Spam emails remain one of the most persistent threats to digital communication,necessitating effective detection solutions that safeguard both individuals and organisations.We propose a spam email classification frame...Spam emails remain one of the most persistent threats to digital communication,necessitating effective detection solutions that safeguard both individuals and organisations.We propose a spam email classification frame-work that uses Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers(BERT)for contextual feature extraction and a multiple-window Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)for classification.To identify semantic nuances in email content,BERT embeddings are used,and CNN filters extract discriminative n-gram patterns at various levels of detail,enabling accurate spam identification.The proposed model outperformed Word2Vec-based baselines on a sample of 5728 labelled emails,achieving an accuracy of 98.69%,AUC of 0.9981,F1 Score of 0.9724,and MCC of 0.9639.With a medium kernel size of(6,9)and compact multi-window CNN architectures,it improves performance.Cross-validation illustrates stability and generalization across folds.By balancing high recall with minimal false positives,our method provides a reliable and scalable solution for current spam detection in advanced deep learning.By combining contextual embedding and a neural architecture,this study develops a security analysis method.展开更多
Email communication plays a crucial role in both personal and professional contexts;however,it is frequently compromised by the ongoing challenge of spam,which detracts from productivity and introduces considerable se...Email communication plays a crucial role in both personal and professional contexts;however,it is frequently compromised by the ongoing challenge of spam,which detracts from productivity and introduces considerable security risks.Current spam detection techniques often struggle to keep pace with the evolving tactics employed by spammers,resulting in user dissatisfaction and potential data breaches.To address this issue,we introduce the Divide and Conquer-Generative Adversarial Network Squeeze and Excitation-Based Framework(DaC-GANSAEBF),an innovative deep-learning model designed to identify spam emails.This framework incorporates cutting-edge technologies,such as Generative Adversarial Networks(GAN),Squeeze and Excitation(SAE)modules,and a newly formulated Light Dual Attention(LDA)mechanism,which effectively utilizes both global and local attention to discern intricate patterns within textual data.This approach significantly improves efficiency and accuracy by segmenting scanned email content into smaller,independently evaluated components.The model underwent training and validation using four publicly available benchmark datasets,achieving an impressive average accuracy of 98.87%,outperforming leading methods in the field.These findings underscore the resilience and scalability of DaC-GANSAEBF,positioning it as a viable solution for contemporary spam detection systems.The framework can be easily integrated into existing technologies to enhance user security and reduce the risks associated with spam.展开更多
Short Message Service(SMS)is a widely used and cost-effective communication medium that has unfortunately become a frequent target for unsolicited messages-commonly known as SMS spam.With the rapid adoption of smartph...Short Message Service(SMS)is a widely used and cost-effective communication medium that has unfortunately become a frequent target for unsolicited messages-commonly known as SMS spam.With the rapid adoption of smartphones and increased Internet connectivity,SMS spam has emerged as a prevalent threat.Spammers have recognized the critical role SMS plays in today’s modern communication,making it a prime target for abuse.As cybersecurity threats continue to evolve,the volume of SMS spam has increased substantially in recent years.Moreover,the unstructured format of SMS data creates significant challenges for SMS spam detection,making it more difficult to successfully combat spam attacks.In this paper,we present an optimized and fine-tuned transformer-based Language Model to address the problem of SMS spam detection.We use a benchmark SMS spam dataset to analyze this spam detection model.Additionally,we utilize pre-processing techniques to obtain clean and noise-free data and address class imbalance problem by leveraging text augmentation techniques.The overall experiment showed that our optimized fine-tuned BERT(Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers)variant model RoBERTa obtained high accuracy with 99.84%.To further enhance model transparency,we incorporate Explainable Artificial Intelligence(XAI)techniques that compute positive and negative coefficient scores,offering insight into the model’s decision-making process.Additionally,we evaluate the performance of traditional machine learning models as a baseline for comparison.This comprehensive analysis demonstrates the significant impact language models can have on addressing complex text-based challenges within the cybersecurity landscape.展开更多
Purpose:This paper aims to analyze the effectiveness of two major types of features—metadata-based(behavioral)and content-based(textual)—in opinion spam detection.Design/methodology/approach:Based on spam-detection ...Purpose:This paper aims to analyze the effectiveness of two major types of features—metadata-based(behavioral)and content-based(textual)—in opinion spam detection.Design/methodology/approach:Based on spam-detection perspectives,our approach works in three settings:review-centric(spam detection),reviewer-centric(spammer detection)and product-centric(spam-targeted product detection).Besides this,to negate any kind of classifier-bias,we employ four classifiers to get a better and unbiased reflection of the obtained results.In addition,we have proposed a new set of features which are compared against some well-known related works.The experiments performed on two real-world datasets show the effectiveness of different features in opinion spam detection.Findings:Our findings indicate that behavioral features are more efficient as well as effective than the textual to detect opinion spam across all three settings.In addition,models trained on hybrid features produce results quite similar to those trained on behavioral features than on the textual,further establishing the superiority of behavioral features as dominating indicators of opinion spam.The features used in this work provide improvement over existing features utilized in other related works.Furthermore,the computation time analysis for feature extraction phase shows the better cost efficiency of behavioral features over the textual.Research limitations:The analyses conducted in this paper are solely limited to two wellknown datasets,viz.,Yelp Zip and Yelp NYC of Yelp.com.Practical implications:The results obtained in this paper can be used to improve the detection of opinion spam,wherein the researchers may work on improving and developing feature engineering and selection techniques focused more on metadata information.Originality/value:To the best of our knowledge,this study is the first of its kind which considers three perspectives(review,reviewer and product-centric)and four classifiers to analyze the effectiveness of opinion spam detection using two major types of features.This study also introduces some novel features,which help to improve the performance of opinion spam detection methods.展开更多
Cloud computing is one of the most attractive and cost-saving models,which provides online services to end-users.Cloud computing allows the user to access data directly from any node.But nowadays,cloud security is one...Cloud computing is one of the most attractive and cost-saving models,which provides online services to end-users.Cloud computing allows the user to access data directly from any node.But nowadays,cloud security is one of the biggest issues that arise.Different types of malware are wreaking havoc on the clouds.Attacks on the cloud server are happening from both internal and external sides.This paper has developed a tool to prevent the cloud server from spamming attacks.When an attacker attempts to use different spamming techniques on a cloud server,the attacker will be intercepted through two effective techniques:Cloudflare and K-nearest neighbors(KNN)classification.Cloudflare will block those IP addresses that the attacker will use and prevent spamming attacks.However,the KNN classifiers will determine which area the spammer belongs to.At the end of the article,various prevention techniques for securing cloud servers will be discussed,a comparison will be made with different papers,a conclusion will be drawn based on different results.展开更多
基金funded by Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number(PNURSP2026R234)Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
摘要Spam emails remain one of the most persistent threats to digital communication,necessitating effective detection solutions that safeguard both individuals and organisations.We propose a spam email classification frame-work that uses Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers(BERT)for contextual feature extraction and a multiple-window Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)for classification.To identify semantic nuances in email content,BERT embeddings are used,and CNN filters extract discriminative n-gram patterns at various levels of detail,enabling accurate spam identification.The proposed model outperformed Word2Vec-based baselines on a sample of 5728 labelled emails,achieving an accuracy of 98.69%,AUC of 0.9981,F1 Score of 0.9724,and MCC of 0.9639.With a medium kernel size of(6,9)and compact multi-window CNN architectures,it improves performance.Cross-validation illustrates stability and generalization across folds.By balancing high recall with minimal false positives,our method provides a reliable and scalable solution for current spam detection in advanced deep learning.By combining contextual embedding and a neural architecture,this study develops a security analysis method.
基金funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research(DSR)at King Abdulaziz University,Jeddah,Saudi Arabia under Grant No.(GPIP:71-829-2024).
摘要Email communication plays a crucial role in both personal and professional contexts;however,it is frequently compromised by the ongoing challenge of spam,which detracts from productivity and introduces considerable security risks.Current spam detection techniques often struggle to keep pace with the evolving tactics employed by spammers,resulting in user dissatisfaction and potential data breaches.To address this issue,we introduce the Divide and Conquer-Generative Adversarial Network Squeeze and Excitation-Based Framework(DaC-GANSAEBF),an innovative deep-learning model designed to identify spam emails.This framework incorporates cutting-edge technologies,such as Generative Adversarial Networks(GAN),Squeeze and Excitation(SAE)modules,and a newly formulated Light Dual Attention(LDA)mechanism,which effectively utilizes both global and local attention to discern intricate patterns within textual data.This approach significantly improves efficiency and accuracy by segmenting scanned email content into smaller,independently evaluated components.The model underwent training and validation using four publicly available benchmark datasets,achieving an impressive average accuracy of 98.87%,outperforming leading methods in the field.These findings underscore the resilience and scalability of DaC-GANSAEBF,positioning it as a viable solution for contemporary spam detection systems.The framework can be easily integrated into existing technologies to enhance user security and reduce the risks associated with spam.
摘要Short Message Service(SMS)is a widely used and cost-effective communication medium that has unfortunately become a frequent target for unsolicited messages-commonly known as SMS spam.With the rapid adoption of smartphones and increased Internet connectivity,SMS spam has emerged as a prevalent threat.Spammers have recognized the critical role SMS plays in today’s modern communication,making it a prime target for abuse.As cybersecurity threats continue to evolve,the volume of SMS spam has increased substantially in recent years.Moreover,the unstructured format of SMS data creates significant challenges for SMS spam detection,making it more difficult to successfully combat spam attacks.In this paper,we present an optimized and fine-tuned transformer-based Language Model to address the problem of SMS spam detection.We use a benchmark SMS spam dataset to analyze this spam detection model.Additionally,we utilize pre-processing techniques to obtain clean and noise-free data and address class imbalance problem by leveraging text augmentation techniques.The overall experiment showed that our optimized fine-tuned BERT(Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers)variant model RoBERTa obtained high accuracy with 99.84%.To further enhance model transparency,we incorporate Explainable Artificial Intelligence(XAI)techniques that compute positive and negative coefficient scores,offering insight into the model’s decision-making process.Additionally,we evaluate the performance of traditional machine learning models as a baseline for comparison.This comprehensive analysis demonstrates the significant impact language models can have on addressing complex text-based challenges within the cybersecurity landscape.
摘要Purpose:This paper aims to analyze the effectiveness of two major types of features—metadata-based(behavioral)and content-based(textual)—in opinion spam detection.Design/methodology/approach:Based on spam-detection perspectives,our approach works in three settings:review-centric(spam detection),reviewer-centric(spammer detection)and product-centric(spam-targeted product detection).Besides this,to negate any kind of classifier-bias,we employ four classifiers to get a better and unbiased reflection of the obtained results.In addition,we have proposed a new set of features which are compared against some well-known related works.The experiments performed on two real-world datasets show the effectiveness of different features in opinion spam detection.Findings:Our findings indicate that behavioral features are more efficient as well as effective than the textual to detect opinion spam across all three settings.In addition,models trained on hybrid features produce results quite similar to those trained on behavioral features than on the textual,further establishing the superiority of behavioral features as dominating indicators of opinion spam.The features used in this work provide improvement over existing features utilized in other related works.Furthermore,the computation time analysis for feature extraction phase shows the better cost efficiency of behavioral features over the textual.Research limitations:The analyses conducted in this paper are solely limited to two wellknown datasets,viz.,Yelp Zip and Yelp NYC of Yelp.com.Practical implications:The results obtained in this paper can be used to improve the detection of opinion spam,wherein the researchers may work on improving and developing feature engineering and selection techniques focused more on metadata information.Originality/value:To the best of our knowledge,this study is the first of its kind which considers three perspectives(review,reviewer and product-centric)and four classifiers to analyze the effectiveness of opinion spam detection using two major types of features.This study also introduces some novel features,which help to improve the performance of opinion spam detection methods.
摘要Cloud computing is one of the most attractive and cost-saving models,which provides online services to end-users.Cloud computing allows the user to access data directly from any node.But nowadays,cloud security is one of the biggest issues that arise.Different types of malware are wreaking havoc on the clouds.Attacks on the cloud server are happening from both internal and external sides.This paper has developed a tool to prevent the cloud server from spamming attacks.When an attacker attempts to use different spamming techniques on a cloud server,the attacker will be intercepted through two effective techniques:Cloudflare and K-nearest neighbors(KNN)classification.Cloudflare will block those IP addresses that the attacker will use and prevent spamming attacks.However,the KNN classifiers will determine which area the spammer belongs to.At the end of the article,various prevention techniques for securing cloud servers will be discussed,a comparison will be made with different papers,a conclusion will be drawn based on different results.
摘要天津位于京津冀区域,近年来面临的颗粒物污染问题受到广泛关注,研究其大气环境中颗粒物的化学组成及来源具有重要意义.为明确天津市夏季环境受体中颗粒物的混合状态及可能来源,于2017年7月利用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(single particle aerosol mass spectrometer,SPAMS)在津南区采集到成功电离有粒径及完整质谱信息颗粒209887个,利用ART-2a对有质谱数据的颗粒按照质谱特征的相似性进行聚类共获得369个颗粒物类别,随后按照类别的化学组成(质谱谱图)的相似性进行人工合并获得19个颗粒物类别,包括:K-EC(0.20%)、K-EC-Sec(0.18%)、K-NO3-PO3(12.00%)、K-NO3-SiO3(2.98%)、K-Sec(0.16%)、EC(39.60%)、EC-Sec(3.46%)、EC-HM-Sec(3.93%)、HEC(1.49%)、HEC-Sec(1.38%)、OC-Amine-Sec(3.58%)、OC-Sec(0.36%)、OCEC-Sec(0.71%)、Dust-HEC(21.35%)、Dust-Sec(0.72%)、Cl-EC-NO3(1.22%)、Na-Cl-NO3(3.20%)、HM-Sec(2.58%)和PAH-Sec(0.90%)颗粒.得到的各个颗粒类别可归因于气溶胶颗粒的不同来源及不同的传输和反应过程,综合分析采集到的颗粒贡献源主要包括机动车排放源、生物质燃烧源、工业排放源、扬尘源、燃煤源和二次源等.其中K-EC、EC、HEC和Dust-HEC等颗粒主要来自一次源直接排放,K-Sec、OC-Amine-Sec、OC-Sec、OCEC-Sec和Na-Cl-NO3等颗粒大都是一次源排放颗粒经历了不同程度的老化或与二次组分进行了不同程度的混合.