Dear Editor,I am Dr. Feng Hu, from the Department of Ophthalmology of Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China. I write to present a case report of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR) in Good’s syndrome (GS).GS is an ex...Dear Editor,I am Dr. Feng Hu, from the Department of Ophthalmology of Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China. I write to present a case report of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR) in Good’s syndrome (GS).GS is an extremely rare primary immune-deficiency syndrome,which consists of simultaneous occurrence of展开更多
Entering in the month of November,Zhuhai—the sea-side garden city was full of exitement and activity.Marlboro Zhuhai International Automobile Race and ’96 ChinaInternational Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition were ...Entering in the month of November,Zhuhai—the sea-side garden city was full of exitement and activity.Marlboro Zhuhai International Automobile Race and ’96 ChinaInternational Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition were closedon the 4th and 10th of November respectively.Guests fromvarious places of the world and over 1300 Chinese andforeign news reporters gathered in Zhuhai,and news bulletinswere released through various big medias.Automobile Race,Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition and the closely followedZhuhai International Movie Festival became Zhuhai’s acceler-ated velocity of advancing towards the world!It is said that starting from now and up to the year of2014,China will import 1320 aeroplanes with an amount of100 billion US dollars.Such a huge market is very seldomhappened in the world.President of Boeing Company,Chair-展开更多
Thermochromic materials based on solid-state oxides exhibit many potential photo-thermal regulation applications.Herein,we report a new thermochromic pure-phase CaCrO4 pigment with merits of high chromatic aberrati...Thermochromic materials based on solid-state oxides exhibit many potential photo-thermal regulation applications.Herein,we report a new thermochromic pure-phase CaCrO4 pigment with merits of high chromatic aberration,fully reversible thermochromism,and high stability.CaCrO4 crystalized into a tetragonal zircon-type structure,which showed a successively reversible color change from greenish yellow to reddish orange with the highest chromatic aberration (ΔE*CIE) of 59.60.In situ variable temperature X-ray diffraction analysis results revealed that the expansion of the lattice was uniaxial along the c-axis with a dilation rate of 2.06×10−5,while that along the a-axis remained nearly unchanged in the temperature range of 25–575℃.In situ variable temperature UV–vis absorption spectra of CaCrO4 revealed a successive bandgap reduction with an average temperature dependency rate(dEg/dT)_(aver age) of 0.27 meV K−1.Continuous color change or bandgap reduction originated from the successive elongation of Cr–O bonds in the CrO4 tetrahedral chromophore in the lattice.The most sensitive temperature range was between 175℃ and 400℃,which rendered a naked-eye-detection accuracy rate of over 85%for a standard temperature deviation(ΔT)of 25℃,demonstrating the potential of the pigment as a pan-bottom temperature indicator for healthy cooking.展开更多
Algae play an important role in lake ecosystems,and algal succession is vital to studying the mechanism of algal bloom outbreaks.This paper provides a comprehensive review of algae blooms development,bloom-forming alg...Algae play an important role in lake ecosystems,and algal succession is vital to studying the mechanism of algal bloom outbreaks.This paper provides a comprehensive review of algae blooms development,bloom-forming algae succession,the diversity of common blooms-forming algae,and key drivers for algae succession in Chinese lakes,based on an extensive literature survey and data sets.Furthermore,it summarizes the influencing factors for algae blooms and bloom-forming algae succession in five lake zones of China.The results indicated that the number of research publications on algal blooms in China constituted the largest share of global research,representing 41.9 %.The predominant types of algae blooms in all publications were cyanobacterial blooms,followed by dinoflagellate blooms.The blooms-forming algae in China's lakes have experienced a clear succession pattern:Bacillariophyta,Chlorophyta and Pyrrophyta were dominated in the initial investigations;dominance of Microcystis,Anabaena, dinoflagellates and diatoms increased significantly since1960s;in the past decade,Cylindrospermopsis and dinoflagellates expanded.Current research on algae blooms in Chinese lakes mainly focuses on cyanobacterial blooms,especially Microcystis blooms,while researches on filamentous cyanobacterial blooms and other algae blooms is still insufficient.This systematic review will help researchers to understand the basic features such as the occurrence,the diversity,the physio-ecology and the driving factors of common blooms-forming algae,will further provide a scientific basis for their control in various lake regions.展开更多
With the recent advance in chemical modification of fullerenes,electrosynthesis has demonstrated increasing importance in regioselective synthesis of novel fullerene derivatives.Herein,we report successively regiosele...With the recent advance in chemical modification of fullerenes,electrosynthesis has demonstrated increasing importance in regioselective synthesis of novel fullerene derivatives.Herein,we report successively regioselective synthesis of stable tetra-and hexafunctionalized[60]fullerene derivatives.The cycloaddition reaction of the electrochemically generated dianions from[60]fulleroindolines with phthaloyl chloride regioselectively affords 1,2,4,17-functionalized[60]fullerene derivatives with two attached ketone groups and a unique addition pattern,where the heterocycle is rearranged to a[5,6]-junction and the carbocycle is fused to an adjacent[6,6]-junction.This addition pattern is in sharp contrast with that of the previously reported biscycloadducts,where both cycles are appended to[6,6]-junctions.The obtained tetrafunctionalized compounds can be successively manipulated to 1,2,3,4,9,10-functionalized[60]fullerene derivatives with an intriguing“S”-shaped configuration via a novel electrochemical protonation.Importantly,the stability of tetrafunctionalized[60]fullerene products allows them to be applied in planar perovskite solar cells as efficient electron transport layers.展开更多
Historical legacy effects and the mechanisms underlying primary producer community succession are not well understood.In this study,environmental DNA(eDNA) sequencing technology and chronological sequence analysis in ...Historical legacy effects and the mechanisms underlying primary producer community succession are not well understood.In this study,environmental DNA(eDNA) sequencing technology and chronological sequence analysis in sediments were utilized to examine long-term changes in cyanobacterial and aquatic plant communities.The analysis results indicate that the nutritional status and productivity of aquatic ecosystems have been relatively high since 2010,which could reflect a period of eutrophication due to high long-term rates of organic matter deposition(33.22-42.08 g·kg-1).The temporal and spatial characteristics of community structure were related to environmental filtering based on trophic status between1849 and 2020.Turnover in the primary producer community was confirmed through change-point model analyses with regime shifts toward new ecological states.On the basis of ecological data and geochronological techniques,it was determined that the quality of habitats at a local scale may affect ecological niche shifts between cyanobacterial and aquatic plant communities.These observations suggest how primary producers respond to rapid urbanization,serving as an invaluable guide for protecting freshwater biodiversity.展开更多
Wetlands are crucial habitats for waterbirds,but wetland loss and degradation have caused signiffiificant population declines in many waterbird species.Ecological restoration can improve habitat quality and protect th...Wetlands are crucial habitats for waterbirds,but wetland loss and degradation have caused signiffiificant population declines in many waterbird species.Ecological restoration can improve habitat quality and protect threatened waterbirds,but restoration assessments are often based on diversity rather than ffiifitness indicators.Breeding period is a critical life history stage and breeding output affects population dynamics,thus breeding success is a ffiifitness indicator that truly reffllflects habitat quality and suitability.This study evaluated the breeding performance of three ground-nesting waterbird species:Pied Avocet(Recurvirostra avosetta),Black-winged Stilt(Himantopus himantopus),and Saunders's Gull(Saundersilarus saundersi)in a restored wetland at Chongming Dongtan in the Yangtze estuary,China in 2023 and 2024.We surveyed bird abundance and monitored breeding success rates and causes of breeding failure using camera traps.Breeding success at Chongming Dongtan was further compared with published data from other sites.Results showed that the restored wetland provided nesting habitats for the three species,while the breeding success rate was low:the apparent nest success(proportion of successful nests)for Pied Avocet(2023:n=94;2024:n=7),Black-winged Stilt(2023:n=40;2024:n=39),and Saunders's Gull(2023:n=109;2024:n=24)was 6.9%,20.3%,and 13.5%;the cumulative nest success(estimated from daily survival rate)was 10.9%,25.8%,and 31.6%,respectively.Nest predation was the primary cause of breeding failure for the Pied Avocet,ffllflooding for the Black-winged Stilt,and egg cracking for the Saunders's Gull.The factors affecting daily survival rate varied among species,including breeding period,distance to water surface,local temperature,precipitation,and year.Apparent nest success of all three species was signiffiificantly lower than that reported at other breeding sites worldwide.These results suggest that although the restored wetland attracts many waterbirds to nest,it may function as a sink for the breeding bird populations.We recommend controlling nest predators,avoiding nest ffllflooding by water-level regulation,and providing shade conditions by planting sparse plants at nesting sites.Our ffiifindings highlight the importance of using ffiifitnessrelated indicators in assessing habitat quality and the effectiveness of ecological restoration.展开更多
Understanding how biodiversity-ecosystem functioning(BEF)relationships scale spatially and temporally remains critical under global change.Here,using continuous monitoring databases across temperate,subtropical and tr...Understanding how biodiversity-ecosystem functioning(BEF)relationships scale spatially and temporally remains critical under global change.Here,using continuous monitoring databases across temperate,subtropical and tropical natural forests in China from 2004 to 2020,we quantified multiscale tree diversity-biomass dynamics.Linear mixed-effect and structural equation models were used to further disentangle the direct and indirect pathways through which tree diversity influences forest biomass at different scales.The results revealed significant positive linear relationships between tree species richness and stand biomass at 1200 and 400 m² scales(P0.05).Notably,these demonstrated relationships exhibited consistent temporal stability across all spatial scales throughout the study period.Importantly,the direct effect of tree diversity on biomass intensified with increasing spatial scale,while indirect effects mediated through stand structural attributes(CV_DBH and tree density)became proportionally stronger at finer scales.Further analyses showed that stand structural attributes emerged as the strongest predictor of biomass variation across all scales,surpassing both diversity and climate effects.Furthermore,spatial variation of climate factors(mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation)mainly affected stand biomass through the indirect effects on tree species diversity and stand structural attributes.Overall,multiscale analyses revealed stand structural attributes dominates biomass prediction,with climate acting indirectly.Scaling biodiversity-structure strategies can enhance forest resilience under global change.Future work should integrate cross-scale mechanisms into climate-smart afforestation for sustainable carbon sequestration.展开更多
Sulfur-based denitrification (SADeN) technology is a cost-saving and low-carbon alternative for treating organic-deficient wastewater. However, the use of this technology in full-scale applications is still limited. C...Sulfur-based denitrification (SADeN) technology is a cost-saving and low-carbon alternative for treating organic-deficient wastewater. However, the use of this technology in full-scale applications is still limited. Crucial concerns for biological processes, such as changes in seasonal performance and the ways in which it responds to low temperatures, have yet to be studied in real SADeN processes. Herein, two SADeN biofilters in parallel (downflow, with a design water treatment capacity of 8000 m3·d−1 for each) were systematically investigated over a period of more than 400 days. Seasonal variations in denitrification rates were observed, with an average difference of up to 2 times between summer and winter. The use of thiosulfate was verified as an efficient strategy to improve the performance of SADeN biofilters in winter, which was found to have an overstoichiometric enhancement effect (OSEE), with 24.79%-331.50% more nitrate removal than that calculated according to thiosulfate dosages. Analyzing the biofilter vertically revealed that the OSEE occurred because thiosulfate rapidly consumed dissolved oxygen in the upper zone of the bed and activated the electron flux of the sulfur-based reactive filler (SReF) in the lower zone. Microbial community analysis further suggested that this increase in electron flux may be associated with the abundance recovery of sulfur autotrophic denitrifiers and the stability recovery of the microbial eco-networks. This study offers a paradigm for the full-scale application of SADeN technology in real wastewater treatment plants, providing an in-depth understanding of the role of dosing thiosulfate in tackling low-temperature challenges.展开更多
The natural succession of tailings is critical for reducing their adverse environmental impacts.However,the current knowledge of the Mn-transforming microorganisms involved in the natural vegetation succession of Mn t...The natural succession of tailings is critical for reducing their adverse environmental impacts.However,the current knowledge of the Mn-transforming microorganisms involved in the natural vegetation succession of Mn tailings is very limited.This study reveals for the first time the evolution of Mn-transforming microorganisms during vegetation succession in Mn tailing.The results revealed that the amount of reducible Mn increased during the succession process(divided into nake-land,bryophyte,herb and woody-plant stages),which is the most important geochemical property driving bacterial community diversity.Metagenomic functional profile analysis revealed that the abundance of genes involved in nutrient uptake,metal tolerance,and metal detoxification increased during succession.A total of 51 metagenome-assembled genomes(MAGs)were reconstructed,in which 6 encoding multicopper oxidase(cotA)-containing MAGs were identified.The relative abundance of these cotAcontaining MAGs first increased but then decreased during succession.Notably,genes associated with carbon fixation and denitrification were also identified in these cotA-containing MAGs,indicating their roles in coupling the cycling of manganese,carbon and nitrogen.These results suggest that Mn(II)-oxidizing bacteria could be crucial for lowering Mn toxicity,obtaining nutrients,and potentially contributing to the ecological succession of Mn tailings.The investigation of Mn-transforming microorganisms(cotA-MAGs)has also contributed to understanding the succession mechanisms and restoration of Mn tailing ecosystems.展开更多
The alpine grassland ecosystems of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are highly susceptible to external disturbances,particularly climate change,owing to their fragile ecological structure and unstable environmental processes...The alpine grassland ecosystems of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are highly susceptible to external disturbances,particularly climate change,owing to their fragile ecological structure and unstable environmental processes.These grasslands are broadly classified into alpine meadow and alpine steppe,yet studies examine their successional dynamics at smallto-medium scales using remote sensing remain scarce.This study investigates the transitional zone between alpine meadow and alpine steppe in the hinterland of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,utilizing Landsat TM/OLI imagery and derived spectral indices from 1986 and2019,together with long-term meteorological records(1986-2019).The aim is to elucidate the spatial patterns and hydrothermal driving mechanisms underlying grassland succession.Jeffries-Matusita distance analysis revealed that combining Landsat TM/OLI bands with the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)and Land Surface Water Index(LSWI)substantially improved the separability between the two grassland types.Over the study period,the centroid of the alpine steppe shifted southwestward at a rate of 8 km per decade,driven by the conversion of alpine meadow to alpine steppe in southern areas and the opposing transition in northern areas.Trend analysis of meteorological data indicates that declining surface moisture,induced by climate warming,is the primary driver of meadow-to-steppe conversion.Although the use of two temporal snapshots limits the characterization of interannual variability,the observed net shift remains consistently associated with this drying trend.This study underscores the diagnostic value of surface environmental indicators in distinguishing alpine meadow and alpine steppe,and highlights climate change as the dominant force shaping regional grassland succession.As a climatically sensitive ecotone,this area serves as an early-warning indicator that similar climate-driven vegetation transformations may be underway across broader alpine zones of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.展开更多
Aiming at the poor performance of the parity check(PC) aided adaptive successive cancellation list(PC-ASCL) decoding algorithm because the PC code in the polar code can only verify odd errors, an optimized parity chec...Aiming at the poor performance of the parity check(PC) aided adaptive successive cancellation list(PC-ASCL) decoding algorithm because the PC code in the polar code can only verify odd errors, an optimized parity check(OPC) code which can verify all odd errors as well as the half even errors is proposed. The OPC code is used to improve the PC-ASCL decoding algorithm, thus an OPC aided ASCL(OPC-ASCL) decoding algorithm is proposed. In the coding stage, the algorithm divides the information sequence into multiple segments, and places an OPC code at the end of each segment to verify the current information sequence, and places a cyclic redundancy check code at the end of the entire information sequence to verify the entire information sequence. In the decoding stage, the algorithm uses the OPC-ASCL decoder to decode. Simulation results show that compared to the PC-ASCL decoding algorithm, the OPC-ASCL decoding algorithm can reduce the complexity and obtain the certain performance gain.展开更多
Introduction—from traditional wisdom to modern challenges:Drug repurposing has become a strategic pillar in pharmaceutical development,addressing the rising challenges of novel drug discovery(Saranraj and Kiran,2025)...Introduction—from traditional wisdom to modern challenges:Drug repurposing has become a strategic pillar in pharmaceutical development,addressing the rising challenges of novel drug discovery(Saranraj and Kiran,2025).The conventional pipeline is often arduous> $2 billion per approval,with <10% clinical success.The burden is even heavier in programs in the central nervous system(CNS) due to the blood-brain barrier,disease heterogeneity,and limited biomarkers(Saranraj and Kira n,2025).These inefficiencies create a bottleneck for neurodegenerative diseases,underscoring the need for faster,lower-risk strategies such as drug repurposing to deliver thera pies more quickly(Saranraj and Kiran,2025).展开更多
I offer suggestions to increase the probability of success of an international research project.Collaborative studies often produce more innovative and transformative scientific results than work done by a single inve...I offer suggestions to increase the probability of success of an international research project.Collaborative studies often produce more innovative and transformative scientific results than work done by a single investigator or an isolated team.My advice is intended for early-career scientists.The product of the collaboration may be high-impact research publications,enhanced geophysical monitoring capabilities in a foreign country,or an advanced training course.Choosing the right international partner is the most important step.Keeping an open mind and being receptive to suggestions to modify the initial concept is critical.Other key steps include having a mutually agreed upon plan with achievable goals and well-defined expected outcomes.International cooperation is a richly rewarding experience that accelerates progress in the Earth Sciences.展开更多
Quantum linear equation solvers generate a solution vector that sits in a subspace of the quantum computer’s larger state space.Accessing the solution vector relies on applying measurement projectors that remove comp...Quantum linear equation solvers generate a solution vector that sits in a subspace of the quantum computer’s larger state space.Accessing the solution vector relies on applying measurement projectors that remove components in the orthogonal subspace.This study examines the probability that the projectors are successful and how the success probability is influenced by the properties of the linear system,e.g.,the matrix condition number,and approximations made in the quantum solver.The analysis is performed within a non-linear computational fluid dynamics code where,at each iteration,a linearised system is passed to an emulated quantum solver.The linear systems are solved using quantum singular value transformation,for which the accuracy of the matrix inversion polynomial can be controlled via user input.The results show that success probabilities vary between 10−6and 10−2for the cases considered.More accurate approximations have lower success probabilities and require longer circuits.Less accurate approximations are analysed and show that variations during the non-linear iterations are related to the eigen content of the right-hand side vector.The use of amplitude amplification is shown to be able to increase success probabilities from 10−6to 10−2,in accordance with theory,but at a cost of a 100 times increase in circuit depth.Whilst these results are specific to the fluid flow test cases,they are generalisable to other types of linear solvers.展开更多
Urbanization provides novel habitats for bird species,while simultaneously posing numerous threats to them.Although several bird species have successfully adapted to urbanization,the underlying adaptation mechanisms o...Urbanization provides novel habitats for bird species,while simultaneously posing numerous threats to them.Although several bird species have successfully adapted to urbanization,the underlying adaptation mechanisms of reproductive success remain poorly understood in rapidly urbanizing areas.To this aim,a total of 168 breeding pairs of the Chinese Blackbird(Turdus mandarinus)were monitored during the breeding season(March–July)from 2018 to 2023.We used environmental factors(including nest tree variables,and concealment variables),phenotypic characteristics of nestlings,number of nest predation events,and quantiffiified urbanization scores to understand the impact of urbanization on breeding performance of Chinese Blackbirds.In our study,generalized linear models and structural equation modeling showed that Chinese Blackbirds tended to initiate laying earlier and lay eggs with larger volume along an increasing urbanization gradient.We also found that urbanization did not affect the growth condition of nestlings,and the predation risk was lower in more urbanized habitats.Most importantly,urbanization did not have negative consequences on the reproductive success of Chinese Blackbirds.Our results show changes in the breeding behavior of Chinese Blackbirds as they adapt to rapid urbanization and suggest that certain more urbanized areas may be suitable for the breeding of bird populations.展开更多
Camouflagehas evolved independently across the tree of life as a defensive strategy to avoid predator attacks(Lev-Yadun et al.,2004;Niu et al.,2018).Although widespread in animals,camouflageis relatively rare in plant...Camouflagehas evolved independently across the tree of life as a defensive strategy to avoid predator attacks(Lev-Yadun et al.,2004;Niu et al.,2018).Although widespread in animals,camouflageis relatively rare in plants(Niu et al.,2018).展开更多
Restoration of post-mining sites is essential to address soil degradation while providing critical insights into soil development,nutrient storage,and carbon(C)sequestration potential.However,field data remain inadequ...Restoration of post-mining sites is essential to address soil degradation while providing critical insights into soil development,nutrient storage,and carbon(C)sequestration potential.However,field data remain inadequate to evaluate the combined effects of reclamation methods and vegetation types on soil organic C(SOC)fractions under specific site conditions.This study investigates the effects of reclamation methods and vegetation types on SOC fractions,free light fraction(CfLF),occluded light fraction(CoLF),and highly stable mineral-associated fraction(CMAF),with a focus on strategies that promote SOC stabilization and improve ecological dynamics in post-mining soils on a hard coal mine spoil heap.Soil samples(0-10 and 10-20 cm)were collected for physicochemical analyses from active restoration treatments(topsoiling and cultivation)and passive restoration treatments(succession on bare rock).The results showed that SOC fractions are significantly related to both vegetation type and reclamation method.Succession on bare rock(SBR)resulted in higher content of CfLFat a depth of 0-10 cm,whereas reclaimed sites with topsoil(RTS)exhibited significantly higher content of CoLFat both depths.Furthermore,CMAFshowed variation with reclamation method and depth,with the RTS site displaying a higher CMAFin the top layer but a lower CMAFin the sublayer than the SBR site.Grasslands exhibited significantly higher CfLF(77%higher)at 10-20 cm,CoLFat 0-10 cm(40.5%)and 10-20 cm(56%),and CMAF(46.5%)at 10-20 cm,compared to woodlands.Forblands also exhibited significantly higher CoLF(53%higher)at 10-20 cm than woodlands.In summary,the use of grassland vegetation and topsoiling effectively increases accumulation of all SOC fractions at both soil depths,making it a beneficial approach for post-mining restoration strategies.展开更多
Cascading failures pose a serious threat to the survivability of underwater unmanned swarm networks(UUSNs),significantly limiting their service ability in collaborative missions such as military reconnaissance and env...Cascading failures pose a serious threat to the survivability of underwater unmanned swarm networks(UUSNs),significantly limiting their service ability in collaborative missions such as military reconnaissance and environmental monitoring.Existing failure models primarily focus on power grids and traffic systems,and don't address the unique challenges of weak-communication UUSNs.In UUSNs,cascading failure present a complex and dynamic process driven by the coupling of unstable acoustic channels,passive node drift,adversarial attacks,and network heterogeneity.To address these challenges,a directed weighted graph model of UUSNs is first developed,in which node positions are updated according to ocean-current-driven drift and link weights reflect the probability of successful acoustic transmission.Building on this UUSNs graph model,a cascading failure model is proposed that integrates a normal-failure-recovery state-cycle mechanism,multiple attack strategies,and routingbased load redistribution.Finally,under a five-level connectivity UUSNs scheme,simulations are conducted to analyze how dynamic topology,network load,node recovery delay,and attack modes jointly affect network survivability.The main findings are:(1)moderate node drift can improve survivability by activating weak links;(2)based-energy routing(BER)outperform based-depth routing(BDR)in harsh conditions;(3)node self-recovery time is critical to network survivability;(4)traditional degree-based critical node metrics are inadequate for weak-communication UUSNs.These results provide a theoretical foundation for designing robust survivability mechanisms in weak-communication UUSNs.展开更多
基金Supported by the Capital Health Research and Development of Special(No.SF-2018-2-1081)
摘要Dear Editor,I am Dr. Feng Hu, from the Department of Ophthalmology of Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China. I write to present a case report of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR) in Good’s syndrome (GS).GS is an extremely rare primary immune-deficiency syndrome,which consists of simultaneous occurrence of
摘要Entering in the month of November,Zhuhai—the sea-side garden city was full of exitement and activity.Marlboro Zhuhai International Automobile Race and ’96 ChinaInternational Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition were closedon the 4th and 10th of November respectively.Guests fromvarious places of the world and over 1300 Chinese andforeign news reporters gathered in Zhuhai,and news bulletinswere released through various big medias.Automobile Race,Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition and the closely followedZhuhai International Movie Festival became Zhuhai’s acceler-ated velocity of advancing towards the world!It is said that starting from now and up to the year of2014,China will import 1320 aeroplanes with an amount of100 billion US dollars.Such a huge market is very seldomhappened in the world.President of Boeing Company,Chair-
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFB3603802)the Key Research and Development Program of Jilin Scientific and Technological Development Program(No.20220201068GX)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51902127,62374073)Changbai Mountain Industrial Project R&D Leading Team,Jilin Provincial Department of Science and Technology,China.
摘要Thermochromic materials based on solid-state oxides exhibit many potential photo-thermal regulation applications.Herein,we report a new thermochromic pure-phase CaCrO4 pigment with merits of high chromatic aberration,fully reversible thermochromism,and high stability.CaCrO4 crystalized into a tetragonal zircon-type structure,which showed a successively reversible color change from greenish yellow to reddish orange with the highest chromatic aberration (ΔE*CIE) of 59.60.In situ variable temperature X-ray diffraction analysis results revealed that the expansion of the lattice was uniaxial along the c-axis with a dilation rate of 2.06×10−5,while that along the a-axis remained nearly unchanged in the temperature range of 25–575℃.In situ variable temperature UV–vis absorption spectra of CaCrO4 revealed a successive bandgap reduction with an average temperature dependency rate(dEg/dT)_(aver age) of 0.27 meV K−1.Continuous color change or bandgap reduction originated from the successive elongation of Cr–O bonds in the CrO4 tetrahedral chromophore in the lattice.The most sensitive temperature range was between 175℃ and 400℃,which rendered a naked-eye-detection accuracy rate of over 85%for a standard temperature deviation(ΔT)of 25℃,demonstrating the potential of the pigment as a pan-bottom temperature indicator for healthy cooking.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Project(No.2021YFC3201003)the Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment(No.2024HPYKFZD04)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution(No.22060302001001059010)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U1902207 and 42207265).
摘要Algae play an important role in lake ecosystems,and algal succession is vital to studying the mechanism of algal bloom outbreaks.This paper provides a comprehensive review of algae blooms development,bloom-forming algae succession,the diversity of common blooms-forming algae,and key drivers for algae succession in Chinese lakes,based on an extensive literature survey and data sets.Furthermore,it summarizes the influencing factors for algae blooms and bloom-forming algae succession in five lake zones of China.The results indicated that the number of research publications on algal blooms in China constituted the largest share of global research,representing 41.9 %.The predominant types of algae blooms in all publications were cyanobacterial blooms,followed by dinoflagellate blooms.The blooms-forming algae in China's lakes have experienced a clear succession pattern:Bacillariophyta,Chlorophyta and Pyrrophyta were dominated in the initial investigations;dominance of Microcystis,Anabaena, dinoflagellates and diatoms increased significantly since1960s;in the past decade,Cylindrospermopsis and dinoflagellates expanded.Current research on algae blooms in Chinese lakes mainly focuses on cyanobacterial blooms,especially Microcystis blooms,while researches on filamentous cyanobacterial blooms and other algae blooms is still insufficient.This systematic review will help researchers to understand the basic features such as the occurrence,the diversity,the physio-ecology and the driving factors of common blooms-forming algae,will further provide a scientific basis for their control in various lake regions.
基金supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21572211,51572254)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB20000000)the National Key Research and Development Program of China Stem Cell and Translational Research(2017YFA0402800).
摘要With the recent advance in chemical modification of fullerenes,electrosynthesis has demonstrated increasing importance in regioselective synthesis of novel fullerene derivatives.Herein,we report successively regioselective synthesis of stable tetra-and hexafunctionalized[60]fullerene derivatives.The cycloaddition reaction of the electrochemically generated dianions from[60]fulleroindolines with phthaloyl chloride regioselectively affords 1,2,4,17-functionalized[60]fullerene derivatives with two attached ketone groups and a unique addition pattern,where the heterocycle is rearranged to a[5,6]-junction and the carbocycle is fused to an adjacent[6,6]-junction.This addition pattern is in sharp contrast with that of the previously reported biscycloadducts,where both cycles are appended to[6,6]-junctions.The obtained tetrafunctionalized compounds can be successively manipulated to 1,2,3,4,9,10-functionalized[60]fullerene derivatives with an intriguing“S”-shaped configuration via a novel electrochemical protonation.Importantly,the stability of tetrafunctionalized[60]fullerene products allows them to be applied in planar perovskite solar cells as efficient electron transport layers.
基金supported by the Basic Science Center Project of the Natural Science Foundation of China (52388101)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52470203 and 52170014)+2 种基金the China Key Research and Development Program(2022YFC3203601)the special fund from the State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control(Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences24Z01ESPCR)。
摘要Historical legacy effects and the mechanisms underlying primary producer community succession are not well understood.In this study,environmental DNA(eDNA) sequencing technology and chronological sequence analysis in sediments were utilized to examine long-term changes in cyanobacterial and aquatic plant communities.The analysis results indicate that the nutritional status and productivity of aquatic ecosystems have been relatively high since 2010,which could reflect a period of eutrophication due to high long-term rates of organic matter deposition(33.22-42.08 g·kg-1).The temporal and spatial characteristics of community structure were related to environmental filtering based on trophic status between1849 and 2020.Turnover in the primary producer community was confirmed through change-point model analyses with regime shifts toward new ecological states.On the basis of ecological data and geochronological techniques,it was determined that the quality of habitats at a local scale may affect ecological niche shifts between cyanobacterial and aquatic plant communities.These observations suggest how primary producers respond to rapid urbanization,serving as an invaluable guide for protecting freshwater biodiversity.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF1301004)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32370544 and 32170518)+1 种基金the Fundamental and Interdisciplinary Disciplines Breakthrough Plan of the Ministry of Education of China(JYB2025XDXM911)the China Scholarship Council(202406100196)。
摘要Wetlands are crucial habitats for waterbirds,but wetland loss and degradation have caused signiffiificant population declines in many waterbird species.Ecological restoration can improve habitat quality and protect threatened waterbirds,but restoration assessments are often based on diversity rather than ffiifitness indicators.Breeding period is a critical life history stage and breeding output affects population dynamics,thus breeding success is a ffiifitness indicator that truly reffllflects habitat quality and suitability.This study evaluated the breeding performance of three ground-nesting waterbird species:Pied Avocet(Recurvirostra avosetta),Black-winged Stilt(Himantopus himantopus),and Saunders's Gull(Saundersilarus saundersi)in a restored wetland at Chongming Dongtan in the Yangtze estuary,China in 2023 and 2024.We surveyed bird abundance and monitored breeding success rates and causes of breeding failure using camera traps.Breeding success at Chongming Dongtan was further compared with published data from other sites.Results showed that the restored wetland provided nesting habitats for the three species,while the breeding success rate was low:the apparent nest success(proportion of successful nests)for Pied Avocet(2023:n=94;2024:n=7),Black-winged Stilt(2023:n=40;2024:n=39),and Saunders's Gull(2023:n=109;2024:n=24)was 6.9%,20.3%,and 13.5%;the cumulative nest success(estimated from daily survival rate)was 10.9%,25.8%,and 31.6%,respectively.Nest predation was the primary cause of breeding failure for the Pied Avocet,ffllflooding for the Black-winged Stilt,and egg cracking for the Saunders's Gull.The factors affecting daily survival rate varied among species,including breeding period,distance to water surface,local temperature,precipitation,and year.Apparent nest success of all three species was signiffiificantly lower than that reported at other breeding sites worldwide.These results suggest that although the restored wetland attracts many waterbirds to nest,it may function as a sink for the breeding bird populations.We recommend controlling nest predators,avoiding nest ffllflooding by water-level regulation,and providing shade conditions by planting sparse plants at nesting sites.Our ffiifindings highlight the importance of using ffiifitnessrelated indicators in assessing habitat quality and the effectiveness of ecological restoration.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42141005 and 42030509).
摘要Understanding how biodiversity-ecosystem functioning(BEF)relationships scale spatially and temporally remains critical under global change.Here,using continuous monitoring databases across temperate,subtropical and tropical natural forests in China from 2004 to 2020,we quantified multiscale tree diversity-biomass dynamics.Linear mixed-effect and structural equation models were used to further disentangle the direct and indirect pathways through which tree diversity influences forest biomass at different scales.The results revealed significant positive linear relationships between tree species richness and stand biomass at 1200 and 400 m² scales(P0.05).Notably,these demonstrated relationships exhibited consistent temporal stability across all spatial scales throughout the study period.Importantly,the direct effect of tree diversity on biomass intensified with increasing spatial scale,while indirect effects mediated through stand structural attributes(CV_DBH and tree density)became proportionally stronger at finer scales.Further analyses showed that stand structural attributes emerged as the strongest predictor of biomass variation across all scales,surpassing both diversity and climate effects.Furthermore,spatial variation of climate factors(mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation)mainly affected stand biomass through the indirect effects on tree species diversity and stand structural attributes.Overall,multiscale analyses revealed stand structural attributes dominates biomass prediction,with climate acting indirectly.Scaling biodiversity-structure strategies can enhance forest resilience under global change.Future work should integrate cross-scale mechanisms into climate-smart afforestation for sustainable carbon sequestration.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52222003)the Talent Recruitment Project of Guangdong(2021QN020318)+2 种基金the Basic Research Project of the Shenzhen Natural Science Foundation(JCYJ20230807094315032)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(KQTD20190929172630447)the National Key Research and Development(R&D)Program of China(2023YFC3207100)。
摘要Sulfur-based denitrification (SADeN) technology is a cost-saving and low-carbon alternative for treating organic-deficient wastewater. However, the use of this technology in full-scale applications is still limited. Crucial concerns for biological processes, such as changes in seasonal performance and the ways in which it responds to low temperatures, have yet to be studied in real SADeN processes. Herein, two SADeN biofilters in parallel (downflow, with a design water treatment capacity of 8000 m3·d−1 for each) were systematically investigated over a period of more than 400 days. Seasonal variations in denitrification rates were observed, with an average difference of up to 2 times between summer and winter. The use of thiosulfate was verified as an efficient strategy to improve the performance of SADeN biofilters in winter, which was found to have an overstoichiometric enhancement effect (OSEE), with 24.79%-331.50% more nitrate removal than that calculated according to thiosulfate dosages. Analyzing the biofilter vertically revealed that the OSEE occurred because thiosulfate rapidly consumed dissolved oxygen in the upper zone of the bed and activated the electron flux of the sulfur-based reactive filler (SReF) in the lower zone. Microbial community analysis further suggested that this increase in electron flux may be associated with the abundance recovery of sulfur autotrophic denitrifiers and the stability recovery of the microbial eco-networks. This study offers a paradigm for the full-scale application of SADeN technology in real wastewater treatment plants, providing an in-depth understanding of the role of dosing thiosulfate in tackling low-temperature challenges.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42177392)Hunan Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.2023JJ10063)+4 种基金the Dean’s Research Fund of the Education University of Hong Kong(ref:IRS-4,2022–23ref:IRS-6,2023–24)Hunan Provincial Key Research and Development Program(No.2020WK2005)the Central South University Graduate School-Enterprise Joint Innovation Project(No.2025XQLH001)supported by microbial sequencing from Novomore Biotechnology,Changsha,China
摘要The natural succession of tailings is critical for reducing their adverse environmental impacts.However,the current knowledge of the Mn-transforming microorganisms involved in the natural vegetation succession of Mn tailings is very limited.This study reveals for the first time the evolution of Mn-transforming microorganisms during vegetation succession in Mn tailing.The results revealed that the amount of reducible Mn increased during the succession process(divided into nake-land,bryophyte,herb and woody-plant stages),which is the most important geochemical property driving bacterial community diversity.Metagenomic functional profile analysis revealed that the abundance of genes involved in nutrient uptake,metal tolerance,and metal detoxification increased during succession.A total of 51 metagenome-assembled genomes(MAGs)were reconstructed,in which 6 encoding multicopper oxidase(cotA)-containing MAGs were identified.The relative abundance of these cotAcontaining MAGs first increased but then decreased during succession.Notably,genes associated with carbon fixation and denitrification were also identified in these cotA-containing MAGs,indicating their roles in coupling the cycling of manganese,carbon and nitrogen.These results suggest that Mn(II)-oxidizing bacteria could be crucial for lowering Mn toxicity,obtaining nutrients,and potentially contributing to the ecological succession of Mn tailings.The investigation of Mn-transforming microorganisms(cotA-MAGs)has also contributed to understanding the succession mechanisms and restoration of Mn tailing ecosystems.
基金funded by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(Grant Nos.2019QZKK0301 and 2019QZKK0307)。
摘要The alpine grassland ecosystems of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are highly susceptible to external disturbances,particularly climate change,owing to their fragile ecological structure and unstable environmental processes.These grasslands are broadly classified into alpine meadow and alpine steppe,yet studies examine their successional dynamics at smallto-medium scales using remote sensing remain scarce.This study investigates the transitional zone between alpine meadow and alpine steppe in the hinterland of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,utilizing Landsat TM/OLI imagery and derived spectral indices from 1986 and2019,together with long-term meteorological records(1986-2019).The aim is to elucidate the spatial patterns and hydrothermal driving mechanisms underlying grassland succession.Jeffries-Matusita distance analysis revealed that combining Landsat TM/OLI bands with the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)and Land Surface Water Index(LSWI)substantially improved the separability between the two grassland types.Over the study period,the centroid of the alpine steppe shifted southwestward at a rate of 8 km per decade,driven by the conversion of alpine meadow to alpine steppe in southern areas and the opposing transition in northern areas.Trend analysis of meteorological data indicates that declining surface moisture,induced by climate warming,is the primary driver of meadow-to-steppe conversion.Although the use of two temporal snapshots limits the characterization of interannual variability,the observed net shift remains consistently associated with this drying trend.This study underscores the diagnostic value of surface environmental indicators in distinguishing alpine meadow and alpine steppe,and highlights climate change as the dominant force shaping regional grassland succession.As a climatically sensitive ecotone,this area serves as an early-warning indicator that similar climate-driven vegetation transformations may be underway across broader alpine zones of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U21A20447 and 61971079)。
摘要Aiming at the poor performance of the parity check(PC) aided adaptive successive cancellation list(PC-ASCL) decoding algorithm because the PC code in the polar code can only verify odd errors, an optimized parity check(OPC) code which can verify all odd errors as well as the half even errors is proposed. The OPC code is used to improve the PC-ASCL decoding algorithm, thus an OPC aided ASCL(OPC-ASCL) decoding algorithm is proposed. In the coding stage, the algorithm divides the information sequence into multiple segments, and places an OPC code at the end of each segment to verify the current information sequence, and places a cyclic redundancy check code at the end of the entire information sequence to verify the entire information sequence. In the decoding stage, the algorithm uses the OPC-ASCL decoder to decode. Simulation results show that compared to the PC-ASCL decoding algorithm, the OPC-ASCL decoding algorithm can reduce the complexity and obtain the certain performance gain.
基金supported by a grant on the development of sustainable application for standard herbal resources(KSN1823320)by a grant on the development of innovative technologies for the future value of herbal medicine resources (KSN2511030)+1 种基金developmentof an upcycling platform technology for food waste utilization (KSN2511040) from the Korea Institute of Orien tal Medicineby a grant on the Pharmacokinetic interaction and mechanistic investigation using isobologram and multi-omics analysis of traditional Korean medicine and western medicine concomitant therapy for establishing therapeutic basis in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (RS-2024-00352796) from the National Research Foundation of Korea,Republic of Korea(to GP)。
摘要Introduction—from traditional wisdom to modern challenges:Drug repurposing has become a strategic pillar in pharmaceutical development,addressing the rising challenges of novel drug discovery(Saranraj and Kiran,2025).The conventional pipeline is often arduous> $2 billion per approval,with <10% clinical success.The burden is even heavier in programs in the central nervous system(CNS) due to the blood-brain barrier,disease heterogeneity,and limited biomarkers(Saranraj and Kira n,2025).These inefficiencies create a bottleneck for neurodegenerative diseases,underscoring the need for faster,lower-risk strategies such as drug repurposing to deliver thera pies more quickly(Saranraj and Kiran,2025).
摘要I offer suggestions to increase the probability of success of an international research project.Collaborative studies often produce more innovative and transformative scientific results than work done by a single investigator or an isolated team.My advice is intended for early-career scientists.The product of the collaboration may be high-impact research publications,enhanced geophysical monitoring capabilities in a foreign country,or an advanced training course.Choosing the right international partner is the most important step.Keeping an open mind and being receptive to suggestions to modify the initial concept is critical.Other key steps include having a mutually agreed upon plan with achievable goals and well-defined expected outcomes.International cooperation is a richly rewarding experience that accelerates progress in the Earth Sciences.
基金completed under funding received from the UK’s Commercialising Quantum Technologies Programme(Grant No.10071684).
摘要Quantum linear equation solvers generate a solution vector that sits in a subspace of the quantum computer’s larger state space.Accessing the solution vector relies on applying measurement projectors that remove components in the orthogonal subspace.This study examines the probability that the projectors are successful and how the success probability is influenced by the properties of the linear system,e.g.,the matrix condition number,and approximations made in the quantum solver.The analysis is performed within a non-linear computational fluid dynamics code where,at each iteration,a linearised system is passed to an emulated quantum solver.The linear systems are solved using quantum singular value transformation,for which the accuracy of the matrix inversion polynomial can be controlled via user input.The results show that success probabilities vary between 10−6and 10−2for the cases considered.More accurate approximations have lower success probabilities and require longer circuits.Less accurate approximations are analysed and show that variations during the non-linear iterations are related to the eigen content of the right-hand side vector.The use of amplitude amplification is shown to be able to increase success probabilities from 10−6to 10−2,in accordance with theory,but at a cost of a 100 times increase in circuit depth.Whilst these results are specific to the fluid flow test cases,they are generalisable to other types of linear solvers.
基金funded by the Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(no.20224ACB205006)。
摘要Urbanization provides novel habitats for bird species,while simultaneously posing numerous threats to them.Although several bird species have successfully adapted to urbanization,the underlying adaptation mechanisms of reproductive success remain poorly understood in rapidly urbanizing areas.To this aim,a total of 168 breeding pairs of the Chinese Blackbird(Turdus mandarinus)were monitored during the breeding season(March–July)from 2018 to 2023.We used environmental factors(including nest tree variables,and concealment variables),phenotypic characteristics of nestlings,number of nest predation events,and quantiffiified urbanization scores to understand the impact of urbanization on breeding performance of Chinese Blackbirds.In our study,generalized linear models and structural equation modeling showed that Chinese Blackbirds tended to initiate laying earlier and lay eggs with larger volume along an increasing urbanization gradient.We also found that urbanization did not affect the growth condition of nestlings,and the predation risk was lower in more urbanized habitats.Most importantly,urbanization did not have negative consequences on the reproductive success of Chinese Blackbirds.Our results show changes in the breeding behavior of Chinese Blackbirds as they adapt to rapid urbanization and suggest that certain more urbanized areas may be suitable for the breeding of bird populations.
基金supported by grants from the National Wild Plant Germplasm Resource Center,National Plant Specimen Resource Center(E0117G1001 to Y.D.)National Natural Science Foundation of China(32470227 to Y.D).
摘要Camouflagehas evolved independently across the tree of life as a defensive strategy to avoid predator attacks(Lev-Yadun et al.,2004;Niu et al.,2018).Although widespread in animals,camouflageis relatively rare in plants(Niu et al.,2018).
基金financed by the National Science Centre,Poland(No.2020/39/B/ST10/00862).
摘要Restoration of post-mining sites is essential to address soil degradation while providing critical insights into soil development,nutrient storage,and carbon(C)sequestration potential.However,field data remain inadequate to evaluate the combined effects of reclamation methods and vegetation types on soil organic C(SOC)fractions under specific site conditions.This study investigates the effects of reclamation methods and vegetation types on SOC fractions,free light fraction(CfLF),occluded light fraction(CoLF),and highly stable mineral-associated fraction(CMAF),with a focus on strategies that promote SOC stabilization and improve ecological dynamics in post-mining soils on a hard coal mine spoil heap.Soil samples(0-10 and 10-20 cm)were collected for physicochemical analyses from active restoration treatments(topsoiling and cultivation)and passive restoration treatments(succession on bare rock).The results showed that SOC fractions are significantly related to both vegetation type and reclamation method.Succession on bare rock(SBR)resulted in higher content of CfLFat a depth of 0-10 cm,whereas reclaimed sites with topsoil(RTS)exhibited significantly higher content of CoLFat both depths.Furthermore,CMAFshowed variation with reclamation method and depth,with the RTS site displaying a higher CMAFin the top layer but a lower CMAFin the sublayer than the SBR site.Grasslands exhibited significantly higher CfLF(77%higher)at 10-20 cm,CoLFat 0-10 cm(40.5%)and 10-20 cm(56%),and CMAF(46.5%)at 10-20 cm,compared to woodlands.Forblands also exhibited significantly higher CoLF(53%higher)at 10-20 cm than woodlands.In summary,the use of grassland vegetation and topsoiling effectively increases accumulation of all SOC fractions at both soil depths,making it a beneficial approach for post-mining restoration strategies.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Key Program)under Grant No.62031021。
摘要Cascading failures pose a serious threat to the survivability of underwater unmanned swarm networks(UUSNs),significantly limiting their service ability in collaborative missions such as military reconnaissance and environmental monitoring.Existing failure models primarily focus on power grids and traffic systems,and don't address the unique challenges of weak-communication UUSNs.In UUSNs,cascading failure present a complex and dynamic process driven by the coupling of unstable acoustic channels,passive node drift,adversarial attacks,and network heterogeneity.To address these challenges,a directed weighted graph model of UUSNs is first developed,in which node positions are updated according to ocean-current-driven drift and link weights reflect the probability of successful acoustic transmission.Building on this UUSNs graph model,a cascading failure model is proposed that integrates a normal-failure-recovery state-cycle mechanism,multiple attack strategies,and routingbased load redistribution.Finally,under a five-level connectivity UUSNs scheme,simulations are conducted to analyze how dynamic topology,network load,node recovery delay,and attack modes jointly affect network survivability.The main findings are:(1)moderate node drift can improve survivability by activating weak links;(2)based-energy routing(BER)outperform based-depth routing(BDR)in harsh conditions;(3)node self-recovery time is critical to network survivability;(4)traditional degree-based critical node metrics are inadequate for weak-communication UUSNs.These results provide a theoretical foundation for designing robust survivability mechanisms in weak-communication UUSNs.