Onepossibility is toconvertparts of the natural gas grid to a hydrogen-based gas grid to deliver and store energy for urban quarters of buildings,especially with older building stock where electrification of heat via heat pumps is difficult due to technical,acoustical,and economic reasons.A comprehensive dataset was generated by a bottom-up analysis with open governmental and statistical data to determine regional building types regarding energy demand,solar potential,and existing grid infrastructure.The buildings’connections to the electricity,gas,and district heating networks are considered.From this,a representative sample dataset was chosen as input for a newly developed energy system model based on energy flow simulation.The model simulates the interaction of hydrogen generation(HG)(from excess solar energy by electrolysis),storage in a metal-hydride storage(MHS)tank,and hydrogen use in a connected fuel cell(FC),forming a local PVPtGtHP(Photovoltaic Power-to-Gas-to-Heat-and-Power)network.Next to the seasonal hydrogen storage path(HSP),a battery will complete the system to forma hybrid energy storage system(HESS).Paired with seasonal time series for PV power,electricity and heat demand,and a model for connection to grid infrastructure,the simulation of different hydrogen applications and MHS placements aims to analyze operating times and energy share of the systems’equipment and existing infrastructure.The method to obtain the data set together with the simulationmodel presented can be used by energy planners for cities,communities,and building developers to analyze the potentials of a quarter or region and plan a transition towards a more energy-efficient and sustainable energy system.
基金supported by the 2020 National Supercomputing Zhengzhou Center Innovation Ecosystem Construction Technology Project(No.201400210700)Zhengzhou PM2.5 and O3 Collaborative Control and Monitoring Project(No.20220347A).
摘要Recently,the transportation sector in China has gradually become the main source of urban air pollution and primary driver of carbon emissions growth.Considering air pollutants and greenhouse gases come from the same emission sources,it is necessary to establish an updated high-resolution emission inventory for the transportation sector in Central China,themost polluted region in China.The inventory includes on-road mobile,non-roadmobile,oil storage and transportation,and covers 9 types of air pollutants and 3 types of greenhouse gases.Based on the Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System(LEAP)model,the emissions of pollutants were predicted for the period from2020 to 2035 in different scenarios.Results showed that in 2020,emissions of SO2,NOx,CO,PM10,PM2.5,VOCs,NH3,BC,OC,CO2,CH4,and N2O in Henan Province were 27.5,503.2,878.6,20.1,17.4,222.1,21.5,9.4,2.9,92,077.9,6.0,and 10.4 kilotons,respectively.Energy demand and pollutant emissions in Henan Province are simulated under four scenarios(Baseline Scenario(BS),Pollution Abatement Scenario(PA),Green Transportation Scenario(GT),and Reinforcing Low Carbon Scenario(RLC)).The collaborative emission reduction effect is most significant in the RLC scenario,followed by the GT scenario.By 2035,under the RLC scenario,energy consumption and emissions of SO2,NOx,CO,PM10,PM2.5,VOCs,NH3,CO2,CH4,and N2O are projected to decrease by 72.0%,30.0%,55.6%,56.0%,38.6%,39.7%,51.5%,66.1%,65.5%,55.4%,and 52.8%,respectively.This study provides fundamental data support for subsequent numerical simulations.