The susceptibility of ore particles to electrical breakdown plays a critical role for high voltage pulse(HVP)breakage,yet its quantitative characterization still lacks deep understanding.Two indicators,namely breakdow...The susceptibility of ore particles to electrical breakdown plays a critical role for high voltage pulse(HVP)breakage,yet its quantitative characterization still lacks deep understanding.Two indicators,namely breakdown delay time(Td)and breakdown strength(Eb)were compared,based on analysis on the two breakdown modes namely wavefront mode and post-wave mode.It was found that Td is more suitable to characterize the susceptibility of ore particles to electrical breakdown in HVP breakage than Eb.A probabilistic model based on the Weibull distribution is developed to describe the relation of breakdown probability to Td.Regression analyses were conducted to investigate how operating parameters and particle properties influence Td and size reduction degree of ore particles in HVP breakage.The regressed models demonstrate potential capability to predict metallic minerals content and HVP breakage degree based on operating parameters and particle properties.展开更多
The growing demand for higher operating frequencies,faster speeds,and greater power density in modern electronics has positioned embedded dielectric film capacitors as a key enabler of system miniaturization and enhan...The growing demand for higher operating frequencies,faster speeds,and greater power density in modern electronics has positioned embedded dielectric film capacitors as a key enabler of system miniaturization and enhanced reliability.However,such integration requires dielectric materials that exhibit both high intrinsic breakdown strength and superior high-temperature stability,a combination which is seldom achieved by conventional polymer dielectrics.In this work,we present a rationally designed rigid-flexible crosslinked network based on bismaleimide(BMI)that delivers robust performance under extreme electrical and thermal conditions.By co-curing a biphenyl epoxy(BPEP)resin with a 2,2-bis[4-(4-maleimidophenoxy)phenyl]propane(BMP)-based BMI matrix,a densely co-crosslinked network is formed.In this network,BPEP acts as a toughening agent that mitigates internal stress and inhibits micro-crack initiation,while its rigid biphenyl motifs cooperate with BMP to establish deeper charge traps,thereby effectively suppressing charge carrier excitation and transport.These synergistic mechanisms enable the optimized co-cured BMP/10%BPEP film to achieve a leakage current more than ten times lower than that of pristine BMP at 200℃,along with a remarkable increase in breakdown strength from 509MV/m to 615MV/m and a rise in dielectric constant from 3.45 to 3.71.Consequently,the film exhibits an outstanding discharge energy density of 4.59J/cm3 with 90%efficiency at 200℃,as well as excellent cycling stability over 50000 charge-discharge cycles.This study offers a feasible material design strategy for high-performance polymer dielectrics suitable for embedded capacitors in advanced electronic packaging.展开更多
Human-machine interface(HMI)systems require energy harvesters that can operate efficiently under low contact forces,yet conventional tactile triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs)suffer from low surface charge density an...Human-machine interface(HMI)systems require energy harvesters that can operate efficiently under low contact forces,yet conventional tactile triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs)suffer from low surface charge density and unstable output.Here,we propose a human skin electric field-induced air-breakdown TENG(AB-TENG)with a transistor-inspired architecture.The device employs a base terminal to collect electrons from human skin via an ionized air channel formed by air breakdown,enabling efficient conversion of the skin’s electric field through two operational modes:indirect(accumulated output)and direct(instant high output).In direct mode,the AB-TENG delivers 165 V at 2 N and 290 V at 24 N,with a peak power of 22 mW-22 times higher than conventional tactile TENGs.Practical utility is demonstrated through a self-powered infrared remote control and an ultrathin keyboard.This work establishes a new design paradigm that transforms air breakdown from a limitation into a functional mechanism,advancing skin-electricity-enhanced thin-film TENGs toward next-generation self-sustaining HMI platforms.展开更多
The ripening of banana fruit at high temperature(HT)exceeding 24℃ impedes developing yellow peels,causing green ripening,which considerably lowers its marketability.Our recent study found that HT induces E3 ubiquitin...The ripening of banana fruit at high temperature(HT)exceeding 24℃ impedes developing yellow peels,causing green ripening,which considerably lowers its marketability.Our recent study found that HT induces E3 ubiquitin ligase MaNIP1(NYC1 interacting protein 1)-mediated degradation of MaNYC1(NON-YELLOW COLORING 1)to inhibit chlorophyll breakdown during banana fruit ripening,but MaNIP1's upstream regulatory mechanism is still unclear.Herein,the ASR transcription factor(TF)MaASR3,which is repressed in green-ripened fruit compared to yellow-ripened fruit,was identified as the potential binding protein for the MaNIP1 promoter.MaASR3 promoted chlorophyll degradation in banana fruit by repressing MaNIP1 expression.More importantly,the histone deacetylase MaHDT1 interacted with MaASR3 and enhanced MaASR3-mediated repression of MaNIP1.Overexpression of MaASR3 in banana fruit reduced the histone acetylation levels in the MaNIP1 promoter and repressed MaNIP1 expression,thereby weakening the HT-inhibited degreening of banana fruit.Our study reveals an innovative regulatory cascade comprising the MaASR3MaHDT1-MaNIP1 complex,which modulates HT-inhibited chlorophyll degradation.This explains the green ripening in bananas exposed to such conditions and enhances the comprehension of transcriptional and epigenetic regulations of fruit quality deterioration due to temperature stresses.展开更多
To delay the vortex breakdown position of the slender delta wing,this study innovativelyproposes the application of control near the Leading-Edge Vortex(LEV)core sweeping path,whichis called Coupled Core Rotation Dual...To delay the vortex breakdown position of the slender delta wing,this study innovativelyproposes the application of control near the Leading-Edge Vortex(LEV)core sweeping path,whichis called Coupled Core Rotation Dual Synthetic Jets(CCR-DSJ)control.The results show that thevortex breakdown points at each angle of attack are moved backward after control,and the max-imum delayed displacement is 32.4%of the root chord at 30°.Besides,there is a linear relationshipbetween the breakdown position and the angle of attack after control,indicating that CCR-DSJcontrol has a significant effect on the pressure gradient of the vortex axis.Furthermore,the lift coef-ficient CLis enhanced after control,with a maximum CLincrement of 0.078 at 27°,and an effectiveincrement interval of[25°,32°].This interval is different from most previous studies,which isdirectly related to the position of the actuators.According to the lift change mechanism,the anglesof attack are divided into three stages:Stage 1(a=15°–25°),Stage 2(a=25°–32°),and Stage 3(a=32°–40°).In conclusion,CCR-DSJ control can significantly change the pressure distribution,thereby offering promising prospects for the flight stage of the slender delta wing.展开更多
Horizontal well intensive fracturing is a critical technology used to stimulate unconventional oil and gas reservoirs.Accurate prediction of wellbore breakdown pressure is conducive to optimal fracturing design and im...Horizontal well intensive fracturing is a critical technology used to stimulate unconventional oil and gas reservoirs.Accurate prediction of wellbore breakdown pressure is conducive to optimal fracturing design and improvement of the reservoir stimulation effect.In this work,the three-dimensional displacement discontinuity method(DDM)is used to characterize fracture deformation and fracture closure after the pumping pressure relief.The influences of key parameters such as the minimum horizontal principal stress,fracture spacing,the Young's modulus,the Poisson's ratio and pumping pressure on the breakdown pressure are analyzed.The results show that,assuming that the fracture half-length is a,the breakdown pressure outside the fracture surface area increases significantly within 2a in the direction of the minimum horizontal principal stress and a in the directions of the vertical stress and maximum horizontal principal stress before pressure relief.The breakdown pressure of the modified zipper-type fracturing in the later stage is lower.When the fracture spacing is small,the fracture breakdown pressure decreases after the modified zipper-type fracturing of two horizontal wells.The fracture breakdown pressure of the first fractured well reaches a maximum when the fracture spacing is a-1.5a,and the breakdown pressure decreases with increasing well spacing.展开更多
The demand for energy-efficient and environmental-friendly power grid construction has made the exploitation of bio-based electrical epoxy resins with excellent properties increasingly important.This work developed th...The demand for energy-efficient and environmental-friendly power grid construction has made the exploitation of bio-based electrical epoxy resins with excellent properties increasingly important.This work developed the bio-based electrotechnical epoxy resins based on magnolol.High-performance epoxy resin(DGEMT)with a double crosslinked points and its composites(Al2O3/DGEMT)were obtained taking advantages of the two bifunctional groups(allyl and phenolic hydroxyl groups)of magnolol.Benefitting from the distinctive structure of DGEMT,the Al2O3/DGEMT composites exhibited the advantages of intrinsically high thermal conductivity,high insulation,and low dielectric loss.The AC breakdown strength and thermal conductivity of Al2O3/DGEMT composites were 35.5 kV/mm and 1.19 W·m-1·K-1,respectively,which were 15.6%and 52.6%higher than those of petroleum-based composites(Al2O3/DGEBA).And its dielectric loss tanδ=0.0046 was 20.7%lower than that of Al2O3/DGEBA.Furthermore,the mechanical,thermal and processing properties of Al2O3/DGEMT are fully comparable to those of Al2O3/DGEBA.This work confirms the feasibility of manufacturing environmentally friendly power equipment using bio-based epoxy resins,which has excellent engineering applications.展开更多
In this letter,we demonstrate the effect ofγirradiation on the lateral AlGaN/GaN Schottky barrier diodes(SBDs)with self-terminated recessed anode structure and low work-function metal tungsten(W)as anode.For a compre...In this letter,we demonstrate the effect ofγirradiation on the lateral AlGaN/GaN Schottky barrier diodes(SBDs)with self-terminated recessed anode structure and low work-function metal tungsten(W)as anode.For a comprehensive evaluation of the radiation-resistance performance of the device,the total dose ofγirradiation is up to 100 kGy with irradiation time of 20 h.Attributed to the barrier lowering effect of the W/GaN interface induced byγirradiation observed in the experiment,the extracted turnon voltage(VON)defined at anode forward current of 1 mA decreases from 0.47 to 0.43 V.Meanwhile,benefiting from the reinforced Schottky interface treated by post-anode-annealing,a high breakdown voltage(BV)of 1.75 kV is obtained for theγ-irradiated AlGaN/GaN SBD,which shows the promising application for the deep-space radiation environment and promotes the development of radiation-resistance research for GaN SBDs.展开更多
Space ion electric propulsion has been widely used in the north-south position maintenance and orbit transfer missions for high-orbit satellites.However,unexpected electric breakdown by ion electric propulsion systems...Space ion electric propulsion has been widely used in the north-south position maintenance and orbit transfer missions for high-orbit satellites.However,unexpected electric breakdown by ion electric propulsion systems is still a challenging problem that needs to be solved,as it affects reliability.Based on the analysis of in-orbit and ground test data of ion thrusters from simulation and experimental results,the main influencing factors of induced electric breakdown are clarified and the mechanisms of induced electric breakdown are analyzed.It is found that the main factors inducing breakdown are the voltage and electric field strength between the grids.In addition,by monitoring the waveform of plasma discharge,the temporal characteristics of breakdown can be defined as three stages of“breakdown-spark-loop response”.Thus,three kinds of engineering suppression methods for breakdown of static vacuum with periodic short-term heating,electrode surface polishing and sealing insulation with plasma,add energy suppression circuit are carried out,and the experimental results show that the electric breakdown frequency can be reduced by about 30%.展开更多
Scrap metals are typically covered with surface contaminants,such as paint,dust,and rust,which can significantly affect the emission spectrum during laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS)based sorting.In this stud...Scrap metals are typically covered with surface contaminants,such as paint,dust,and rust,which can significantly affect the emission spectrum during laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS)based sorting.In this study,the effects of paint layers on metal surfaces during LIBS classification were investigated.LIBS spectra were collected from metal surfaces painted with black and white paints by ablation with a nanosecond pulsed laser(wavelength=1064 nm,pulse width=7 ns).For the black-painted samples,the LIBS spectra showed a broad background emission,emission lines unrelated to the target metals,large shot-to-shot variation,and a relatively low signal intensity of the target metal,causing poor classification accuracy even at high shot numbers.Cleaning the black paint layer by ablating over a wide area prior to LIBS analysis resulted in high classification accuracy with fewer shot numbers.A method to determine the number of cleaning shots necessary to obtain high classification accuracy and high throughput is proposed on the basis of the change in LIBS signal intensity during cleaning shots.For the white-painted samples,the paint peeled off the metal surface after the first shot,and strong LIBS signals were measured after the following shot,which were attributed to the nanoparticles generated by the ablation of the paint,allowing an accurate classification after only two shots.The results demonstrate that different approaches must be employed depending on the paint color to achieve high classification accuracy with fewer shot numbers.展开更多
A cylindrical chamber with a rotating bottom holds significant potential for application in cell culture bioreactors due to its ability to generate more stable swirling flows.In order to control vortex breakdown withi...A cylindrical chamber with a rotating bottom holds significant potential for application in cell culture bioreactors due to its ability to generate more stable swirling flows.In order to control vortex breakdown within the chamber,this study first establishes a computational fluid dynamics simulation coupled with the level set method.Verified by experimental results in literature,this method accurately simulates the position and shape of vortex breakdown,and also predicts the critical Reynolds numbers for the appearance and detachment of vortex breakdown bubbles from the center.Additionally,it precisely captures the gas-liquid interface and depicts the vortex breakdown phenomenon in the air above the liquid for the first time.Finally,it predicts the impact of physical property of gas-liquid systems on vortex breakdown in response to significant changes in viscosity of microbial process systems.展开更多
Hydraulic fracturing is a commonly used stimulation technique for production optimization in various geological formations such as tight sandstone,shale,coal bed methane,and heat extraction in geothermal reservoirs.Br...Hydraulic fracturing is a commonly used stimulation technique for production optimization in various geological formations such as tight sandstone,shale,coal bed methane,and heat extraction in geothermal reservoirs.Breakdown pressure is a vital component in hydraulic fracture job design,which is affected by various parameters including rock strength and depth.Various methods including modelling and experimental approaches exist to quantify the breakdown pressure.There have been many strategies to reduce this pressure for efficient and economical hydraulic fracture jobs,especially when this pressure exceeds pump capacity.This study provides a detailed review of breakdown pressure in terms of fundamentals,influencing factors,and estimation approaches.In addition,different strategies are also presented to reduce the breakdown pressure along with cost analysis.Lastly,research gaps pertinent to this area are highlighted for emphasis in future research.Specifically,it has been found that high breakdown pressure is associated with challenges,but there are no comprehensive techniques and strategies to lower this pressure in formations with very high in situ stress profiles or complicated tectonic settings.Developing such methods is important to minimize operational failures,lower costs and reduce the environmental risks during reservoir exploitation.This study reviews the fundamentals,influencing factors,and estimation methods of breakdown pressure and provides a deep understanding of the strategies for its reduction.The study also presents the cost analyses,and highlights research gaps for future investigation.展开更多
Electrolyte selection for Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation(PEO)of magnesium is important as this determines composition,morphology and properties of resultant coatings that are urgently sought after for protection of Mg ...Electrolyte selection for Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation(PEO)of magnesium is important as this determines composition,morphology and properties of resultant coatings that are urgently sought after for protection of Mg alloys from corrosion and wear in harsh environments.However,electrolyte design is often performed heuristically,which hampers the development and optimisation of new PEO processes.Here,we attempt to achieve a mechanistic understanding of electrochemical and microstructural aspects of anodic films evolution at the prebreakdown stages of PEO treatments of magnesium in aqueous alkaline solutions of NaAlO2,Na3PO4,Na F and Na2SiO3.Systematic studies have shown that magnesium self-passivation by MgO/Mg(OH)2can be compromised by both chemical and mechanical instabilities developed due to side effects of anodic reactions.Stable initiation of PEO process requires maintaining surface passivity in a wide range of p H,which can be achieved only by combining self-depositing passivators with those binding dissolved magnesium into insoluble compounds.展开更多
Filament-and plasma-grating-induced breakdown spectroscopy(F-GIBS)was demonstrated as an efficient technique for sensitive detection of metals in water,where plasma gratings were established through synchronized nonli...Filament-and plasma-grating-induced breakdown spectroscopy(F-GIBS)was demonstrated as an efficient technique for sensitive detection of metals in water,where plasma gratings were established through synchronized nonlinear interaction of two noncollinear filaments and an additional filament was generated with another fs laser beam propagating along their bisector.A water jet was constructed vertically to the three coplanar filaments,overcoming side effects from violent plasma explosion and bubble generation.Three distinct regimes of different mechanisms were validated for nonlinear couplings of the third filament with plasma gratings.As the third filament was temporally overlapped with the two noncollinear filaments in the interaction zone,all the three filaments participated in synchronous nonlinear interaction and plasma grating structures were altered by the addition of the third filament.As the third filament was positively or negatively delayed,the as-formed plasma gratings were elongated by the delayed third filament,or plasma gratings were formed in the presence of plasma expansion of the ahead third filament,respectively.Using F-GIBS for trace metal detection in water,significant spectral line enhancements were observed.展开更多
The protection effectiveness of traditional Lightning Strike Protection(LSP)for composite rotor blade of helicopter can be diminished due to the explosion risk in overlapping attachment under lightning strike,so a new...The protection effectiveness of traditional Lightning Strike Protection(LSP)for composite rotor blade of helicopter can be diminished due to the explosion risk in overlapping attachment under lightning strike,so a new protection method based on Air Breakdown and insulating adhesive layer(AB-LSP method)was designed to avoid it.In this study,a numerical method was developed to simulate the electrical breakdown,and verified by experiment results.Based on this method,a Finite Element Model(FEM)was established to investigate the effect of two factors(breakdown strength and initial ablation temperature of adhesive layer)on the LSP effectiveness.The results show that the breakdown strength impacts more to the ablation damage in composite than that of high-temperature resistance.Then,another FEM was established to predict the ablation damage by lightning strike in the AB-LSP method protected composite rotor blade.The mechanisms and potential key parameters(magnitude of lightning current,discharge channel location,adhesive layer thickness,and air gap width)that could affect the protection effectiveness were analyzed.The introduction of air breakdown changes the current conduction path and reduces explosion risk.After rational design,this method can offer effective lightning protection for composite helicopter rotor blade and other composite structures.展开更多
An AlGaN/GaN high-electron mobility transistor(HEMT) with a novel source-connected air-bridge field plate(AFP) is experimentally verified.The device features a metal field plate that jumps from the source over the...An AlGaN/GaN high-electron mobility transistor(HEMT) with a novel source-connected air-bridge field plate(AFP) is experimentally verified.The device features a metal field plate that jumps from the source over the gate region and lands between the gate and drain.When compared to a similar size HEMT device with a conventional field plate(CFP) structure,the AFP not only minimizes the parasitic gate to source capacitance,but also exhibits higher OFF-state breakdown voltage and one order of magnitude lower drain leakage current.In a device with a gate to drain distance of 6 μm and a gate length of 0.8 μm,three times higher forward blocking voltage of 375 V was obtained at VGS =-5 V.In contrast,a similar sized HEMT with a CFP can only achieve a breakdown voltage no higher than 125 V using this process,regardless of device dimensions.Moreover,a temperature coefficient of 0 V/K for the breakdown voltage is observed.However,devices without a field plate(no FP) and with an optimized conventional field plate(CFP) exhibit breakdown voltage temperature coefficients of-0.113 V/K and-0.065 V/K,respectively.展开更多
A 1-D fluid model for homogeneous dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) in helium is presented, aimed at unraveling the spatial-temporal characteristics of two basic discharge regimes: single-breakdown and multi-break...A 1-D fluid model for homogeneous dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) in helium is presented, aimed at unraveling the spatial-temporal characteristics of two basic discharge regimes: single-breakdown and multi-breakdown discharges. Discharge currents, gap voltages, charge densities, electron temperature and electric field profiles of the two regimes make it clear that these two regimes are qualitatively different. It is found that the multi-breakdown discharge has a more homogeneous flux on dielectrics compared to the single-breakdown discharge.展开更多
The critical breakdown path(CBP)has a significant impact on the breakdown voltage curve and the ignition time of heaterless hollow cathodes(HHCs).To determine the pattern of the variation in the CBP position and its i...The critical breakdown path(CBP)has a significant impact on the breakdown voltage curve and the ignition time of heaterless hollow cathodes(HHCs).To determine the pattern of the variation in the CBP position and its impact on ignition performance,a numerical model named the CBP evaluation(CBPE)was established in this paper to calculate the CBP of a HHC.The CBPE model can be used to screen various potential breakdown paths to identify those that are most likely to satisfy the Townsend breakdown conditions,which are denoted as CBPs.To verify the calculation accuracy of the CBPE model,4.5 A-level HHC ignition tests were conducted on HHCs with three different structures.By comparing the test results and the calculated results of the breakdown voltage,the calculation errors of the CBPE under three HHC conditions ranged from 1.6%to 5.8%,and the trends of the calculated results were consistent with those of the test results.The ignition test also showed the characteristics of the breakdown voltage curve and the ignition time for the three HHCs.Based on the CBPE model,an in-depth analysis was conducted on the mechanism of the patterns revealed by the tests.The main conclusions are presented as follows:(1)the CBP always shifts from the long path to the short path in the HHCs with an increasing gas flow rate;and(2)the ignition time of the HHCs depends on the position of the CBP because different CBP positions can cause different mechanisms of heat transfer from the plasma to the emitter.This study can guide the optimization of the CBP position and the corresponding ignition times of HHCs.展开更多
Perfluorocyclobutane(c-C4F8) has been recently considered as a potential alternative to SF6,because of its high electro-negativity and extremely low environmental effect.However,due to its high boiling point,c-C4F8 sh...Perfluorocyclobutane(c-C4F8) has been recently considered as a potential alternative to SF6,because of its high electro-negativity and extremely low environmental effect.However,due to its high boiling point,c-C4F8 should mixed with buffer gases such as N2 or CO2 in order to avoid the liquefaction at low temperature.This paper investigates insulating properties of c-C4F8/N2 gas mixtures from two aspects including electrical strength,and Global Warming Potential(GWP).Moreover,improved electrical breakdown model of gas mixtures is founded.Breakdown temperature and breakdown electrical field in gas mixtures can be obtained from rigorous Townsend criterion expression according to gas mixtures ratio and cross section data of gas mixtures in this model.Under the condition of different gas pressure(0.1~0.4 MPa),gas mixtures ratio(0~30%),and electrode gap(2~10 mm),breakdown voltages of gas mixtures are calculated by using of this model.Insulation strength of SF6/N2 mixed gas is compared with c-C4F8/N2 mixed gas in the same conditions.Research results show that theoretical computation corresponds with experiment.If the content of c-C4F8 or SF6 in mixtures is less than 30%,insulation strength between c-C4F8/N2 and SF6/N2 is very close.Considering two indexes(breakdown voltage,GWP),it is suitable for c-C4F8 content being 15%~20% in c-C4F8/N2 gas展开更多
基金The financial supports from National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52574313,52204272 and 52074091)to this project。
摘要The susceptibility of ore particles to electrical breakdown plays a critical role for high voltage pulse(HVP)breakage,yet its quantitative characterization still lacks deep understanding.Two indicators,namely breakdown delay time(Td)and breakdown strength(Eb)were compared,based on analysis on the two breakdown modes namely wavefront mode and post-wave mode.It was found that Td is more suitable to characterize the susceptibility of ore particles to electrical breakdown in HVP breakage than Eb.A probabilistic model based on the Weibull distribution is developed to describe the relation of breakdown probability to Td.Regression analyses were conducted to investigate how operating parameters and particle properties influence Td and size reduction degree of ore particles in HVP breakage.The regressed models demonstrate potential capability to predict metallic minerals content and HVP breakage degree based on operating parameters and particle properties.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52573086 and 52203096)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Program(Nos.JCYJ20240813143309013 and ZDSYS20220527171402005)+1 种基金the Shenzhen Strategic Emerging Industry Support Plan(No.F2023-Z99-509043)the State Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits(No.SKLJC-K2025-11)。
摘要The growing demand for higher operating frequencies,faster speeds,and greater power density in modern electronics has positioned embedded dielectric film capacitors as a key enabler of system miniaturization and enhanced reliability.However,such integration requires dielectric materials that exhibit both high intrinsic breakdown strength and superior high-temperature stability,a combination which is seldom achieved by conventional polymer dielectrics.In this work,we present a rationally designed rigid-flexible crosslinked network based on bismaleimide(BMI)that delivers robust performance under extreme electrical and thermal conditions.By co-curing a biphenyl epoxy(BPEP)resin with a 2,2-bis[4-(4-maleimidophenoxy)phenyl]propane(BMP)-based BMI matrix,a densely co-crosslinked network is formed.In this network,BPEP acts as a toughening agent that mitigates internal stress and inhibits micro-crack initiation,while its rigid biphenyl motifs cooperate with BMP to establish deeper charge traps,thereby effectively suppressing charge carrier excitation and transport.These synergistic mechanisms enable the optimized co-cured BMP/10%BPEP film to achieve a leakage current more than ten times lower than that of pristine BMP at 200℃,along with a remarkable increase in breakdown strength from 509MV/m to 615MV/m and a rise in dielectric constant from 3.45 to 3.71.Consequently,the film exhibits an outstanding discharge energy density of 4.59J/cm3 with 90%efficiency at 200℃,as well as excellent cycling stability over 50000 charge-discharge cycles.This study offers a feasible material design strategy for high-performance polymer dielectrics suitable for embedded capacitors in advanced electronic packaging.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(No.RS-2020-NR049568).
摘要Human-machine interface(HMI)systems require energy harvesters that can operate efficiently under low contact forces,yet conventional tactile triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs)suffer from low surface charge density and unstable output.Here,we propose a human skin electric field-induced air-breakdown TENG(AB-TENG)with a transistor-inspired architecture.The device employs a base terminal to collect electrons from human skin via an ionized air channel formed by air breakdown,enabling efficient conversion of the skin’s electric field through two operational modes:indirect(accumulated output)and direct(instant high output).In direct mode,the AB-TENG delivers 165 V at 2 N and 290 V at 24 N,with a peak power of 22 mW-22 times higher than conventional tactile TENGs.Practical utility is demonstrated through a self-powered infrared remote control and an ultrathin keyboard.This work establishes a new design paradigm that transforms air breakdown from a limitation into a functional mechanism,advancing skin-electricity-enhanced thin-film TENGs toward next-generation self-sustaining HMI platforms.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072279,32322075 and 32202124)LiaoNing Revitalization Talents Program(XLYC2211088)the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-31).
摘要The ripening of banana fruit at high temperature(HT)exceeding 24℃ impedes developing yellow peels,causing green ripening,which considerably lowers its marketability.Our recent study found that HT induces E3 ubiquitin ligase MaNIP1(NYC1 interacting protein 1)-mediated degradation of MaNYC1(NON-YELLOW COLORING 1)to inhibit chlorophyll breakdown during banana fruit ripening,but MaNIP1's upstream regulatory mechanism is still unclear.Herein,the ASR transcription factor(TF)MaASR3,which is repressed in green-ripened fruit compared to yellow-ripened fruit,was identified as the potential binding protein for the MaNIP1 promoter.MaASR3 promoted chlorophyll degradation in banana fruit by repressing MaNIP1 expression.More importantly,the histone deacetylase MaHDT1 interacted with MaASR3 and enhanced MaASR3-mediated repression of MaNIP1.Overexpression of MaASR3 in banana fruit reduced the histone acetylation levels in the MaNIP1 promoter and repressed MaNIP1 expression,thereby weakening the HT-inhibited degreening of banana fruit.Our study reveals an innovative regulatory cascade comprising the MaASR3MaHDT1-MaNIP1 complex,which modulates HT-inhibited chlorophyll degradation.This explains the green ripening in bananas exposed to such conditions and enhances the comprehension of transcriptional and epigenetic regulations of fruit quality deterioration due to temperature stresses.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.92271110,12072352)the Major National Science and Technology Project,China(No.J2019-Ⅲ-0010-0054)。
摘要To delay the vortex breakdown position of the slender delta wing,this study innovativelyproposes the application of control near the Leading-Edge Vortex(LEV)core sweeping path,whichis called Coupled Core Rotation Dual Synthetic Jets(CCR-DSJ)control.The results show that thevortex breakdown points at each angle of attack are moved backward after control,and the max-imum delayed displacement is 32.4%of the root chord at 30°.Besides,there is a linear relationshipbetween the breakdown position and the angle of attack after control,indicating that CCR-DSJcontrol has a significant effect on the pressure gradient of the vortex axis.Furthermore,the lift coef-ficient CLis enhanced after control,with a maximum CLincrement of 0.078 at 27°,and an effectiveincrement interval of[25°,32°].This interval is different from most previous studies,which isdirectly related to the position of the actuators.According to the lift change mechanism,the anglesof attack are divided into three stages:Stage 1(a=15°–25°),Stage 2(a=25°–32°),and Stage 3(a=32°–40°).In conclusion,CCR-DSJ control can significantly change the pressure distribution,thereby offering promising prospects for the flight stage of the slender delta wing.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,China(No.52074250).
摘要Horizontal well intensive fracturing is a critical technology used to stimulate unconventional oil and gas reservoirs.Accurate prediction of wellbore breakdown pressure is conducive to optimal fracturing design and improvement of the reservoir stimulation effect.In this work,the three-dimensional displacement discontinuity method(DDM)is used to characterize fracture deformation and fracture closure after the pumping pressure relief.The influences of key parameters such as the minimum horizontal principal stress,fracture spacing,the Young's modulus,the Poisson's ratio and pumping pressure on the breakdown pressure are analyzed.The results show that,assuming that the fracture half-length is a,the breakdown pressure outside the fracture surface area increases significantly within 2a in the direction of the minimum horizontal principal stress and a in the directions of the vertical stress and maximum horizontal principal stress before pressure relief.The breakdown pressure of the modified zipper-type fracturing in the later stage is lower.When the fracture spacing is small,the fracture breakdown pressure decreases after the modified zipper-type fracturing of two horizontal wells.The fracture breakdown pressure of the first fractured well reaches a maximum when the fracture spacing is a-1.5a,and the breakdown pressure decreases with increasing well spacing.
基金supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2023M743622)Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo City(No.2024J109)+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.E52307038 and U23A20589)Ningbo 2025 Key Scientific Research Programs(Nos.2022Z111,2022Z160 and 2022Z198)the Leading Innovativeand Entrepreneur Team Introduction Program of Zhejiang(No.2021R01005).
摘要The demand for energy-efficient and environmental-friendly power grid construction has made the exploitation of bio-based electrical epoxy resins with excellent properties increasingly important.This work developed the bio-based electrotechnical epoxy resins based on magnolol.High-performance epoxy resin(DGEMT)with a double crosslinked points and its composites(Al2O3/DGEMT)were obtained taking advantages of the two bifunctional groups(allyl and phenolic hydroxyl groups)of magnolol.Benefitting from the distinctive structure of DGEMT,the Al2O3/DGEMT composites exhibited the advantages of intrinsically high thermal conductivity,high insulation,and low dielectric loss.The AC breakdown strength and thermal conductivity of Al2O3/DGEMT composites were 35.5 kV/mm and 1.19 W·m-1·K-1,respectively,which were 15.6%and 52.6%higher than those of petroleum-based composites(Al2O3/DGEBA).And its dielectric loss tanδ=0.0046 was 20.7%lower than that of Al2O3/DGEBA.Furthermore,the mechanical,thermal and processing properties of Al2O3/DGEMT are fully comparable to those of Al2O3/DGEBA.This work confirms the feasibility of manufacturing environmentally friendly power equipment using bio-based epoxy resins,which has excellent engineering applications.
基金supported in part by the Key Research and Development Projects of Shaanxi Province(Grant No.2024GX-YBXM-082)in part by the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province(Grant No.2023-JC-JQ-56)+2 种基金in part by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant Nos.QTZX23076,XJSJ25014)in part by the funding of the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFB3604400)in part by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2021TQ0256).
摘要In this letter,we demonstrate the effect ofγirradiation on the lateral AlGaN/GaN Schottky barrier diodes(SBDs)with self-terminated recessed anode structure and low work-function metal tungsten(W)as anode.For a comprehensive evaluation of the radiation-resistance performance of the device,the total dose ofγirradiation is up to 100 kGy with irradiation time of 20 h.Attributed to the barrier lowering effect of the W/GaN interface induced byγirradiation observed in the experiment,the extracted turnon voltage(VON)defined at anode forward current of 1 mA decreases from 0.47 to 0.43 V.Meanwhile,benefiting from the reinforced Schottky interface treated by post-anode-annealing,a high breakdown voltage(BV)of 1.75 kV is obtained for theγ-irradiated AlGaN/GaN SBD,which shows the promising application for the deep-space radiation environment and promotes the development of radiation-resistance research for GaN SBDs.
摘要Space ion electric propulsion has been widely used in the north-south position maintenance and orbit transfer missions for high-orbit satellites.However,unexpected electric breakdown by ion electric propulsion systems is still a challenging problem that needs to be solved,as it affects reliability.Based on the analysis of in-orbit and ground test data of ion thrusters from simulation and experimental results,the main influencing factors of induced electric breakdown are clarified and the mechanisms of induced electric breakdown are analyzed.It is found that the main factors inducing breakdown are the voltage and electric field strength between the grids.In addition,by monitoring the waveform of plasma discharge,the temporal characteristics of breakdown can be defined as three stages of“breakdown-spark-loop response”.Thus,three kinds of engineering suppression methods for breakdown of static vacuum with periodic short-term heating,electrode surface polishing and sealing insulation with plasma,add energy suppression circuit are carried out,and the experimental results show that the electric breakdown frequency can be reduced by about 30%.
基金supported by the R&D Center for Valuable Recycling (Global-Top R&D Program)of the Ministry of Environment (No.2016002250003)。
摘要Scrap metals are typically covered with surface contaminants,such as paint,dust,and rust,which can significantly affect the emission spectrum during laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS)based sorting.In this study,the effects of paint layers on metal surfaces during LIBS classification were investigated.LIBS spectra were collected from metal surfaces painted with black and white paints by ablation with a nanosecond pulsed laser(wavelength=1064 nm,pulse width=7 ns).For the black-painted samples,the LIBS spectra showed a broad background emission,emission lines unrelated to the target metals,large shot-to-shot variation,and a relatively low signal intensity of the target metal,causing poor classification accuracy even at high shot numbers.Cleaning the black paint layer by ablating over a wide area prior to LIBS analysis resulted in high classification accuracy with fewer shot numbers.A method to determine the number of cleaning shots necessary to obtain high classification accuracy and high throughput is proposed on the basis of the change in LIBS signal intensity during cleaning shots.For the white-painted samples,the paint peeled off the metal surface after the first shot,and strong LIBS signals were measured after the following shot,which were attributed to the nanoparticles generated by the ablation of the paint,allowing an accurate classification after only two shots.The results demonstrate that different approaches must be employed depending on the paint color to achieve high classification accuracy with fewer shot numbers.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(22178228,22178326)
摘要A cylindrical chamber with a rotating bottom holds significant potential for application in cell culture bioreactors due to its ability to generate more stable swirling flows.In order to control vortex breakdown within the chamber,this study first establishes a computational fluid dynamics simulation coupled with the level set method.Verified by experimental results in literature,this method accurately simulates the position and shape of vortex breakdown,and also predicts the critical Reynolds numbers for the appearance and detachment of vortex breakdown bubbles from the center.Additionally,it precisely captures the gas-liquid interface and depicts the vortex breakdown phenomenon in the air above the liquid for the first time.Finally,it predicts the impact of physical property of gas-liquid systems on vortex breakdown in response to significant changes in viscosity of microbial process systems.
摘要Hydraulic fracturing is a commonly used stimulation technique for production optimization in various geological formations such as tight sandstone,shale,coal bed methane,and heat extraction in geothermal reservoirs.Breakdown pressure is a vital component in hydraulic fracture job design,which is affected by various parameters including rock strength and depth.Various methods including modelling and experimental approaches exist to quantify the breakdown pressure.There have been many strategies to reduce this pressure for efficient and economical hydraulic fracture jobs,especially when this pressure exceeds pump capacity.This study provides a detailed review of breakdown pressure in terms of fundamentals,influencing factors,and estimation approaches.In addition,different strategies are also presented to reduce the breakdown pressure along with cost analysis.Lastly,research gaps pertinent to this area are highlighted for emphasis in future research.Specifically,it has been found that high breakdown pressure is associated with challenges,but there are no comprehensive techniques and strategies to lower this pressure in formations with very high in situ stress profiles or complicated tectonic settings.Developing such methods is important to minimize operational failures,lower costs and reduce the environmental risks during reservoir exploitation.This study reviews the fundamentals,influencing factors,and estimation methods of breakdown pressure and provides a deep understanding of the strategies for its reduction.The study also presents the cost analyses,and highlights research gaps for future investigation.
基金supported by the UK EPSRC(grant EP/T024607/1,‘Coat IN’)provided by the Henry Royce Institute for Advanced Materials,funded through the UK EPSRC grants EP/R00661X/1,EP/S019367/1,EP/P025021/1 and EP/P025498/1support from the University of Manchester and Chinese Scholarship Council for his Ph D studies。
摘要Electrolyte selection for Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation(PEO)of magnesium is important as this determines composition,morphology and properties of resultant coatings that are urgently sought after for protection of Mg alloys from corrosion and wear in harsh environments.However,electrolyte design is often performed heuristically,which hampers the development and optimisation of new PEO processes.Here,we attempt to achieve a mechanistic understanding of electrochemical and microstructural aspects of anodic films evolution at the prebreakdown stages of PEO treatments of magnesium in aqueous alkaline solutions of NaAlO2,Na3PO4,Na F and Na2SiO3.Systematic studies have shown that magnesium self-passivation by MgO/Mg(OH)2can be compromised by both chemical and mechanical instabilities developed due to side effects of anodic reactions.Stable initiation of PEO process requires maintaining surface passivity in a wide range of p H,which can be achieved only by combining self-depositing passivators with those binding dissolved magnesium into insoluble compounds.
基金sponsored by Shanghai Rising-Star Program(Grant No.22QC1401000)the National Defense Administration of Science,Technology and Industry(Grant No.HTKJ2021KL504014)+2 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program(Grant No.2018YFB0504400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11621404,11727812,and 62035005)Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(Grant No.2019SHZDZX01-ZX05).
摘要Filament-and plasma-grating-induced breakdown spectroscopy(F-GIBS)was demonstrated as an efficient technique for sensitive detection of metals in water,where plasma gratings were established through synchronized nonlinear interaction of two noncollinear filaments and an additional filament was generated with another fs laser beam propagating along their bisector.A water jet was constructed vertically to the three coplanar filaments,overcoming side effects from violent plasma explosion and bubble generation.Three distinct regimes of different mechanisms were validated for nonlinear couplings of the third filament with plasma gratings.As the third filament was temporally overlapped with the two noncollinear filaments in the interaction zone,all the three filaments participated in synchronous nonlinear interaction and plasma grating structures were altered by the addition of the third filament.As the third filament was positively or negatively delayed,the as-formed plasma gratings were elongated by the delayed third filament,or plasma gratings were formed in the presence of plasma expansion of the ahead third filament,respectively.Using F-GIBS for trace metal detection in water,significant spectral line enhancements were observed.
摘要The protection effectiveness of traditional Lightning Strike Protection(LSP)for composite rotor blade of helicopter can be diminished due to the explosion risk in overlapping attachment under lightning strike,so a new protection method based on Air Breakdown and insulating adhesive layer(AB-LSP method)was designed to avoid it.In this study,a numerical method was developed to simulate the electrical breakdown,and verified by experiment results.Based on this method,a Finite Element Model(FEM)was established to investigate the effect of two factors(breakdown strength and initial ablation temperature of adhesive layer)on the LSP effectiveness.The results show that the breakdown strength impacts more to the ablation damage in composite than that of high-temperature resistance.Then,another FEM was established to predict the ablation damage by lightning strike in the AB-LSP method protected composite rotor blade.The mechanisms and potential key parameters(magnitude of lightning current,discharge channel location,adhesive layer thickness,and air gap width)that could affect the protection effectiveness were analyzed.The introduction of air breakdown changes the current conduction path and reduces explosion risk.After rational design,this method can offer effective lightning protection for composite helicopter rotor blade and other composite structures.
基金Project supported by the Delta Science & Technology Educational Development Program (Grant No. DREK2010001)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China for Distinguished Young Scholars (Grant No. R1100468)
摘要An AlGaN/GaN high-electron mobility transistor(HEMT) with a novel source-connected air-bridge field plate(AFP) is experimentally verified.The device features a metal field plate that jumps from the source over the gate region and lands between the gate and drain.When compared to a similar size HEMT device with a conventional field plate(CFP) structure,the AFP not only minimizes the parasitic gate to source capacitance,but also exhibits higher OFF-state breakdown voltage and one order of magnitude lower drain leakage current.In a device with a gate to drain distance of 6 μm and a gate length of 0.8 μm,three times higher forward blocking voltage of 375 V was obtained at VGS =-5 V.In contrast,a similar sized HEMT with a CFP can only achieve a breakdown voltage no higher than 125 V using this process,regardless of device dimensions.Moreover,a temperature coefficient of 0 V/K for the breakdown voltage is observed.However,devices without a field plate(no FP) and with an optimized conventional field plate(CFP) exhibit breakdown voltage temperature coefficients of-0.113 V/K and-0.065 V/K,respectively.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.50907053)State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment of China(EIPE10305)
摘要A 1-D fluid model for homogeneous dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) in helium is presented, aimed at unraveling the spatial-temporal characteristics of two basic discharge regimes: single-breakdown and multi-breakdown discharges. Discharge currents, gap voltages, charge densities, electron temperature and electric field profiles of the two regimes make it clear that these two regimes are qualitatively different. It is found that the multi-breakdown discharge has a more homogeneous flux on dielectrics compared to the single-breakdown discharge.
摘要The critical breakdown path(CBP)has a significant impact on the breakdown voltage curve and the ignition time of heaterless hollow cathodes(HHCs).To determine the pattern of the variation in the CBP position and its impact on ignition performance,a numerical model named the CBP evaluation(CBPE)was established in this paper to calculate the CBP of a HHC.The CBPE model can be used to screen various potential breakdown paths to identify those that are most likely to satisfy the Townsend breakdown conditions,which are denoted as CBPs.To verify the calculation accuracy of the CBPE model,4.5 A-level HHC ignition tests were conducted on HHCs with three different structures.By comparing the test results and the calculated results of the breakdown voltage,the calculation errors of the CBPE under three HHC conditions ranged from 1.6%to 5.8%,and the trends of the calculated results were consistent with those of the test results.The ignition test also showed the characteristics of the breakdown voltage curve and the ignition time for the three HHCs.Based on the CBPE model,an in-depth analysis was conducted on the mechanism of the patterns revealed by the tests.The main conclusions are presented as follows:(1)the CBP always shifts from the long path to the short path in the HHCs with an increasing gas flow rate;and(2)the ignition time of the HHCs depends on the position of the CBP because different CBP positions can cause different mechanisms of heat transfer from the plasma to the emitter.This study can guide the optimization of the CBP position and the corresponding ignition times of HHCs.
基金Project Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.:50777041)
摘要Perfluorocyclobutane(c-C4F8) has been recently considered as a potential alternative to SF6,because of its high electro-negativity and extremely low environmental effect.However,due to its high boiling point,c-C4F8 should mixed with buffer gases such as N2 or CO2 in order to avoid the liquefaction at low temperature.This paper investigates insulating properties of c-C4F8/N2 gas mixtures from two aspects including electrical strength,and Global Warming Potential(GWP).Moreover,improved electrical breakdown model of gas mixtures is founded.Breakdown temperature and breakdown electrical field in gas mixtures can be obtained from rigorous Townsend criterion expression according to gas mixtures ratio and cross section data of gas mixtures in this model.Under the condition of different gas pressure(0.1~0.4 MPa),gas mixtures ratio(0~30%),and electrode gap(2~10 mm),breakdown voltages of gas mixtures are calculated by using of this model.Insulation strength of SF6/N2 mixed gas is compared with c-C4F8/N2 mixed gas in the same conditions.Research results show that theoretical computation corresponds with experiment.If the content of c-C4F8 or SF6 in mixtures is less than 30%,insulation strength between c-C4F8/N2 and SF6/N2 is very close.Considering two indexes(breakdown voltage,GWP),it is suitable for c-C4F8 content being 15%~20% in c-C4F8/N2 gas