Key parameters of microwave signals,including frequency,phase noise,period,and pulse width,exert a profound influence on the detection performance of radar systems.Optoelectronic oscillators(OEOs)offer the distinct ad...Key parameters of microwave signals,including frequency,phase noise,period,and pulse width,exert a profound influence on the detection performance of radar systems.Optoelectronic oscillators(OEOs)offer the distinct advantage of enabling direct generation of microwave signals with frequency-independent ultra-low phase noise.By integrating external modulation mechanisms,OEOs can further produce signals with more complex waveforms,thereby effectively addressing the demanding requirements of modern radar systems.We propose and demonstrate a method for generating programmable phase-coded microwave signals with tunable duty cycles in an OEO.The approach utilizes simple bias voltage modulation,where a voltage-level-coded signal is injected into the direct-current bias port of the push-pull Mach–Zehnder modulator(MZM)within the OEO loop.Binary phase coding is achieved by exploiting the reverse-phase characteristic of the minimum transmission point of the MZM.The duty cycle of the generated phase-coded microwave signal is adjusted by varying that of the injected signal.Simulations and experiments confirm the generation of microwave signals with excellent phase-coding performance and high spectral coherence.展开更多
A brain-computer interface(BCI)system based on steady-state visual evoked potentials(SSVEP)was developed by four-class phase-coded stimuli.SSVEPs elicited by flickers at 60Hz,which is higher than the critical fusion f...A brain-computer interface(BCI)system based on steady-state visual evoked potentials(SSVEP)was developed by four-class phase-coded stimuli.SSVEPs elicited by flickers at 60Hz,which is higher than the critical fusion frequency(CFF),were compared with those at 15Hz and 30Hz.SSVEP components in electroencephalogram(EEG)were detected using task related component analysis(TRCA)method.Offline analysis with 17 subjects indicated that the highest information transfer rate(ITR)was 29.80±4.65bpm with 0.5s data length for 60Hz and the classification accuracy was 70.07±4.15%.The online BCI system reached an averaged classification accuracy of 87.75±3.50%at 60Hz with 4s,resulting in an ITR of 16.73±1.63bpm.In particular,the maximum ITR for a subject was 80bpm with 0.5s at 60Hz.Although the BCI performance of 60Hz was lower than that of 15Hz and 30Hz,the results of the behavioral test indicated that,with no perception of flicker,the BCI system with 60Hz was more comfortable to use than 15Hz and 30Hz.Correlation analysis revealed that SSVEP with higher signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)corresponded to better classification performance and the improvement in comfortableness was accompanied by a decrease in performance.This study demonstrates the feasibility and potential of a user-friendly SSVEP-based BCI using imperceptible flickers.展开更多
A flexible field programmable gate array based radar signal processor is presented. The radar signal processor mainly consists of five functional modules: radar system timer, binary phase coded pulse compression(PC...A flexible field programmable gate array based radar signal processor is presented. The radar signal processor mainly consists of five functional modules: radar system timer, binary phase coded pulse compression(PC), moving target detection (MTD), constant false alarm rate (CFAR) and target dots processing. Preliminary target dots information is obtained in PC, MTD, and CFAR modules and Nios I! CPU is used for target dots combination and false sidelobe target removing. Sys- tem on programmable chip (SOPC) technique is adopted in the system in which SDRAM is used to cache data. Finally, a FPGA-based binary phase coded radar signal processor is realized and simula- tion result is given.展开更多
The m series with 511 bits is taken as an example being applied in non-coherent integra- tion algorithm. A method to choose the bi-phase code is presented, which is 15 kinds of codes are picked out of 511 kinds of m s...The m series with 511 bits is taken as an example being applied in non-coherent integra- tion algorithm. A method to choose the bi-phase code is presented, which is 15 kinds of codes are picked out of 511 kinds of m series to do non-coherent integration. It is indicated that the power in- creasing times of larger target sidelobe is less than the power increasing times of smaller target main- lobe because of the larger target' s pseudo-randomness. Smaller target is integrated from larger tar- get sidelobe, which strengthens the detection capability of radar for smaller targets. According to the sidelobes distributing characteristic, a method is presented in this paper to remove the estimated sidelobes mean value for signal detection after non-coherent integration. Simulation results present that the SNR of small target can be improved approximately 6. 5 dB by the proposed method.展开更多
Diffractive lenses(DLs)can realize high-resolution imaging with light weight and compact size.Conventional DLs suffer large chromatic and off-axis aberrations,which significantly limits their practical applications.Al...Diffractive lenses(DLs)can realize high-resolution imaging with light weight and compact size.Conventional DLs suffer large chromatic and off-axis aberrations,which significantly limits their practical applications.Although many achromatic methods have been proposed,most of them are used for designing small aperture DLs,which have low diffraction efficiencies.In the designing of diffractive achromatic lenses,increasing the aperture and improving the diffraction efficiency have become two of the most important design issues.Here,a novel phase-coded diffractive lens(PCDL)for achromatic imaging with a large aperture and high efficiency is proposed and demonstrated experimentally,and it also possesses wide field-of-view(FOV)imaging at the same time.The phase distribution of the conventional phase-type diffractive lens(DL)is coded with a cubic function to expand both the working bandwidth and the FOV of conventional DL.The proposed phase-type DL is fabricated by using the laser direct writing of grey-scale patterns for a PCDL of a diameter of 10 mm,a focal length of 100 mm,and a cubic phase coding parameter of 30π.Experimental results show that the working bandwidth and the FOV of the PCDL respectively reach 50 nm and 16°with over 8%focusing efficiency,which are in significant contrast to the counterparts of conventional DL and in good agreement with the theoretical predictions.This work provides a novel way for implementing the achromatic,wide FOV,and high-efficiency imaging with large aperture DL.展开更多
Working memory(WM)temporarily holds and processes information,with its precision decreasing as load increases.Although retro-cues enhance WM precision by focusing attention on relevant items,neural mechanisms driving ...Working memory(WM)temporarily holds and processes information,with its precision decreasing as load increases.Although retro-cues enhance WM precision by focusing attention on relevant items,neural mechanisms driving this effect across varying loads remain unclear.We recorded electroencephalography(EEG)signals during two experiments where participants performed a retrospective-cue WM task under low and high loads.We found that retro-cues significantly enhanced recall precision and sped response times,with larger precision benefits under high load.Alpha(8-12 Hz)activity showed load-dependent attentional modulation during retention,including later delayed desynchronization(ERD)and prolonged lateralization modulation index(MI)under higher load.Under high load,the retro-cues caused slower theta frequency,suggesting phase coding mechanisms in WM.Inverted encoding model(IEM)results revealed more precise mnemonic representation under low load,supporting less noise and more refined encoding.These findings highlight WM adaptive nature,flexibly adjusting to changing cognitive demands through dynamic attentional control.展开更多
随着数字化技术和雷达系统的发展,针对合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)的干扰对抗技术不断进步,尤其是基于数字射频存储技术(Digital Radio Frequency Memory,DRFM)产生的有源欺骗干扰为SAR成像系统带来了前所未有的考验。...随着数字化技术和雷达系统的发展,针对合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)的干扰对抗技术不断进步,尤其是基于数字射频存储技术(Digital Radio Frequency Memory,DRFM)产生的有源欺骗干扰为SAR成像系统带来了前所未有的考验。针对欺骗干扰开展SAR成像抗干扰方法研究,本文基于相位编码波形与带有循环前缀的正交频分复用(Cyclic Prefix Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing,CP-OFDM)波形进行正交波形设计,提出了相位编码CP-OFDM正交波形。基于CP-OFDM波形的循环前缀(Cyclic Prefix,CP)特征,引入基于线性模型的脉冲压缩方法对相位编码CP-OFDM正交波形的SAR成像回波进行距离向处理,能够实现无旁瓣干扰的自相关脉冲压缩。通过对相位编码CP-OFDM波形的时域相位进行编码优化设计,可以实现不同相位编码CP-OFDM波形之间良好的互相关性能。基于线性模型脉冲压缩方法改善了一种p范数多波形加权循环(p-norm Weighted Cyclic Algorithm,p-WeCAN)波形优化算法,采用该算法对相位编码CP-OFDM波形集的相位编码序列进行优化设计,优化后波形的互相关脉冲压缩结果的峰值水平(Peak Sidelobe Level,PSL)相比于随机相位编码CP-OFDM波形的互相关PSL改善了2 dB左右。CP特性赋予了相位编码CP-OFDM波形良好的自相关脉冲压缩结果,相位编码优化设计提供了良好的互相关脉冲压缩结果,采用该正交波形集进行SAR成像,能够实现对欺骗干扰的抑制。进行了点目标、面目标和基于GF-3回波数据反演的半实测数据的抗欺骗干扰SAR成像仿真,与基于线性调频(Linear Frequency Modulation,LFM)波形的欺骗干扰条件下的成像结果进行对比,验证了相位编码CP-OFDM对欺骗干扰的抑制能力。展开更多
目的系统分析乌鲁木齐米东区Y镇农田土壤重金属污染特征、赋存形态及生物可利用性,为土壤重金属污染的风险评估与安全利用提供方法学参考。方法采集14份农田土壤样品,测定镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、汞(Hg)、镍(Ni)、铅(Pb)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)和砷(A...目的系统分析乌鲁木齐米东区Y镇农田土壤重金属污染特征、赋存形态及生物可利用性,为土壤重金属污染的风险评估与安全利用提供方法学参考。方法采集14份农田土壤样品,测定镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、汞(Hg)、镍(Ni)、铅(Pb)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)和砷(As)8种重金属全量含量,采用改进的欧盟标准物质局连续提取法(Community Bureau of Reference sequential extraction procedure,BCR连续提取法)分析8种重金属的形态分布特征,结合Spearman秩相关分析探讨pH值与重金属的关联性,并通过风险评价编码(risk assessment code,RAC)法和次生相与原生相分布比值(rations of secondary phase and primary phase,RSP)法评估生物可利用性风险。结果研究区土壤呈碱性(pH 7.95~8.90),Cd、As污染突出,其中2个点位Cd超过风险筛选值,11个点位As超标;与新疆土壤背景值相比,Cd、Hg、Cu、As点位超标率达100%。形态分析表明,重金属以残渣态和可氧化态为主:Cu、As残渣态占比均超过90%,环境风险低;Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb等部分点位可氧化态或可还原态占比较高;Hg形态分布差异显著,可交换态占比最高达30.3%,7个点位可氧化态占比超20%。生物可利用性评价结果显示,2种方法评估结果差异显著,RSP法更适用于碱性土壤的潜在风险评估。Ni、Cr、Zn全量与pH值呈显著负相关,全量重金属间多呈同源污染正相关,而生物可利用态相关性受形态转化机制调控。结论研究区Cd、As含量超标与Hg高生物可利用性风险需重点关注,碱性条件下重金属多以稳定态赋存,但Hg的有机结合态和可交换态仍具释放潜力。建议针对Hg高风险区域开展污染源排查,结合土壤理化性质选择适配的风险评估方法。展开更多
Code acquisition is the kernel operation for signal synchronization in the spread-spectrum receiver.To reduce the computational complexity and latency of code acquisition,this paper proposes an efficient scheme employ...Code acquisition is the kernel operation for signal synchronization in the spread-spectrum receiver.To reduce the computational complexity and latency of code acquisition,this paper proposes an efficient scheme employing sparse Fourier transform(SFT)and the relevant hardware architecture for field programmable gate array(FPGA)and application-specific integrated circuit(ASIC)implementation.Efforts are made at both the algorithmic level and the implementation level to enable merged searching of code phase and Doppler frequency without incurring massive hardware expenditure.Compared with the existing code acquisition approaches,it is shown from theoretical analysis and experimental results that the proposed design can shorten processing latency and reduce hardware complexity without degrading the acquisition probability.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62175038 and 62105381)the Guangdong Introducing Innovative and Entrepreneurial Teams of“The Pearl River Talent Recruitment Program”(Grant No.2019ZT08X340)。
摘要Key parameters of microwave signals,including frequency,phase noise,period,and pulse width,exert a profound influence on the detection performance of radar systems.Optoelectronic oscillators(OEOs)offer the distinct advantage of enabling direct generation of microwave signals with frequency-independent ultra-low phase noise.By integrating external modulation mechanisms,OEOs can further produce signals with more complex waveforms,thereby effectively addressing the demanding requirements of modern radar systems.We propose and demonstrate a method for generating programmable phase-coded microwave signals with tunable duty cycles in an OEO.The approach utilizes simple bias voltage modulation,where a voltage-level-coded signal is injected into the direct-current bias port of the push-pull Mach–Zehnder modulator(MZM)within the OEO loop.Binary phase coding is achieved by exploiting the reverse-phase characteristic of the minimum transmission point of the MZM.The duty cycle of the generated phase-coded microwave signal is adjusted by varying that of the injected signal.Simulations and experiments confirm the generation of microwave signals with excellent phase-coding performance and high spectral coherence.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China under grant 2017YFA0205903the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant 62071447+1 种基金the Beijing Science and Technology Program under grant Z201100004420015the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Science under grant XDB32040200.
摘要A brain-computer interface(BCI)system based on steady-state visual evoked potentials(SSVEP)was developed by four-class phase-coded stimuli.SSVEPs elicited by flickers at 60Hz,which is higher than the critical fusion frequency(CFF),were compared with those at 15Hz and 30Hz.SSVEP components in electroencephalogram(EEG)were detected using task related component analysis(TRCA)method.Offline analysis with 17 subjects indicated that the highest information transfer rate(ITR)was 29.80±4.65bpm with 0.5s data length for 60Hz and the classification accuracy was 70.07±4.15%.The online BCI system reached an averaged classification accuracy of 87.75±3.50%at 60Hz with 4s,resulting in an ITR of 16.73±1.63bpm.In particular,the maximum ITR for a subject was 80bpm with 0.5s at 60Hz.Although the BCI performance of 60Hz was lower than that of 15Hz and 30Hz,the results of the behavioral test indicated that,with no perception of flicker,the BCI system with 60Hz was more comfortable to use than 15Hz and 30Hz.Correlation analysis revealed that SSVEP with higher signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)corresponded to better classification performance and the improvement in comfortableness was accompanied by a decrease in performance.This study demonstrates the feasibility and potential of a user-friendly SSVEP-based BCI using imperceptible flickers.
基金Supported by the Ministerial Level Advanced Research Foundation (SP240012)
摘要A flexible field programmable gate array based radar signal processor is presented. The radar signal processor mainly consists of five functional modules: radar system timer, binary phase coded pulse compression(PC), moving target detection (MTD), constant false alarm rate (CFAR) and target dots processing. Preliminary target dots information is obtained in PC, MTD, and CFAR modules and Nios I! CPU is used for target dots combination and false sidelobe target removing. Sys- tem on programmable chip (SOPC) technique is adopted in the system in which SDRAM is used to cache data. Finally, a FPGA-based binary phase coded radar signal processor is realized and simula- tion result is given.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Youth Science Fund)(61001190)
摘要The m series with 511 bits is taken as an example being applied in non-coherent integra- tion algorithm. A method to choose the bi-phase code is presented, which is 15 kinds of codes are picked out of 511 kinds of m series to do non-coherent integration. It is indicated that the power in- creasing times of larger target sidelobe is less than the power increasing times of smaller target main- lobe because of the larger target' s pseudo-randomness. Smaller target is integrated from larger tar- get sidelobe, which strengthens the detection capability of radar for smaller targets. According to the sidelobes distributing characteristic, a method is presented in this paper to remove the estimated sidelobes mean value for signal detection after non-coherent integration. Simulation results present that the SNR of small target can be improved approximately 6. 5 dB by the proposed method.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61775154)the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,China(Grant No.18KJB140015)+1 种基金the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,Chinathe Open Research Fund of CAS Key Laboratory of Space Precision Measurement Technology,China(Grant No.SPMT2021001)。
摘要Diffractive lenses(DLs)can realize high-resolution imaging with light weight and compact size.Conventional DLs suffer large chromatic and off-axis aberrations,which significantly limits their practical applications.Although many achromatic methods have been proposed,most of them are used for designing small aperture DLs,which have low diffraction efficiencies.In the designing of diffractive achromatic lenses,increasing the aperture and improving the diffraction efficiency have become two of the most important design issues.Here,a novel phase-coded diffractive lens(PCDL)for achromatic imaging with a large aperture and high efficiency is proposed and demonstrated experimentally,and it also possesses wide field-of-view(FOV)imaging at the same time.The phase distribution of the conventional phase-type diffractive lens(DL)is coded with a cubic function to expand both the working bandwidth and the FOV of conventional DL.The proposed phase-type DL is fabricated by using the laser direct writing of grey-scale patterns for a PCDL of a diameter of 10 mm,a focal length of 100 mm,and a cubic phase coding parameter of 30π.Experimental results show that the working bandwidth and the FOV of the PCDL respectively reach 50 nm and 16°with over 8%focusing efficiency,which are in significant contrast to the counterparts of conventional DL and in good agreement with the theoretical predictions.This work provides a novel way for implementing the achromatic,wide FOV,and high-efficiency imaging with large aperture DL.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32400863 and 32271094)the Open Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence,Zhejiang University(BMI2400006).
摘要Working memory(WM)temporarily holds and processes information,with its precision decreasing as load increases.Although retro-cues enhance WM precision by focusing attention on relevant items,neural mechanisms driving this effect across varying loads remain unclear.We recorded electroencephalography(EEG)signals during two experiments where participants performed a retrospective-cue WM task under low and high loads.We found that retro-cues significantly enhanced recall precision and sped response times,with larger precision benefits under high load.Alpha(8-12 Hz)activity showed load-dependent attentional modulation during retention,including later delayed desynchronization(ERD)and prolonged lateralization modulation index(MI)under higher load.Under high load,the retro-cues caused slower theta frequency,suggesting phase coding mechanisms in WM.Inverted encoding model(IEM)results revealed more precise mnemonic representation under low load,supporting less noise and more refined encoding.These findings highlight WM adaptive nature,flexibly adjusting to changing cognitive demands through dynamic attentional control.
摘要随着数字化技术和雷达系统的发展,针对合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)的干扰对抗技术不断进步,尤其是基于数字射频存储技术(Digital Radio Frequency Memory,DRFM)产生的有源欺骗干扰为SAR成像系统带来了前所未有的考验。针对欺骗干扰开展SAR成像抗干扰方法研究,本文基于相位编码波形与带有循环前缀的正交频分复用(Cyclic Prefix Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing,CP-OFDM)波形进行正交波形设计,提出了相位编码CP-OFDM正交波形。基于CP-OFDM波形的循环前缀(Cyclic Prefix,CP)特征,引入基于线性模型的脉冲压缩方法对相位编码CP-OFDM正交波形的SAR成像回波进行距离向处理,能够实现无旁瓣干扰的自相关脉冲压缩。通过对相位编码CP-OFDM波形的时域相位进行编码优化设计,可以实现不同相位编码CP-OFDM波形之间良好的互相关性能。基于线性模型脉冲压缩方法改善了一种p范数多波形加权循环(p-norm Weighted Cyclic Algorithm,p-WeCAN)波形优化算法,采用该算法对相位编码CP-OFDM波形集的相位编码序列进行优化设计,优化后波形的互相关脉冲压缩结果的峰值水平(Peak Sidelobe Level,PSL)相比于随机相位编码CP-OFDM波形的互相关PSL改善了2 dB左右。CP特性赋予了相位编码CP-OFDM波形良好的自相关脉冲压缩结果,相位编码优化设计提供了良好的互相关脉冲压缩结果,采用该正交波形集进行SAR成像,能够实现对欺骗干扰的抑制。进行了点目标、面目标和基于GF-3回波数据反演的半实测数据的抗欺骗干扰SAR成像仿真,与基于线性调频(Linear Frequency Modulation,LFM)波形的欺骗干扰条件下的成像结果进行对比,验证了相位编码CP-OFDM对欺骗干扰的抑制能力。
摘要目的系统分析乌鲁木齐米东区Y镇农田土壤重金属污染特征、赋存形态及生物可利用性,为土壤重金属污染的风险评估与安全利用提供方法学参考。方法采集14份农田土壤样品,测定镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、汞(Hg)、镍(Ni)、铅(Pb)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)和砷(As)8种重金属全量含量,采用改进的欧盟标准物质局连续提取法(Community Bureau of Reference sequential extraction procedure,BCR连续提取法)分析8种重金属的形态分布特征,结合Spearman秩相关分析探讨pH值与重金属的关联性,并通过风险评价编码(risk assessment code,RAC)法和次生相与原生相分布比值(rations of secondary phase and primary phase,RSP)法评估生物可利用性风险。结果研究区土壤呈碱性(pH 7.95~8.90),Cd、As污染突出,其中2个点位Cd超过风险筛选值,11个点位As超标;与新疆土壤背景值相比,Cd、Hg、Cu、As点位超标率达100%。形态分析表明,重金属以残渣态和可氧化态为主:Cu、As残渣态占比均超过90%,环境风险低;Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb等部分点位可氧化态或可还原态占比较高;Hg形态分布差异显著,可交换态占比最高达30.3%,7个点位可氧化态占比超20%。生物可利用性评价结果显示,2种方法评估结果差异显著,RSP法更适用于碱性土壤的潜在风险评估。Ni、Cr、Zn全量与pH值呈显著负相关,全量重金属间多呈同源污染正相关,而生物可利用态相关性受形态转化机制调控。结论研究区Cd、As含量超标与Hg高生物可利用性风险需重点关注,碱性条件下重金属多以稳定态赋存,但Hg的有机结合态和可交换态仍具释放潜力。建议针对Hg高风险区域开展污染源排查,结合土壤理化性质选择适配的风险评估方法。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61801503).
摘要Code acquisition is the kernel operation for signal synchronization in the spread-spectrum receiver.To reduce the computational complexity and latency of code acquisition,this paper proposes an efficient scheme employing sparse Fourier transform(SFT)and the relevant hardware architecture for field programmable gate array(FPGA)and application-specific integrated circuit(ASIC)implementation.Efforts are made at both the algorithmic level and the implementation level to enable merged searching of code phase and Doppler frequency without incurring massive hardware expenditure.Compared with the existing code acquisition approaches,it is shown from theoretical analysis and experimental results that the proposed design can shorten processing latency and reduce hardware complexity without degrading the acquisition probability.