Silicon-based phototransistor detectors,offering advantages such as high internal gain,cost-effective and compatibility with CMOS technology,are becoming one of the key devices for large-scale photon integration chip ...Silicon-based phototransistor detectors,offering advantages such as high internal gain,cost-effective and compatibility with CMOS technology,are becoming one of the key devices for large-scale photon integration chip and have significant potential for applications in short-distance optical interconnecting.To relieve its inherent optimization contradiction between responsivity and bandwidth performance,a novel couple ridge waveguide SiGe/Si phototransistor was proposed,in which the carrier transport and the photon propagation were perpendicu⁃lar and demonstrate the independent optimization on absorption efficiency and operating speed.The optical propa⁃gation mode in the SiGe/Si ridge waveguide were analyzed between the single mode and the multiple mode.The geometric parameters of the ridge waveguide to achieve high absorption efficiency were optimized.The ridge waveguide SiGe/Si phototransistor were fabricated using technology compatible with CMOS process platform and achieved a responsivity of 6.4 A/W with the dark current of 10 nA.展开更多
Although multicrystalline Si photovoltaics have been extensively studied and applied in the collection of solar energy,the same systems suffer significant efficiency losses in indoor settings,where ambient light condi...Although multicrystalline Si photovoltaics have been extensively studied and applied in the collection of solar energy,the same systems suffer significant efficiency losses in indoor settings,where ambient light conditions are considerably smaller in intensity and possess greater components of non-normal incidence.Yet,indoor light-driven,stand-alone devices can offer sustainable advances in next-generation technologies such as the Internet of Things.Here,we present a non-invasive solution to aid in photovoltaic indoor light collection—radially distributed waveguide-encoded lattice(RDWEL)slim films(thickness 1.5 mm).Embedded with a monotonical radial array of cylindrical waveguides(±20°),the RDWEL demonstrates seamless light collection(FoV(fields of view)=74.5°)and imparts enhancements in JSC(short circuit current density)of 44%and 14%for indoor and outdoor lighting conditions,respectively,when coupled to a photovoltaic device and compared to an unstructured but otherwise identical slim film coating.展开更多
We have provided optical simulations of the evanescently coupled waveguide photodiodes integrated with a 13- channels AWGs. The photodiode could exhibit high internal efficiency by appropriate choice of layers geometr...We have provided optical simulations of the evanescently coupled waveguide photodiodes integrated with a 13- channels AWGs. The photodiode could exhibit high internal efficiency by appropriate choice of layers geometry and refrac- tive index. Aseamless joint structure has been designed and fabricated for integrating the output waveguides of AWGs with the evanescently coupled waveguide photodiode array. The highest simulation quantum efficiency could achieve 92% when the matching layer thickfiess of the PD is 120 nm and the insertion length is 2 μm. The fabricated PD with 320-nm-thick match.ing layer and 2-μm-length insertion matching layer present a responsivity of 0.87 A/W.展开更多
We present a non-local quantum system based on a waveguide QED architecture,comprising two spatially separated and largely detuned superconducting transmon qubits.By applying parametric frequency modulation to one of ...We present a non-local quantum system based on a waveguide QED architecture,comprising two spatially separated and largely detuned superconducting transmon qubits.By applying parametric frequency modulation to one of the qubits,we establish a tunable coherent channel between the two far-detuned qubits,thereby forming anΛ-type three-level system.We demonstrate that tuning the modulation amplitude enables the observation of spectral evolution from electromagnetically induced transparency(EIT)to Autler–Townes splitting(ATS).Furthermore,by exploiting the interplay between the non-local waveguide phase and system dissipation,the system achieves significant non-reciprocal microwave transmission and direction-selective photon emission.The scheme operates without external magnetic fields,offering an efficient pathway for realizing on-chip integrated quantum routers and isolators.展开更多
A 13-channel, InP-based arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) is designed and fabricated in which the on-chip loss of the central channel is about -5 dB and the crosstalk is less than -23 dB in the center of the spectrum ...A 13-channel, InP-based arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) is designed and fabricated in which the on-chip loss of the central channel is about -5 dB and the crosstalk is less than -23 dB in the center of the spectrum response. However, the central wavelength and channel spacing are deviated from the design values. To improve their accuracy, an optimized design is adopted to compensate the process error. As a result, the central wavelength 1549.9 nm and channel spacing 1.59 nm are obtained in the experiment, while their design values are 1549.32 nm and 1.6 nm, respectively. The route capability and thermo-optic characteristic of the AWG are also discussed in detail.展开更多
Owing to its compact footprint and superior filter properties,the Bragg grating filter is attractive for applications in optical communications.In this research,we conducted a detailed analysis of the influence of Bra...Owing to its compact footprint and superior filter properties,the Bragg grating filter is attractive for applications in optical communications.In this research,we conducted a detailed analysis of the influence of Bragg grating parameters on its functionality and experimentally validated our findings on a simple and low-cost polymer/silica hybrid waveguide platform.The best extinction ratio of 26.3 dB is obtained when the period is 6.63µm and the number of periods is 200.The full width at half maximum of the grating is 0.35 nm at 1544.74 nm.Tuning efficiency reaches 29.6 pm/mW owing to the high thermo-optical efficiency of the polymer.Finally,we measure the rise and fall times of the grating to be 280µs.The proposed grating shows great potential in flexible and reconfigurable optical networks.展开更多
Extending the operational wavelength range of integrated optical devices to cover the entire vis-ible spectrum holds significant importance,as it can enhance the detection accuracy and applicability of mini-aturized s...Extending the operational wavelength range of integrated optical devices to cover the entire vis-ible spectrum holds significant importance,as it can enhance the detection accuracy and applicability of mini-aturized spectrometers,broaden the bandwidth of visible light communication,and enable biosensors to sim-ultaneously detect multiple biomolecules in complex samples.As the fundamental building block of integ-rated optical devices,waveguides have not yet been thoroughly investigated for full visible spectrum opera-tion.This work presents a waveguide design supporting the full visible spectrum(435−760 nm).Numerical simulations were employed to analyze the transmission characteristics of various waveguide structures,re-vealing that single-mode propagation cannot be achieved across the entire visible spectrum.Under mul-timode propagation conditions,key parameters such as propagation loss and mode distribution were system-atically examined to determine the optimal waveguide dimensions,bending radii,and waveguide spacings for low-loss transmission.For slab waveguides,a thickness≥1μm ensures polarization insensitivity.For strip waveguides with a thickness of 1μm,a width≥2μm significantly reduces scattering loss induced by side-wall roughness.For strip waveguides with a width of 1μm and thickness of 2μm,radiation loss becomes negligible when the bending radius≥10μm and waveguide spacing≥0.4μm,while maintaining effective isolation from adjacent waveguides.Additionally,the impact of fabrication tolerances on waveguide per-formance was evaluated.In contrast to previous studies primarily focusing on narrow spectral bands within the visible range,the proposed design enables full visible spectrum transmission in a single waveguide,thereby facilitating bandwidth expansion and performance enhancement for on-chip full visible spectrum devices.展开更多
To fully utilize the resources provided by optical fiber networks,a cross-band quantum light source generating photon pairs,where one photon in a pair is at C band and the other is at O band,is proposed in this work.T...To fully utilize the resources provided by optical fiber networks,a cross-band quantum light source generating photon pairs,where one photon in a pair is at C band and the other is at O band,is proposed in this work.This source is based on spontaneous four-wave mixing(SFWM)in a piece of shallow-ridge silicon waveguide.Theoretical analysis shows that the waveguide dispersion could be tailored by adjusting the ridge width,enabling broadband photon pair generation by SFWM across C band and O band.The spontaneous Raman scattering(SpRS)in silicon waveguides is also investigated experimentally.It shows that there are two regions in the spectrum of generated photons from SpRS,which could be used to achieve cross-band photon pair generation.A chip of shallow-ridge silicon waveguide samples with different ridge widths has been fabricated,through which cross-band photon pair generation is demonstrated experimentally.The experimental results show that the source can be achieved using dispersion-optimized shallow-ridge silicon waveguides.This cross-band quantum light source provides a way to develop new fiber-based quantum communication functions utilizing both C band and O band and extends applications of quantum networks.展开更多
We investigate the nonlinear Goos-Hanchen shift of a light beam reflected from a prism-coupled leaky waveguide containing a Kerr medium.As the incident power varies,the system can switch between two states,total inter...We investigate the nonlinear Goos-Hanchen shift of a light beam reflected from a prism-coupled leaky waveguide containing a Kerr medium.As the incident power varies,the system can switch between two states,total internal reflection and frustrated total reflection,owing to the inherent positive feedback arising from the intensity-dependent guiding mode resonance.The reflectance exhibits optical bistability;meanwhile,the lateral shift of the reflected beam also shows hysteresis behavior.It is found that the transition between the two stable states is related to the excitation of a leaky mode in the waveguide,which results from the modulation of the electric field in the nonlinear substrate.We also analyze the effects of system parameters on the bistable Goos-Hanchen shift.The thresholds as well as the width of the hysteresis curve are sensitive to the thicknesses of the gap layer and the guiding layer,which determine the resonance angle.The bistable lateral displacement in the slab waveguide may have potential applications in optical switching,beam steering,etc.展开更多
In this letter,a fiber Bragg grating(FBG)dynamic strain sensing system using a semiconductor optical amplifier(SOA)-fiber ring laser(FRL)and an arrayed waveguide grating(AWG)demodulator is proposed.Due to the characte...In this letter,a fiber Bragg grating(FBG)dynamic strain sensing system using a semiconductor optical amplifier(SOA)-fiber ring laser(FRL)and an arrayed waveguide grating(AWG)demodulator is proposed.Due to the characteristics of SOA,it can act as the gain medium as well as light source.The AWG module is used as the wavelength demodulator.It is shown that SOA-based FRL sensors can accurately respond to 1.5μεdynamic strain signal with high frequency up to 120 k Hz and almost no distortion in the waveforms.Experimental results show that the system can be used for acoustic testing,such as underwater ultrasonic detection and external impact monitoring.In addition,the simultaneous dual-channel demodulated system is investigated in detail to verify the multiplexing.This dynamic strain sensing system can be widely utilized in structural health monitoring because of its high stability,low cost and good multiplexability.展开更多
The advantages of polarization imaging can be readily leveraged in remote sensing applications by applying subwavelength metal grating arrays in standard optical imaging systems.However,the efficient fabrication of th...The advantages of polarization imaging can be readily leveraged in remote sensing applications by applying subwavelength metal grating arrays in standard optical imaging systems.However,the efficient fabrication of these arrays remains a significant challenge due to their dual size-scale features,periodic subwavelength grating structures with feature sizes of hundreds of nanometers,and pixel quadrants with dimensions on the order of tens of micrometers.The present study addresses this issue by introducing contact-interference assembly hybrid lithography.With this method,fine grating structures are fabricated using the interference fringes generated by two coherent laser beams having a wavelength close to the feature size.By using a specially designed,flexible mask,the interference wavefront is then segmented to produce the grating structures in each quadrant of the array unit via a single-cycle process.Notably,sub-micron alignment accuracy is guaranteed by introducing an overlay measurement system.The adverse effects of the gap between the mask and the substrate are suppressed by a mechanism in which the refractive index is smoothed out.A fabrication platform was developed,and a double-layer metal grating with a 20 mm×20 mm four-quadrant array having a period of 950 nm and a unit size of 15μm×15μm was constructed using a total exposure time of 180 s.This represents a 3−4 orders of magnitude reduction in the fabrication time compared to that of electron beam lithography.The quadrant micro-polarizer was characterized,where the produced sample exhibited a polarization extinction ratio of over 20 dB and an equivalent transmittance of approximately 50%.The results reveal the feasibility of the proposed method for scalable fabrication.展开更多
Improving the optoelectronic behavior and stress-deformation stability of conjugated materials is crucial for the realization of their potential applications in flexible optoelectronics.To tune the emission behavior a...Improving the optoelectronic behavior and stress-deformation stability of conjugated materials is crucial for the realization of their potential applications in flexible optoelectronics.To tune the emission behavior and mechanical property of molecular crystals simultaneously via supramolecular salt strategy is rarely reported,which is very important to improve their photophysical behavior and softness for the fabrication of flexible light-emitting device.Herein,supramolecular salt approach has been successfully applied to synthesize two elastic organic fluorescent crystals(CMOH-Py-Cl and CMOH-Py-Br)derived from non-emissive and brittle pyridine-substituted coumarin derivative(CMOH-Py).Their elastic properties can be attributed to the prevalent presence of numerous weak interactions introduced by halogen atoms,which are beneficial to the absorption and release of mechanical energy.Furthermore,density functional theory(DFT)calculations demonstrated a narrowing of the HOMO-LUMO energy gaps from CMOH-Py to CMOH-Py-Cl/CMOH-Py-Br via supramolecular salt approach.Finally,the application of flexible crystal materials in the field of optical waveguides has been investigated.The transformation of crystals in terms of photophysical and mechanical properties,achieved by the supramolecular salt approach,offers novel insights into the design and construction of flexible crystalline materials,providing a new path for the development of next-generation smart materials.展开更多
A new technology for fabrication of silica on silicon arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) based on deep etching and thermal oxidation is presented.Using this method,a silicon layer is remained at the side of waveguide.The...A new technology for fabrication of silica on silicon arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) based on deep etching and thermal oxidation is presented.Using this method,a silicon layer is remained at the side of waveguide.The stress distribution and effective refractive index of waveguide fabricated by this approach are calculated using finite element and finite difference beam propagation method,respectively.The results of these studies indicate that the stress of silica on silicon optical waveguide can be matched in parallel and vertical direction and AWG polarization dependent wavelength (PDλ) can be reduced effectively due to side-silicon layer.展开更多
Arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) device,a novel compact structure,is presented based on silicon on insulator (SOI) material.A total internal reflection (TIR) waveguide mirror is fabricated at the middle of each arrayed...Arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) device,a novel compact structure,is presented based on silicon on insulator (SOI) material.A total internal reflection (TIR) waveguide mirror is fabricated at the middle of each arrayed waveguide.An approach of compensating TE TM mode polarization is presented by using the phase difference,which is caused by TIR at the waveguide mirror.This AWG device has advantage for its small size and simple technigue of fabrication.The experimental results are given and the feasibility of fabrication is tested.展开更多
A novel design of 100GHz-spaced 16channel arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) based on silica-on-silicon chip is reported.AWG is achieved by adding a Y-branch to the AWG and arranging the input/output channel in a neat ro...A novel design of 100GHz-spaced 16channel arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) based on silica-on-silicon chip is reported.AWG is achieved by adding a Y-branch to the AWG and arranging the input/output channel in a neat row,so the whole configuration can be aligned and packaged using only one fiber-array.This configuration can decrease the device’s size,enlarge the minimum radius of curvature,save time on polishing and alignment,and reduce the chip’s fabrication cost.展开更多
In this paper,a terahertz slotted waveguide array antenna is designed based on photonic crystal,which can realize efficient radiation of terahertz waves.The electromagnetic wave is fed from the rectangular waveguide a...In this paper,a terahertz slotted waveguide array antenna is designed based on photonic crystal,which can realize efficient radiation of terahertz waves.The electromagnetic wave is fed from the rectangular waveguide at the bottom of the antenna,coupled to photonic crystal waveguide through photonic crystal cavity,and radiated outward through slots at the top layer of antenna.The simulation results show that the antenna achieves a peak gain of 13.45 dBi at 360 GHz,a half-power beam width of 10.9°,and a side lobe level of−13.9 dB.The antenna based on photonic crystal has the advantages of low profile,low loss,and high radiation efficiency,which can be applied to terahertz wireless communication systems.展开更多
A millimeter-wave(mm-Wave)dual circularly polarized(CP)antenna in gap waveguide(GWG)technology with high port isolation is proposed in this paper.It is consisted of a simplified orthomode transducer(OMT)and an improve...A millimeter-wave(mm-Wave)dual circularly polarized(CP)antenna in gap waveguide(GWG)technology with high port isolation is proposed in this paper.It is consisted of a simplified orthomode transducer(OMT)and an improved multi-section hexagonal waveguide CP horn antenna.The OMT is composed of two metal layers without the traditional septum or iris,which makes the structure simpler.The CP horn antenna can be easily integrated with the OMT without mode conversion.The principle analysis as well as the simulated and measured results of the proposed antenna are given in this paper.The simulated and measured results agree very well with each other.The port isolation of more than 27 dB over bandwidth of 26.5-31 GHz(|S11|<-15 dB)is achieved with relative bandwidth of 15.7%.The axial ratio(AR)lower than 2.5 dB for both left-hand and righthand CP(LHCP and RHCP)are achieved over the bandwidth.The proposed antenna is a candidate for mm-Wave satellite communications or beyond fifth-generation(5G)communications applications.展开更多
The improved performance of a wavelength-tunable arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) is demonstrated, including the crosstalk, insertion loss and the wavelength tuning efficiency. A reduced impact of the fabrication proce...The improved performance of a wavelength-tunable arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) is demonstrated, including the crosstalk, insertion loss and the wavelength tuning efficiency. A reduced impact of the fabrication process on the AWG is achieved by the design of bi-level tapers. The wavelength tuning of the AWG is achieved according to the thermo-optic effect of silicon, and uniform heating of the silicon waveguide layer is achieved by optimizing the heater design. The fabricated AWG shows a minimum crosstalk of 16 dB, a maximum insertion loss of 3.91 dB and a wavelength tuning efficiency of 8.92 nm/W, exhibiting a ~8 dB improvement of crosstalk, ~2.1 dB improvement of insertion loss and ~5 nm/W improvement of wavelength tuning efficiency, compared to our previous reported results.展开更多
A cross-linkable fluorinated poly(ether ether ketone)(FPEEK)was synthesized for the fabrication of arrayed waveguide grating(AWG)multiplexer.The results of thermal gravimetric analysis(TGA)and near-infrared absorption...A cross-linkable fluorinated poly(ether ether ketone)(FPEEK)was synthesized for the fabrication of arrayed waveguide grating(AWG)multiplexer.The results of thermal gravimetric analysis(TGA)and near-infrared absorption spectrum show that the materials have high thermal stability and high optical transparency in the infrared communication region.The refractive index of FPEEK can be controlled easily by changing the fluorine content of the materials.The 32-channel AWG multiplexer is fabricated using the FPEEK and oxygen reactive ion etching technology.The AWG multiplexer exhibits that the insertion loss is from 12.8 to 17.8 dB and the channel crosstalk is less than-20 dB.The wavelength channel spacing and the center wavelength are 0.8nm and 1548nm,respectively.展开更多
Leveraging the natural axial confinement of coherent extreme ultraviolet(EUV)light generated via the high-order harmonic generation process,we demonstrate the spatial separation of EUV and the driving infrared(IR)beam...Leveraging the natural axial confinement of coherent extreme ultraviolet(EUV)light generated via the high-order harmonic generation process,we demonstrate the spatial separation of EUV and the driving infrared(IR)beams through hollow-core microchannels embedded in a laser machine glass device.This structure enables broadband EUV transmission while attenuating the collinear IR by 2 orders of magnitude.In addition,we explore the potential of integrated photonic architectures based on EUV-guiding hollow structures,laying the foundation for a new class of compact,palm-top devices for EUV and soft X-ray applications.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62475005,62271014)the Beijing Municipal Natural Science Founda⁃tion(4232062,4192014)the Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation(ZR2021MF077)。
摘要Silicon-based phototransistor detectors,offering advantages such as high internal gain,cost-effective and compatibility with CMOS technology,are becoming one of the key devices for large-scale photon integration chip and have significant potential for applications in short-distance optical interconnecting.To relieve its inherent optimization contradiction between responsivity and bandwidth performance,a novel couple ridge waveguide SiGe/Si phototransistor was proposed,in which the carrier transport and the photon propagation were perpendicu⁃lar and demonstrate the independent optimization on absorption efficiency and operating speed.The optical propa⁃gation mode in the SiGe/Si ridge waveguide were analyzed between the single mode and the multiple mode.The geometric parameters of the ridge waveguide to achieve high absorption efficiency were optimized.The ridge waveguide SiGe/Si phototransistor were fabricated using technology compatible with CMOS process platform and achieved a responsivity of 6.4 A/W with the dark current of 10 nA.
基金supported by the European Research Council(ERC)under the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme(Grant Agreement No.818762)the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council(Grant No.EP/V048953/1)and the Isaac Newton Trust(grant 22.39(m))。
摘要Although multicrystalline Si photovoltaics have been extensively studied and applied in the collection of solar energy,the same systems suffer significant efficiency losses in indoor settings,where ambient light conditions are considerably smaller in intensity and possess greater components of non-normal incidence.Yet,indoor light-driven,stand-alone devices can offer sustainable advances in next-generation technologies such as the Internet of Things.Here,we present a non-invasive solution to aid in photovoltaic indoor light collection—radially distributed waveguide-encoded lattice(RDWEL)slim films(thickness 1.5 mm).Embedded with a monotonical radial array of cylindrical waveguides(±20°),the RDWEL demonstrates seamless light collection(FoV(fields of view)=74.5°)and imparts enhancements in JSC(short circuit current density)of 44%and 14%for indoor and outdoor lighting conditions,respectively,when coupled to a photovoltaic device and compared to an unstructured but otherwise identical slim film coating.
基金Project supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(Grant Nos.2013AA031401,2015AA016902,and 2015AA016904)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61176053,61274069,and 61435002)the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant Nos.2012CB933503 and 2013CB932904)
摘要We have provided optical simulations of the evanescently coupled waveguide photodiodes integrated with a 13- channels AWGs. The photodiode could exhibit high internal efficiency by appropriate choice of layers geometry and refrac- tive index. Aseamless joint structure has been designed and fabricated for integrating the output waveguides of AWGs with the evanescently coupled waveguide photodiode array. The highest simulation quantum efficiency could achieve 92% when the matching layer thickfiess of the PD is 120 nm and the insertion length is 2 μm. The fabricated PD with 320-nm-thick match.ing layer and 2-μm-length insertion matching layer present a responsivity of 0.87 A/W.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12574540,92265207,T2121001)Quantum Science and Technology–National Science and Technology Major Project of China(Grant No.2021ZD0301800)。
摘要We present a non-local quantum system based on a waveguide QED architecture,comprising two spatially separated and largely detuned superconducting transmon qubits.By applying parametric frequency modulation to one of the qubits,we establish a tunable coherent channel between the two far-detuned qubits,thereby forming anΛ-type three-level system.We demonstrate that tuning the modulation amplitude enables the observation of spectral evolution from electromagnetically induced transparency(EIT)to Autler–Townes splitting(ATS).Furthermore,by exploiting the interplay between the non-local waveguide phase and system dissipation,the system achieves significant non-reciprocal microwave transmission and direction-selective photon emission.The scheme operates without external magnetic fields,offering an efficient pathway for realizing on-chip integrated quantum routers and isolators.
基金Project supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(Grant Nos.2011AA010303 and 2013AA031401)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61090390)
摘要A 13-channel, InP-based arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) is designed and fabricated in which the on-chip loss of the central channel is about -5 dB and the crosstalk is less than -23 dB in the center of the spectrum response. However, the central wavelength and channel spacing are deviated from the design values. To improve their accuracy, an optimized design is adopted to compensate the process error. As a result, the central wavelength 1549.9 nm and channel spacing 1.59 nm are obtained in the experiment, while their design values are 1549.32 nm and 1.6 nm, respectively. The route capability and thermo-optic characteristic of the AWG are also discussed in detail.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2024YFE0211800)。
摘要Owing to its compact footprint and superior filter properties,the Bragg grating filter is attractive for applications in optical communications.In this research,we conducted a detailed analysis of the influence of Bragg grating parameters on its functionality and experimentally validated our findings on a simple and low-cost polymer/silica hybrid waveguide platform.The best extinction ratio of 26.3 dB is obtained when the period is 6.63µm and the number of periods is 200.The full width at half maximum of the grating is 0.35 nm at 1544.74 nm.Tuning efficiency reaches 29.6 pm/mW owing to the high thermo-optical efficiency of the polymer.Finally,we measure the rise and fall times of the grating to be 280µs.The proposed grating shows great potential in flexible and reconfigurable optical networks.
摘要Extending the operational wavelength range of integrated optical devices to cover the entire vis-ible spectrum holds significant importance,as it can enhance the detection accuracy and applicability of mini-aturized spectrometers,broaden the bandwidth of visible light communication,and enable biosensors to sim-ultaneously detect multiple biomolecules in complex samples.As the fundamental building block of integ-rated optical devices,waveguides have not yet been thoroughly investigated for full visible spectrum opera-tion.This work presents a waveguide design supporting the full visible spectrum(435−760 nm).Numerical simulations were employed to analyze the transmission characteristics of various waveguide structures,re-vealing that single-mode propagation cannot be achieved across the entire visible spectrum.Under mul-timode propagation conditions,key parameters such as propagation loss and mode distribution were system-atically examined to determine the optimal waveguide dimensions,bending radii,and waveguide spacings for low-loss transmission.For slab waveguides,a thickness≥1μm ensures polarization insensitivity.For strip waveguides with a thickness of 1μm,a width≥2μm significantly reduces scattering loss induced by side-wall roughness.For strip waveguides with a width of 1μm and thickness of 2μm,radiation loss becomes negligible when the bending radius≥10μm and waveguide spacing≥0.4μm,while maintaining effective isolation from adjacent waveguides.Additionally,the impact of fabrication tolerances on waveguide per-formance was evaluated.In contrast to previous studies primarily focusing on narrow spectral bands within the visible range,the proposed design enables full visible spectrum transmission in a single waveguide,thereby facilitating bandwidth expansion and performance enhancement for on-chip full visible spectrum devices.
基金supported by the Quantum Science and Technology-National Science and Technology Major Project (Grant No.2024ZD0302502 for WZ)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.92365210 for WZ)+1 种基金Tsinghua Initiative Scientific Research Program (for WZ)the project of Tsinghua University-Zhuhai Huafa Industrial Share Company Joint Institute for Architecture Optoelectronic Technologies (JIAOT,for YH)。
摘要To fully utilize the resources provided by optical fiber networks,a cross-band quantum light source generating photon pairs,where one photon in a pair is at C band and the other is at O band,is proposed in this work.This source is based on spontaneous four-wave mixing(SFWM)in a piece of shallow-ridge silicon waveguide.Theoretical analysis shows that the waveguide dispersion could be tailored by adjusting the ridge width,enabling broadband photon pair generation by SFWM across C band and O band.The spontaneous Raman scattering(SpRS)in silicon waveguides is also investigated experimentally.It shows that there are two regions in the spectrum of generated photons from SpRS,which could be used to achieve cross-band photon pair generation.A chip of shallow-ridge silicon waveguide samples with different ridge widths has been fabricated,through which cross-band photon pair generation is demonstrated experimentally.The experimental results show that the source can be achieved using dispersion-optimized shallow-ridge silicon waveguides.This cross-band quantum light source provides a way to develop new fiber-based quantum communication functions utilizing both C band and O band and extends applications of quantum networks.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province of China(Grant No.20220101031JC)。
摘要We investigate the nonlinear Goos-Hanchen shift of a light beam reflected from a prism-coupled leaky waveguide containing a Kerr medium.As the incident power varies,the system can switch between two states,total internal reflection and frustrated total reflection,owing to the inherent positive feedback arising from the intensity-dependent guiding mode resonance.The reflectance exhibits optical bistability;meanwhile,the lateral shift of the reflected beam also shows hysteresis behavior.It is found that the transition between the two stable states is related to the excitation of a leaky mode in the waveguide,which results from the modulation of the electric field in the nonlinear substrate.We also analyze the effects of system parameters on the bistable Goos-Hanchen shift.The thresholds as well as the width of the hysteresis curve are sensitive to the thicknesses of the gap layer and the guiding layer,which determine the resonance angle.The bistable lateral displacement in the slab waveguide may have potential applications in optical switching,beam steering,etc.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51874064)the Project of Graduate Innovation in Chongqing University of Technology(No.gzlcx20223295)。
摘要In this letter,a fiber Bragg grating(FBG)dynamic strain sensing system using a semiconductor optical amplifier(SOA)-fiber ring laser(FRL)and an arrayed waveguide grating(AWG)demodulator is proposed.Due to the characteristics of SOA,it can act as the gain medium as well as light source.The AWG module is used as the wavelength demodulator.It is shown that SOA-based FRL sensors can accurately respond to 1.5μεdynamic strain signal with high frequency up to 120 k Hz and almost no distortion in the waveforms.Experimental results show that the system can be used for acoustic testing,such as underwater ultrasonic detection and external impact monitoring.In addition,the simultaneous dual-channel demodulated system is investigated in detail to verify the multiplexing.This dynamic strain sensing system can be widely utilized in structural health monitoring because of its high stability,low cost and good multiplexability.
摘要The advantages of polarization imaging can be readily leveraged in remote sensing applications by applying subwavelength metal grating arrays in standard optical imaging systems.However,the efficient fabrication of these arrays remains a significant challenge due to their dual size-scale features,periodic subwavelength grating structures with feature sizes of hundreds of nanometers,and pixel quadrants with dimensions on the order of tens of micrometers.The present study addresses this issue by introducing contact-interference assembly hybrid lithography.With this method,fine grating structures are fabricated using the interference fringes generated by two coherent laser beams having a wavelength close to the feature size.By using a specially designed,flexible mask,the interference wavefront is then segmented to produce the grating structures in each quadrant of the array unit via a single-cycle process.Notably,sub-micron alignment accuracy is guaranteed by introducing an overlay measurement system.The adverse effects of the gap between the mask and the substrate are suppressed by a mechanism in which the refractive index is smoothed out.A fabrication platform was developed,and a double-layer metal grating with a 20 mm×20 mm four-quadrant array having a period of 950 nm and a unit size of 15μm×15μm was constructed using a total exposure time of 180 s.This represents a 3−4 orders of magnitude reduction in the fabrication time compared to that of electron beam lithography.The quadrant micro-polarizer was characterized,where the produced sample exhibited a polarization extinction ratio of over 20 dB and an equivalent transmittance of approximately 50%.The results reveal the feasibility of the proposed method for scalable fabrication.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22205105,61874053,22075136)National Key Basic Research Program of China(No.2020YFA0709900)Jiangsu Provincial Postgraduate Scientific Research Innovation Program(No.KYCX24_1649).
摘要Improving the optoelectronic behavior and stress-deformation stability of conjugated materials is crucial for the realization of their potential applications in flexible optoelectronics.To tune the emission behavior and mechanical property of molecular crystals simultaneously via supramolecular salt strategy is rarely reported,which is very important to improve their photophysical behavior and softness for the fabrication of flexible light-emitting device.Herein,supramolecular salt approach has been successfully applied to synthesize two elastic organic fluorescent crystals(CMOH-Py-Cl and CMOH-Py-Br)derived from non-emissive and brittle pyridine-substituted coumarin derivative(CMOH-Py).Their elastic properties can be attributed to the prevalent presence of numerous weak interactions introduced by halogen atoms,which are beneficial to the absorption and release of mechanical energy.Furthermore,density functional theory(DFT)calculations demonstrated a narrowing of the HOMO-LUMO energy gaps from CMOH-Py to CMOH-Py-Cl/CMOH-Py-Br via supramolecular salt approach.Finally,the application of flexible crystal materials in the field of optical waveguides has been investigated.The transformation of crystals in terms of photophysical and mechanical properties,achieved by the supramolecular salt approach,offers novel insights into the design and construction of flexible crystalline materials,providing a new path for the development of next-generation smart materials.
摘要A new technology for fabrication of silica on silicon arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) based on deep etching and thermal oxidation is presented.Using this method,a silicon layer is remained at the side of waveguide.The stress distribution and effective refractive index of waveguide fabricated by this approach are calculated using finite element and finite difference beam propagation method,respectively.The results of these studies indicate that the stress of silica on silicon optical waveguide can be matched in parallel and vertical direction and AWG polarization dependent wavelength (PDλ) can be reduced effectively due to side-silicon layer.
摘要Arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) device,a novel compact structure,is presented based on silicon on insulator (SOI) material.A total internal reflection (TIR) waveguide mirror is fabricated at the middle of each arrayed waveguide.An approach of compensating TE TM mode polarization is presented by using the phase difference,which is caused by TIR at the waveguide mirror.This AWG device has advantage for its small size and simple technigue of fabrication.The experimental results are given and the feasibility of fabrication is tested.
摘要A novel design of 100GHz-spaced 16channel arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) based on silica-on-silicon chip is reported.AWG is achieved by adding a Y-branch to the AWG and arranging the input/output channel in a neat row,so the whole configuration can be aligned and packaged using only one fiber-array.This configuration can decrease the device’s size,enlarge the minimum radius of curvature,save time on polishing and alignment,and reduce the chip’s fabrication cost.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62375031)the Basic Research Project of Chongqing Science and Technology Commission(No.CSTC-2021jcyj-bsh0194)the Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission(No.KJQN202200602)。
摘要In this paper,a terahertz slotted waveguide array antenna is designed based on photonic crystal,which can realize efficient radiation of terahertz waves.The electromagnetic wave is fed from the rectangular waveguide at the bottom of the antenna,coupled to photonic crystal waveguide through photonic crystal cavity,and radiated outward through slots at the top layer of antenna.The simulation results show that the antenna achieves a peak gain of 13.45 dBi at 360 GHz,a half-power beam width of 10.9°,and a side lobe level of−13.9 dB.The antenna based on photonic crystal has the advantages of low profile,low loss,and high radiation efficiency,which can be applied to terahertz wireless communication systems.
基金supported by China Postdoctoral Foundation(2023M731680)the Youth Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20230919)。
摘要A millimeter-wave(mm-Wave)dual circularly polarized(CP)antenna in gap waveguide(GWG)technology with high port isolation is proposed in this paper.It is consisted of a simplified orthomode transducer(OMT)and an improved multi-section hexagonal waveguide CP horn antenna.The OMT is composed of two metal layers without the traditional septum or iris,which makes the structure simpler.The CP horn antenna can be easily integrated with the OMT without mode conversion.The principle analysis as well as the simulated and measured results of the proposed antenna are given in this paper.The simulated and measured results agree very well with each other.The port isolation of more than 27 dB over bandwidth of 26.5-31 GHz(|S11|<-15 dB)is achieved with relative bandwidth of 15.7%.The axial ratio(AR)lower than 2.5 dB for both left-hand and righthand CP(LHCP and RHCP)are achieved over the bandwidth.The proposed antenna is a candidate for mm-Wave satellite communications or beyond fifth-generation(5G)communications applications.
基金Supported by the National Key R&D Program of China under Grant No 2016YFB0402504
摘要The improved performance of a wavelength-tunable arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) is demonstrated, including the crosstalk, insertion loss and the wavelength tuning efficiency. A reduced impact of the fabrication process on the AWG is achieved by the design of bi-level tapers. The wavelength tuning of the AWG is achieved according to the thermo-optic effect of silicon, and uniform heating of the silicon waveguide layer is achieved by optimizing the heater design. The fabricated AWG shows a minimum crosstalk of 16 dB, a maximum insertion loss of 3.91 dB and a wavelength tuning efficiency of 8.92 nm/W, exhibiting a ~8 dB improvement of crosstalk, ~2.1 dB improvement of insertion loss and ~5 nm/W improvement of wavelength tuning efficiency, compared to our previous reported results.
基金Project(60223001,60177022)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of Chinaproject(2001AA312160)supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of Chinaproject(TG2000036602)supported by the National Basic Research Program of China
摘要A cross-linkable fluorinated poly(ether ether ketone)(FPEEK)was synthesized for the fabrication of arrayed waveguide grating(AWG)multiplexer.The results of thermal gravimetric analysis(TGA)and near-infrared absorption spectrum show that the materials have high thermal stability and high optical transparency in the infrared communication region.The refractive index of FPEEK can be controlled easily by changing the fluorine content of the materials.The 32-channel AWG multiplexer is fabricated using the FPEEK and oxygen reactive ion etching technology.The AWG multiplexer exhibits that the insertion loss is from 12.8 to 17.8 dB and the channel crosstalk is less than-20 dB.The wavelength channel spacing and the center wavelength are 0.8nm and 1548nm,respectively.
基金support from the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no.964588(X-PIC)from the European Research Council MSCA-ITN SMART-X(Grant No.860553)from the European Union’s NextGenerationEU Programme with the I-PHOQS Infrastructure[IR0000016,ID D2B8D520,CUP B53C22001750006]“Integrated infrastructure initiative in Photonic and Quantum Sciences,”under National Recovery and Resilience Plan(NRRP),Mission 4,Component 2,Investment 1.1,Call for tender No.1409 published on 14.9.2022 by MUR,from the European Union–Next Generation EU–Project P20224AWLB“HAPPY”–CUP B53D23025210001-Grant Assignment Decree No.1386 adopted on 01/09/2023 by MUR,under the NRRP,Mission 4,Component 2,Investment 1.1,Call for Tender No.104 published on February 02,2022,by MUR,from the European Union—NextGenerationEU—Project No.20224KAC28“CHANGE”—CUP B53D23013410006—Grant Assignment Decree No.958 adopted on June 30,2023,by MUR,and from the bilateral agreement between CNR and JSI(Slovenia).
摘要Leveraging the natural axial confinement of coherent extreme ultraviolet(EUV)light generated via the high-order harmonic generation process,we demonstrate the spatial separation of EUV and the driving infrared(IR)beams through hollow-core microchannels embedded in a laser machine glass device.This structure enables broadband EUV transmission while attenuating the collinear IR by 2 orders of magnitude.In addition,we explore the potential of integrated photonic architectures based on EUV-guiding hollow structures,laying the foundation for a new class of compact,palm-top devices for EUV and soft X-ray applications.