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The function of animal ‘eyespots’:Conspicuousness but not eye mimicry is key 认领 引用 被引量：2
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作者 Martin STEVENS Abi CANTOR +1 位作者 Julia GRAHAM Isabel S.WINNEY 《Current Zoology》 CAS 北大核心 2009年第5期319-326,共8页
Many animals are marked with conspicuous circular features often called ＇eyespots＇, which intimidate predators, preventing or halting an attack. It has long been assumed that eyespots work by mimicking the eyes of l... Many animals are marked with conspicuous circular features often called ＇eyespots＇, which intimidate predators, preventing or halting an attack. It has long been assumed that eyespots work by mimicking the eyes of larger animals, but recent experiments have indicated that conspicuousness and contrast is important in eyespot function, and not eye mimicry. We undertake two further experiments to distinguish between the conspicuousness and mimicry hypotheses, by using artificial prey presented to wild avian predators in the field. In experiment 1, we test if eyespot effectiveness depends on the marking shape （bar or circle） and arrangement （eye-like and non-eye-like positions）. We find no difference between shapes or arrangement; all spots were equally effective in scaring birds. In experiment 2, we test if the often yellow and black colors of eyespots mimic the eyes of birds of prey. We find no effect of shape, and no advantage to yellow and black spots over non-eye-like but equally conspicuous colors. The consistent finding is that eyespot function lies in being a conspicuous signal to predators, and not necessarily due to eye mimicry [ Current Zoology 55 （5） ： 319 - 326, 2009]. 展开更多
关键词 Eyespots Conspicuousness Mimicry Predation Protective coloration
Vivid birds do not initiate flight sooner despite their potential conspicuousness 认领 引用 被引量：2
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作者 Nicholai M. HENSLEY Jonathan P. DRURY +1 位作者 Theodore GARLAND, Jr. Daniel T. BLUMSTEIN 《Current Zoology》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2015年第4期773-780,共8页
The distance from an approaching threat at which animals initiate flight - flight-initiation distance （FID） -- is a sensitive metric of variation in risk, but the effects on FID associated with the risk of possessin... The distance from an approaching threat at which animals initiate flight - flight-initiation distance （FID） -- is a sensitive metric of variation in risk, but the effects on FID associated with the risk of possessing highly detectable external coloration are unknown. We tested whether variation in the degree of plumage vividness in birds explained variation in flight-initiation distance. After controlling for body mass, the distance at which the experimental approach began, and phylogenetic relatedness, plumage vividness was not a predictor of FID. Contrary to the expectation that vividness affects risk, and therefore risk assess- ment, these results suggest that birds do not compensate for greater visual conspicuousness by fleeing sooner from approaching threats [Current Zoology 61 （4）： 773-780, 2015]. 展开更多
关键词 Antipredator behavior Body size Coloration Comparative method Conspicuousness Flight Initiation Distance
Human Capital and Conspicuous Consumption 认领 引用
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作者 Xiaonan Guo Xiaomeng Ren Jinchuan Shi 《China & World Economy》 2025年第5期113-138,共26页
Strengthening purchasing power,stimulating consumer confidence,and improving the structure and standards of consumption are essential for China's successful economic development.Human capital is linked to income,w... Strengthening purchasing power,stimulating consumer confidence,and improving the structure and standards of consumption are essential for China's successful economic development.Human capital is linked to income,wealth,social status,and cognitive preferences,and plays a long-term role in consumption growth.This study explored the impact of human capital on conspicuous consumption in China,using a novel individual-level measure-the visibility index-to capture conspicuous consumption.Drawing on data from the China Family Panel Studies(2012-2020),a comprehensive human capital index was constructed by combining cognitive and noncognitive abilities through the entropy weight method.To address potential endogeneity,the historical distribution of Confucian temples and ancient academies was used as an instrumental variable for human capital.The empirical results show that improvements in human capital can significantly increase conspicuous consumption,particularly among middle-income groups,rural residents,and nonagricultural workers.A key contribution of the study is the clear identification of social status signaling as the primary mechanism linking human capital to conspicuous consumption.These findings offer new insights into consumption behavior and human capital development in China's increasingly complex and rapidly evolving socioeconomic landscape. 展开更多
关键词 conspicuous consumption human capital social status signaling visibility index
Flag-waving behavior in matador bugs is an antipredatory strategy 认领 引用 被引量：1
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作者 Connor Evans-Blake Juliette J.Rubin Ummat Somjee 《Current Zoology》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2026年第2期293-302,共10页
To dissuade predator attack,animals may advertise their chemical defense with bright coloration and specialized behaviors.However,these antipredator adaptations can be costly,if they unnecessarily draw attention to th... To dissuade predator attack,animals may advertise their chemical defense with bright coloration and specialized behaviors.However,these antipredator adaptations can be costly,if they unnecessarily draw attention to the prey animal.Thus,animals with elaborate antipredator traits may be under pressure to selectively increase advertisement of their defenses in particular contexts.The matador bug,Bitta alipes(Hemiptera:Coreidae),possesses large,colorful flags on its hind tibia that it uses in a stereotypic“waving”behavior.Previous research found no evidence that this waving behavior is employed in social or sexual interactions.Here,we experimentally tested for a potential antipredator function of flag waving by exposing a matador bug to either an arthropod predator(praying mantid)or a similarly sized nonpredatory arthropod(nonpredatory katydid).In total,we recorded 2,938 leg waves among 25 individuals.We found that matador bugs’waving behavior increased in duration,frequency(number of wave bouts),and intensity(number of waves per bout)in the presence of praying mantids.Notably,we found on average a 7-fold increase in the number of waves in the presence of a mantid relative to a similarly sized nonpredatory arthropod.Praying mantids consumed very few matador bugs(3/25)and never attacked bugs that were waving,lending support to the hypothesis that flags serve an antipredator function in matador bugs.We find similar flag-waving behavior in at least 5 closely-related flag-legged bug species,all of which have expanded tibial flags with contrasting coloration and are Passiflora specialists,providing opportunities for future studies to examine the evolution of elaborate flag-waving behavior as an antipredator behavior in this group. 展开更多
关键词 antipredator behavior behavioral plasticity Bitta alipes conspicuous signaling Coreidae facultative defense
Conspicuous Consumption?Ritual Expenditure in a Tibetan Community in Reb gong,Qinghai Province 认领 引用
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作者 Jixian Cairang Yang Minghong 《藏学学刊》 2023年第2期284-303,311,共20页
This article analyzes the confluence of economy and ritual,focusing on the pre-death ritual in Gling rgya village,Reb gong of Qinghai province,contemporary Amdo.Due to educational and economic developments,significant... This article analyzes the confluence of economy and ritual,focusing on the pre-death ritual in Gling rgya village,Reb gong of Qinghai province,contemporary Amdo.Due to educational and economic developments,significant changes have been taking place in the material circumstances of Tibetan households in Gling rgya and the surrounding villages in Reb gong since the 1980s,and these transformations have shaped their performance of the pre-death ritual(gson chos).Not only has the predeath ritual itself become a social obligation,the expenditure of the ritual has increased to such an extent that it has become a huge financial burden for most families.As some families compete to increase ritual expenses,the ritual has become a public display of wealth and social prestige,which is analyzed with the concept of"Conspicuous Consumption". 展开更多
关键词 ritual expenditure pre death ritual predeath ritual reb gong gling rgya village economic development social prestige conspicuous consumption
Conspicuous by Its Absence 认领 引用
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作者 JOSEPH KIRSCHKE 《Beijing Review》 2010年第2期48-48,共1页
This year, I’m told, was a bit different:in the interest of not insulting millions of struggling Americans, Santa andhis reindeer touched down very lightly in the United States last month. New Year’sEve,
关键词 Conspicuous by Its Absence
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Equilibrium phase images of the liver using a contrast-enhancement boost instead of the portal vein phase 认领 引用
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作者 Yuji Tachibana Kenichiro Otsuka +1 位作者 Tomoaki Shiroo Yoshiki Asayama 《World Journal of Radiology》 2025年第2期28-37,共10页
BACKGROUND Three-phase dynamic computed tomography imaging is particularly useful in the liver region.However,dynamic imaging with contrast media has the disadvantage of increased radiation exposure due to multiple im... BACKGROUND Three-phase dynamic computed tomography imaging is particularly useful in the liver region.However,dynamic imaging with contrast media has the disadvantage of increased radiation exposure due to multiple imaging sessions.We hypothesized that the contrast enhancement boost(CE-boost)technique could be used to enhance the contrast in equilibrium phase(EP)images and produce enhancement similar to that of portal vein phase(PVP)images,and if this is possible,EP imaging could play the same role as PVP imaging.We also speculated that this might allow the conversion of three-phase dynamic imaging to biphasic dynamic imaging,reducing patients’radiation exposure.AIM To determine if the CE-boost of EP,CE-boost(EP)is useful compared to a conventional image.METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the cases of 52 patients who were diagnosed with liver cancer between January 2016 and October 2022 at our institution.From these computed tomography images,CE-boost images were generated from the EP and plane images.We compared the PVP,EP,and CE-boost(EP)for blood vessels and hepatic parenchyma based on the contrast-to-noise ratio(CNR),signal-to-noise ratio,and figure-of-merit(FOM).Visual assessments were also performed for vessel visualization,lesion conspicuity,and image noise.RESULTS The CE-boost(EP)images showed significant superiority compared to the PVP images in the CNR,signal-to-noise ratio,and FOM except regarding the hepatic parenchyma.No significant differences were detected in CNR or FOM comparisons within the hepatic parenchyma(P=0.62,0.67).The comparison of the EP and CE-boost(EP)images consistently favored CE-boost(EP).Regarding the visual assessment,the CE-boost(EP)images were significantly superior to the PVP images in lesion conspicuity,and the PVP in image noise.The CE-boost(EP)images were significantly better than the EP images in the vessel visualization of segmental branches of the portal vein and lesion conspicuity,and the EP in image noise.CONCLUSION The image quality of CE-boost(EP)images was comparable or superior to that of conventional PVP and EP.CEboost(EP)images might provide information comparable to the conventional PVP. 展开更多
关键词 Liver Computed tomography Contrast enhancement boost Image quality Lesion conspicuity
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