A simple visual method for DNA detection during the formation of gold nanoparticles(AuNPs) was developed based on different electrostatic properties of single strand DNA(ssDNA) and double strand DNA(dsDNA).Since the s...A simple visual method for DNA detection during the formation of gold nanoparticles(AuNPs) was developed based on different electrostatic properties of single strand DNA(ssDNA) and double strand DNA(dsDNA).Since the ssDNA is easy to bind to AuNPs due to its exposed bases which could prevent saltinduced aggregation of AuNPs.The dsDNA always present negative charge because its negatively charged phosphate backbone is exposed.In this case,the dsDNA could disturb the adsorption between dsDNA and AuNPs and result in non-aggregation of AuNPs.After hybridization,chloroauric acid and ascorbic acid were added to the mixture solution,and the solution changed to red immediately and turned to purple in10 min in the present of target DNA.TEM results confirmed that the change of color stemed from aggregation of AuNPs.In order to obtain accurate results by naked eye,the DNA detection assay should be conducted under pH 7.0.展开更多
Mitigating increasing cyberattack incidents may require strategies such as reinforcing organizations’ networks with Honeypots and effectively analyzing attack traffic for detection of zero-day attacks and vulnerabili...Mitigating increasing cyberattack incidents may require strategies such as reinforcing organizations’ networks with Honeypots and effectively analyzing attack traffic for detection of zero-day attacks and vulnerabilities. To effectively detect and mitigate cyberattacks, both computerized and visual analyses are typically required. However, most security analysts are not adequately trained in visualization principles and/or methods, which is required for effective visual perception of useful attack information hidden in attack data. Additionally, Honeypot has proven useful in cyberattack research, but no studies have comprehensively investigated visualization practices in the field. In this paper, we reviewed visualization practices and methods commonly used in the discovery and communication of attack patterns based on Honeypot network traffic data. Using the PRISMA methodology, we identified and screened 218 papers and evaluated only 37 papers having a high impact. Most Honeypot papers conducted summary statistics of Honeypot data based on static data metrics such as IP address, port, and packet size. They visually analyzed Honeypot attack data using simple graphical methods (such as line, bar, and pie charts) that tend to hide useful attack information. Furthermore, only a few papers conducted extended attack analysis, and commonly visualized attack data using scatter and linear plots. Papers rarely included simple yet sophisticated graphical methods, such as box plots and histograms, which allow for critical evaluation of analysis results. While a significant number of automated visualization tools have incorporated visualization standards by default, the construction of effective and expressive graphical methods for easy pattern discovery and explainable insights still requires applied knowledge and skill of visualization principles and tools, and occasionally, an interdisciplinary collaboration with peers. We, therefore, suggest the need, going forward, for non-classical graphical methods for visualizing attack patterns and communicating analysis results. We also recommend training investigators in visualization principles and standards for effective visual perception and presentation.展开更多
Norfloxacin is widely used owing to its strong bactericidal effect on Gram-negative bacteria.However,the residual norfloxacin in the environment can be biomagnified via food chain andmay damage the human liver and del...Norfloxacin is widely used owing to its strong bactericidal effect on Gram-negative bacteria.However,the residual norfloxacin in the environment can be biomagnified via food chain andmay damage the human liver and delay the bone development ofminors.Present work described a reliable and sensitive smartphone colorimetric sensing system based on cobaltdoped Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles(Co-Fe3O4 MNPs)for the visual detection of norfloxacin.Compared with Fe3O4,Co-Fe3O4 MNPs earned more remarkably peroxidase-like activity and TMB(colorless)was rapidly oxidized to oxTMB(blue)with the presence of H2O2.Interestingly,the addition of low concentration of norfloxacin can accelerate the color reaction process of TMB,and blue deepening of the solution can be observed with the naked eye.However,after adding high concentration of norfloxacin,the activity of nanozymewas inhibited,resulting in the gradual fading of the solution.Based on this principle,a colorimetric sensor integrated with smartphone RGB mode was established.The visual sensor exhibited good linearity for norfloxacin monitoring in the range of 0.13-2.51μmol/L and 17.5-100μmol/L.The limit of visual detectionwas 0.08μmol/L.In the actualwater sample analysis,the spiked recoveries of norfloxacin were over the range of 95.7%-104.7%.These results demonstrated that the visual sensor was a convenient and fast method for the efficient and accurate detection of norfloxacin in water,which may have broad application prospect.展开更多
Effective sealing of geological fractures is essential for subsurface stability and mitigating environmental risks such as groundwater contamination and inefficient CO₂sequestration.Enzymatically Induced Carbonate Pre...Effective sealing of geological fractures is essential for subsurface stability and mitigating environmental risks such as groundwater contamination and inefficient CO₂sequestration.Enzymatically Induced Carbonate Precipitation(EICP)offers a promising bio-mediated approach due to its ability to fill and seal fractures.However,real-time precipitation patterns and clogging behavior of EICP under varying fracture and flow conditions remain poorly understood.This study employs a transparent fracture model with visualization to systematically investigate the effects of fracture aperture,flow conditions,and surface roughness on EICP-mediated sealing.Results indicate that fractures with narrower apertures promote tortuous finger-like flowpaths,while wider-aperture fractures show more uniform deposition,with fewer but wider preferential flowpaths.An appropriate injection rate around 1 mL/min ensures uniform precipitation and effective clogging,avoiding inlet clogging at lower rates(0.1 mL/min)and flushing effect reducing deposition at higher rates(10 mL/min).Additionally,rough fractures exhibit higher precipitation efficiency and greater permeability reduction,driven by their irregular surface geometry,which creates more deposition sites and complex flow compared to smooth fractures.Image processing reveals that precipitation patterns in rough fractures match closely with aperture distribution,compared to more concentrated deposition in smooth fractures.These findings provide insights for optimizing EICP-mediated fracture sealing,with implications for groundwater protection and geotechnical practices.展开更多
Background:Trehalose has many advantages due to its inertness and the ability to stabilize biomolecules.Trehalose synthase can catalyze intramolecular rearrangement of the inexpensive maltose into trehalose in a singl...Background:Trehalose has many advantages due to its inertness and the ability to stabilize biomolecules.Trehalose synthase can catalyze intramolecular rearrangement of the inexpensive maltose into trehalose in a single step,which represents a simple,fast,and low-cost method for the future industrial production of trehalose.Results:In this work,an intelligent visualization method for producing trehalose via trehalose synthase was for the first time established and optimized by corresponding enzymatic hydrolysis with kudzu root starch as the initial raw material.For the first step,kudzu root starch was liquefied byα-amylase at a certain dextrose equivalent value of 19-21,andβ-amylase and pullulanase to saccharify for a certain time,a four-factor nine-level experimental design with nine experiments was performed according to the uniform design table U9*(94)to optimize the yield of maltose.Then,optimization of trehalose conversion ratio from kudzu root starch hydrolysate was carried out with a four-factor 12-level experimental design to forecast the optimal process conditions.By comparing verification tests and predicted results,the optimized operating conditions were pH 7.1,22℃,32.5%(14,000 U/ml)loading amounts of TreS enzyme and after 24 h,along with a 70.6%trehalose conversion rate.Conclusions:The intelligent visualization method has succeeded in exploiting the conversion process of trehalose from kudzu root starch hydrolysate,which contributes significant benefits to the further commercial production of trehalose.展开更多
A new method for visualizing sound propagation in solids and liquids is described in this paper. The method can show the sound propagation process dynamically in two dimensions. Compared with Schlieren method and dyna...A new method for visualizing sound propagation in solids and liquids is described in this paper. The method can show the sound propagation process dynamically in two dimensions. Compared with Schlieren method and dynamic photo-elastic method, this method cannot only show the sound field distribution in liquid and solid at different time moments, but also can be applied to non-transparent solid. In addition, it does not strictly require small residual stress of the sample. The sample can, therefore, be easily made. Because the acoustic field is obtained by indirect measurements, the recording can be affected by the after-shock of the receiving sensor and is prone to the influence of the direct wave of the liquid. Putting an aluminum plate into a liquid, we recorded the compression wave, shear wave and surface wave in the aluminum and, in the liquid we also recorded the direct wave and three head waves, which are directly coupled with the compression wave, shear wave and surface wave respectively. The recording clearly depicts the coupling relationship of the sound waves through the interface between the aluminum and the liquid. Putting a plexiglass into a liquid, we also recorded the sound waves in the plexiglass and the coupling relationship between the sound waves in the two mediums.展开更多
To overcome the shortcomings of the traditional passive ranging technology based on image, such as poor ranging accuracy, low reliability and complex system, a new visual passive ranging method based on re-entrant coa...To overcome the shortcomings of the traditional passive ranging technology based on image, such as poor ranging accuracy, low reliability and complex system, a new visual passive ranging method based on re-entrant coaxial optical path is presented. The target image is obtained using double cameras with coaxial optical path. Since there is imaging optical path difference between the cameras, the images are different. In comparison of the image differences, the target range could be reversed. The principle of the ranging method and the ranging model are described. The relationship among parameters in the ranging process is analyzed quantitatively. Meanwhile,the system composition and technical realization scheme are also presented. Also, the principle of the method is verified by the equivalent experiment. The experimental results show that the design scheme is correct and feasible with good robustness. Generally, the ranging error is less than 10% with good convergence. The optical path is designed in a re-entrant mode to reduce the volume and weight of the system. Through the coaxial design,the visual passive range of the targets with any posture can be obtained in real time. The system can be widely used in electro-optical countermeasure and concealed photoelectric detection.展开更多
The study of marine data visualization is of great value. Marine data, due to its large scale, random variation and multiresolution in nature, are hard to be visualized and analyzed. Nowadays, constructing an ocean mo...The study of marine data visualization is of great value. Marine data, due to its large scale, random variation and multiresolution in nature, are hard to be visualized and analyzed. Nowadays, constructing an ocean model and visualizing model results have become some of the most important research topics of ‘Digital Ocean'. In this paper, a spherical ray casting method is developed to improve the traditional ray-casting algorithm and to make efficient use of GPUs. Aiming at the ocean current data, a 3D view-dependent line integral convolution method is used, in which the spatial frequency is adapted according to the distance from a camera. The study is based on a 3D virtual reality and visualization engine, namely the VV-Ocean. Some interactive operations are also provided to highlight the interesting structures and the characteristics of volumetric data. Finally, the marine data gathered in the East China Sea are displayed and analyzed. The results show that the method meets the requirements of real-time and interactive rendering.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No.2017YFA0205301)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.61527806, 81902153 and 61871180)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (No.2017JJ2069)the Hunan Key Research Project (No.2017SK2174)the Programs for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (No.IRT_15R13)
摘要A simple visual method for DNA detection during the formation of gold nanoparticles(AuNPs) was developed based on different electrostatic properties of single strand DNA(ssDNA) and double strand DNA(dsDNA).Since the ssDNA is easy to bind to AuNPs due to its exposed bases which could prevent saltinduced aggregation of AuNPs.The dsDNA always present negative charge because its negatively charged phosphate backbone is exposed.In this case,the dsDNA could disturb the adsorption between dsDNA and AuNPs and result in non-aggregation of AuNPs.After hybridization,chloroauric acid and ascorbic acid were added to the mixture solution,and the solution changed to red immediately and turned to purple in10 min in the present of target DNA.TEM results confirmed that the change of color stemed from aggregation of AuNPs.In order to obtain accurate results by naked eye,the DNA detection assay should be conducted under pH 7.0.
摘要Mitigating increasing cyberattack incidents may require strategies such as reinforcing organizations’ networks with Honeypots and effectively analyzing attack traffic for detection of zero-day attacks and vulnerabilities. To effectively detect and mitigate cyberattacks, both computerized and visual analyses are typically required. However, most security analysts are not adequately trained in visualization principles and/or methods, which is required for effective visual perception of useful attack information hidden in attack data. Additionally, Honeypot has proven useful in cyberattack research, but no studies have comprehensively investigated visualization practices in the field. In this paper, we reviewed visualization practices and methods commonly used in the discovery and communication of attack patterns based on Honeypot network traffic data. Using the PRISMA methodology, we identified and screened 218 papers and evaluated only 37 papers having a high impact. Most Honeypot papers conducted summary statistics of Honeypot data based on static data metrics such as IP address, port, and packet size. They visually analyzed Honeypot attack data using simple graphical methods (such as line, bar, and pie charts) that tend to hide useful attack information. Furthermore, only a few papers conducted extended attack analysis, and commonly visualized attack data using scatter and linear plots. Papers rarely included simple yet sophisticated graphical methods, such as box plots and histograms, which allow for critical evaluation of analysis results. While a significant number of automated visualization tools have incorporated visualization standards by default, the construction of effective and expressive graphical methods for easy pattern discovery and explainable insights still requires applied knowledge and skill of visualization principles and tools, and occasionally, an interdisciplinary collaboration with peers. We, therefore, suggest the need, going forward, for non-classical graphical methods for visualizing attack patterns and communicating analysis results. We also recommend training investigators in visualization principles and standards for effective visual perception and presentation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.21976211).
摘要Norfloxacin is widely used owing to its strong bactericidal effect on Gram-negative bacteria.However,the residual norfloxacin in the environment can be biomagnified via food chain andmay damage the human liver and delay the bone development ofminors.Present work described a reliable and sensitive smartphone colorimetric sensing system based on cobaltdoped Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles(Co-Fe3O4 MNPs)for the visual detection of norfloxacin.Compared with Fe3O4,Co-Fe3O4 MNPs earned more remarkably peroxidase-like activity and TMB(colorless)was rapidly oxidized to oxTMB(blue)with the presence of H2O2.Interestingly,the addition of low concentration of norfloxacin can accelerate the color reaction process of TMB,and blue deepening of the solution can be observed with the naked eye.However,after adding high concentration of norfloxacin,the activity of nanozymewas inhibited,resulting in the gradual fading of the solution.Based on this principle,a colorimetric sensor integrated with smartphone RGB mode was established.The visual sensor exhibited good linearity for norfloxacin monitoring in the range of 0.13-2.51μmol/L and 17.5-100μmol/L.The limit of visual detectionwas 0.08μmol/L.In the actualwater sample analysis,the spiked recoveries of norfloxacin were over the range of 95.7%-104.7%.These results demonstrated that the visual sensor was a convenient and fast method for the efficient and accurate detection of norfloxacin in water,which may have broad application prospect.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52425806 and 52378325)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2023CDJKYJH103).
摘要Effective sealing of geological fractures is essential for subsurface stability and mitigating environmental risks such as groundwater contamination and inefficient CO₂sequestration.Enzymatically Induced Carbonate Precipitation(EICP)offers a promising bio-mediated approach due to its ability to fill and seal fractures.However,real-time precipitation patterns and clogging behavior of EICP under varying fracture and flow conditions remain poorly understood.This study employs a transparent fracture model with visualization to systematically investigate the effects of fracture aperture,flow conditions,and surface roughness on EICP-mediated sealing.Results indicate that fractures with narrower apertures promote tortuous finger-like flowpaths,while wider-aperture fractures show more uniform deposition,with fewer but wider preferential flowpaths.An appropriate injection rate around 1 mL/min ensures uniform precipitation and effective clogging,avoiding inlet clogging at lower rates(0.1 mL/min)and flushing effect reducing deposition at higher rates(10 mL/min).Additionally,rough fractures exhibit higher precipitation efficiency and greater permeability reduction,driven by their irregular surface geometry,which creates more deposition sites and complex flow compared to smooth fractures.Image processing reveals that precipitation patterns in rough fractures match closely with aperture distribution,compared to more concentrated deposition in smooth fractures.These findings provide insights for optimizing EICP-mediated fracture sealing,with implications for groundwater protection and geotechnical practices.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China(21225626)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20131406,BK20130917)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation for Colleges and Universities in Jiangsu Province(14KJB530003)the Ministry of Education Research Foundation for the Doctoral Program(20123221120011).
摘要Background:Trehalose has many advantages due to its inertness and the ability to stabilize biomolecules.Trehalose synthase can catalyze intramolecular rearrangement of the inexpensive maltose into trehalose in a single step,which represents a simple,fast,and low-cost method for the future industrial production of trehalose.Results:In this work,an intelligent visualization method for producing trehalose via trehalose synthase was for the first time established and optimized by corresponding enzymatic hydrolysis with kudzu root starch as the initial raw material.For the first step,kudzu root starch was liquefied byα-amylase at a certain dextrose equivalent value of 19-21,andβ-amylase and pullulanase to saccharify for a certain time,a four-factor nine-level experimental design with nine experiments was performed according to the uniform design table U9*(94)to optimize the yield of maltose.Then,optimization of trehalose conversion ratio from kudzu root starch hydrolysate was carried out with a four-factor 12-level experimental design to forecast the optimal process conditions.By comparing verification tests and predicted results,the optimized operating conditions were pH 7.1,22℃,32.5%(14,000 U/ml)loading amounts of TreS enzyme and after 24 h,along with a 70.6%trehalose conversion rate.Conclusions:The intelligent visualization method has succeeded in exploiting the conversion process of trehalose from kudzu root starch hydrolysate,which contributes significant benefits to the further commercial production of trehalose.
基金Tianjin University's 985 Talent Plan, Key Project Science and Technology from Zhongyuan Oil Field and National Natural Science Foundation of China (50479070).
摘要A new method for visualizing sound propagation in solids and liquids is described in this paper. The method can show the sound propagation process dynamically in two dimensions. Compared with Schlieren method and dynamic photo-elastic method, this method cannot only show the sound field distribution in liquid and solid at different time moments, but also can be applied to non-transparent solid. In addition, it does not strictly require small residual stress of the sample. The sample can, therefore, be easily made. Because the acoustic field is obtained by indirect measurements, the recording can be affected by the after-shock of the receiving sensor and is prone to the influence of the direct wave of the liquid. Putting an aluminum plate into a liquid, we recorded the compression wave, shear wave and surface wave in the aluminum and, in the liquid we also recorded the direct wave and three head waves, which are directly coupled with the compression wave, shear wave and surface wave respectively. The recording clearly depicts the coupling relationship of the sound waves through the interface between the aluminum and the liquid. Putting a plexiglass into a liquid, we also recorded the sound waves in the plexiglass and the coupling relationship between the sound waves in the two mediums.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China under Grant No 2014CB340102
摘要To overcome the shortcomings of the traditional passive ranging technology based on image, such as poor ranging accuracy, low reliability and complex system, a new visual passive ranging method based on re-entrant coaxial optical path is presented. The target image is obtained using double cameras with coaxial optical path. Since there is imaging optical path difference between the cameras, the images are different. In comparison of the image differences, the target range could be reversed. The principle of the ranging method and the ranging model are described. The relationship among parameters in the ranging process is analyzed quantitatively. Meanwhile,the system composition and technical realization scheme are also presented. Also, the principle of the method is verified by the equivalent experiment. The experimental results show that the design scheme is correct and feasible with good robustness. Generally, the ranging error is less than 10% with good convergence. The optical path is designed in a re-entrant mode to reduce the volume and weight of the system. Through the coaxial design,the visual passive range of the targets with any posture can be obtained in real time. The system can be widely used in electro-optical countermeasure and concealed photoelectric detection.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China under Project 41076115the Global Change Research Program of China under project 2012CB955603the Public Science and Technology Research Funds of the Ocean under project 201005019
摘要The study of marine data visualization is of great value. Marine data, due to its large scale, random variation and multiresolution in nature, are hard to be visualized and analyzed. Nowadays, constructing an ocean model and visualizing model results have become some of the most important research topics of ‘Digital Ocean'. In this paper, a spherical ray casting method is developed to improve the traditional ray-casting algorithm and to make efficient use of GPUs. Aiming at the ocean current data, a 3D view-dependent line integral convolution method is used, in which the spatial frequency is adapted according to the distance from a camera. The study is based on a 3D virtual reality and visualization engine, namely the VV-Ocean. Some interactive operations are also provided to highlight the interesting structures and the characteristics of volumetric data. Finally, the marine data gathered in the East China Sea are displayed and analyzed. The results show that the method meets the requirements of real-time and interactive rendering.