Effective wind energy harvesting represents a viable solution to the global energy shortage and environmental pollution.Triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs)hold great potential in wind energy harvesting;yet,there is li...Effective wind energy harvesting represents a viable solution to the global energy shortage and environmental pollution.Triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs)hold great potential in wind energy harvesting;yet,there is little research on constant current TENGs for this purpose.Herein,a novel rotary bicharacteristic current TENG(R-BC-TENG)with constant current output for ambient wind energy harvesting is proposed,which delivers a low crest factor of 1.0187.Through the synergistic integration of triboelectrification,electrostatic discharge,and electrostatic induction,an average power density of 2.4 W m−2 Hz−1 and a charge density of 1.86 mC m−2 for the R-BC-TENG are achieved,with the charge density surpassing that reported in most previous studies.The minimum starting wind speed of R-BC-TENG is as low as 2.8 m s−1 while maintaining 100%performance after 12,700 cycles.Moreover,a self-powered air purification system,based on the R-BC-TENG,is developed,with the ability to generate 1,400,000 ions cm−3 and settle dust within 50 s.This work provides a paradigm for harvesting wind energy to achieve constant current output as well as safe and efficient air purification.展开更多
The discrete iterative map model of peak current-mode controlled buck converter with constant current load(CCL),containing the output voltage feedback and ramp compensation, is established in this paper. Based on th...The discrete iterative map model of peak current-mode controlled buck converter with constant current load(CCL),containing the output voltage feedback and ramp compensation, is established in this paper. Based on this model the complex dynamics of this converter is investigated by analyzing bifurcation diagrams and the Lyapunov exponent spectrum. The effects of ramp compensation and output voltage feedback on the stability of the converter are investigated. Experimental results verify the simulation and theoretical analysis. The stability boundary and chaos boundary are obtained under the theoretical conditions of period-doubling bifurcation and border collision. It is found that there are four operation regions in the peak current-mode controlled buck converter with CCL due to period-doubling bifurcation and border-collision bifurcation. Research results indicate that ramp compensation can extend the stable operation range and transfer the operating mode, and output voltage feedback can eventually eliminate the coexisting fast-slow scale instability.展开更多
Conventional multi-stage constant current charging strategies often use higher multiples of current to charge the battery in pursuit of shorter charging times.However,this leads to an increase in battery temperature,w...Conventional multi-stage constant current charging strategies often use higher multiples of current to charge the battery in pursuit of shorter charging times.However,this leads to an increase in battery temperature,while shortening the charging time.This in turn affects the safety of the charging process.Furthermore,the higher charging currents are not ideal for shortening the charging time in the later stages of charging.To solve the aforementioned problems,in this study,a multi-stage constant current charging strategy is presented.This strategy can shorten the battery charging time by using the increase in battery temperature during the charging process as a constraint,using a genetic algorithm to calculate the charging current value,and investigating the phased approach to charging.Finally,the charging strategy is experimentally validated at different ambient temperatures and different initial SOCs.The experimental results show that the charging strategy proposed in this paper not only reduces the amount of calculations,but also reduces the temperature rise by up to 46.4%and charging time by up to 4.2%under different operating conditions.展开更多
In ferroelectric liquid crystals, phase transitions can be induced by an electric field. The current constant method allows these transition to be quickly localized and thus the(E, T) phase diagram of the studied pr...In ferroelectric liquid crystals, phase transitions can be induced by an electric field. The current constant method allows these transition to be quickly localized and thus the(E, T) phase diagram of the studied product can be obtained.In this work, we make a slight modification to the measurement principles based on this method. This modification allows the characteristic parameters of ferroelectric liquid crystal to be quantitatively measured. The use of a current square signal highlights a phenomenon of ferroelectric hysteresis with remnant polarization at null field, which points out an effect of memory in this compound.展开更多
The large charging overpotential and sluggish kinetics of Li-CO2 batteries originate from both the high energy barrier for decomposing insulating discharge products and the mismatch between constantcurrent charging...The large charging overpotential and sluggish kinetics of Li-CO2 batteries originate from both the high energy barrier for decomposing insulating discharge products and the mismatch between constantcurrent charging and dynamic reaction kinetics.While cathode catalyst design dominates research,charging protocol optimization remains a critically underexplored avenue.Herein,we demonstrate that a constant-voltage(CV)charging strategy,as opposed to the conventional constant-current(CC)mode,dramatically enhances the charging rate,energy efficiency,and cyclability.Using a Ru@rGO cathode,the 4.0 V CV-charging protocol CV charging is identified as optimal,enabling rapid charging(~13.6 min),high energy efficiency of 72%,and stable cycling over 200 cycles.In-situ differential electrochemical mass spectrometry reveals rapid and efficient CO2 evolution kinetics under the 4.0 V CVcharging mode.Combined with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman mapping,it is shown that this protocol ensures near-complete decomposition of both Li2 CO3 and Li2C2O4,whereas CC-charging and suboptimal CV-charging protocols leave significant residues or induce severe parasitic reactions.This work establishes CV-charging as an effective strategy to overcome the kinetic limitations of Li-CO2 batteries for a specific configuration,and provides a framework for optimizing charging protocols across battery systems.展开更多
Lithium plating has been identified as the main form of failure in fast charging,so it is imperative to develop effective methods for detecting lithium plating.Experimental results validated the effectiveness of lithi...Lithium plating has been identified as the main form of failure in fast charging,so it is imperative to develop effective methods for detecting lithium plating.Experimental results validated the effectiveness of lithium plating detection via expansion force measurement.While multi-stage constant current(MCC)charging is a common form of fast charging,experimental investigations of lithium plating under MCC charging remain scarce,particularly lacking models to describe the battery expansion force changes during the lithium plating process under MCC conditions.The expansion of batteries during charging is caused by factors such as intercalation reactions,thermal expansion,and lithium plating.Through the establishment of the coupling model,the expansion displacement of the battery is calculated.The thermal expansion coefficient and equivalent stiffness of the battery are obtained through experiments,which are used to calculate the battery expansion force.Additionally,the battery overpotential is calculated through the model to determine the impact of lithium plating on the expansion force.The model investigates the effects of lithium plating on battery expansion force under different C-rates during constant current and MCC charging processes,achieving semi-quantitative prediction of battery expansion force under MCC charging and providing model-based optimization directions for MCC charging strategies.This work provides valuable insights for battery modeling and charging strategy optimization in terms of expansion force modeling under multi-stage constant current charging.展开更多
The conversion from constant current(CC)to constant voltage(CV)is one of the key technologies of CC underwater observatory systems.A shunt regulator with high stability and high reliability is usually used.Application...The conversion from constant current(CC)to constant voltage(CV)is one of the key technologies of CC underwater observatory systems.A shunt regulator with high stability and high reliability is usually used.Applications,however,are limited by high heat dissipation and low efficiency.In this paper,with an improved shunt regulation method,a novel concept of stepless power reconfiguration(SPR)for the CC/CV module is proposed.In cases with stable or slowly changing load,two modes of CC/CV conversion are proposed to reduce unnecessary power loss of the shunt regulator while being able to retain any operatorpreset power margin in the system:(1)the manual SPR(MSPR)method based on single-loop control method;(2)the automatic SPR(ASPR)method based on inner-outer loop control method.The efficiency of the system is analyzed.How to select some key parameters of the system is discussed.Experimental results show that MSPR and ASPR are both effective and practical methods to reduce heat dissipation and improve the efficiency of the CC/CV module,while the high stability of the shunt regulator remains.展开更多
The hysteresis control combined with PWM control non-inverting buck-boost was proposed to improve the light load efficiency and power density.The constant inductor current control(CICC)was established to mitigate the ...The hysteresis control combined with PWM control non-inverting buck-boost was proposed to improve the light load efficiency and power density.The constant inductor current control(CICC)was established to mitigate the dependence on the external components and device variation and make smooth transition between hysteresis control loop and pulse width modulation(PWM)control loop.The small signal model was deduced for the buck and boost operation mode.The inductor current slope control(ICSC)was proposed to implement the automatic mode transition between buck and boost mode in one switching cycle.The results show that the converter prototype has good dynamic response capability,achieving 94%efficiency and 95%peak efficiency at full 10 A load current.展开更多
The adapted DC-DC converters should be smaller in size and have a small output current ripple to meet the increasing demand for low voltages with high performance and high density micro processors for several microele...The adapted DC-DC converters should be smaller in size and have a small output current ripple to meet the increasing demand for low voltages with high performance and high density micro processors for several microelectronic load applications. This paper proposes a DC-DC converter using variable on-time and variable switching frequency control enhanced constant ripple current control and reduced magnetic components. The proposed converter is realized by making the turn-offtime proportional to the on-time of the converter, according to the input and output voltage, thereby reducing the corresponding current ripple on output voltage in the continuous conduction mode. A Buck DC-DC converter using the proposed control strategy is analyzed in detail, along with some experimental results to show the performance and effectiveness of this converter.展开更多
为满足储能系统电池管理中健康状态(State of health,SOH)估计算法兼顾高精度与轻量化的需求,本文提出了一种基于局部电压拟合(Local voltage fitting,LVF)的SOH估计方法.该方法以等效电路模型为理论基础,建立恒流充电阶段电压与时间的...为满足储能系统电池管理中健康状态(State of health,SOH)估计算法兼顾高精度与轻量化的需求,本文提出了一种基于局部电压拟合(Local voltage fitting,LVF)的SOH估计方法.该方法以等效电路模型为理论基础,建立恒流充电阶段电压与时间的映射关系模型,并通过非线性拟合实现对SOH的直接求解.基于18650型磷酸铁锂(LiFePO4)电池的循环寿命实验数据结果表明,LVF模型在无需完整充电曲线的情况下即可实现高精度SOH估计,均方根误差(Root mean square error,RMSE)为1.249×10-3,最大相对误差(Max relative error,MRE)为9.489×10-3,平均绝对百分比误差(Mean absolute percentage error,MAPE)为0.1037%.与BP(Back propagation)神经网络和梯度提升回归树模型相比,LVF的RMSE降低了83.12%和79.12%,且计算时间相较于二者缩短了84.60%和56.05%.在同济大学公开的NCM电池数据集上验证表明,LVF模型在不同电池体系与一致性条件下均能保持稳定估计性能,RMSE约为4.856×10-3,MRE约为1.87×10-2,MAPE约为0.3231%.综上,所提出的LVF模型兼具高精度、低复杂度和广泛适用性,为储能电池健康评估与梯次利用提供了一种高效、可解释的建模思路.展开更多
The boost converter feeding a constant power load (CPL) is a non-minimum phase system that is prone to the destabilizing effects of the negative incremental resistance of the CPL and presents a major challenge in the ...The boost converter feeding a constant power load (CPL) is a non-minimum phase system that is prone to the destabilizing effects of the negative incremental resistance of the CPL and presents a major challenge in the design of stabilizing controllers. A PWM-based current-sensorless robust sliding mode controller is developed that requires only the measurement of the output voltage. An extended state observer is developed to estimate a lumped uncertainty signal that comprises the uncertain load power and the input voltage, the converter parasitics, the component uncertainties and the estimation of the derivative of the output voltage needed in the implementation of the controller. A linear sliding surface is used to derive the controller, which is simple in its design and yet exhibits excellent features in terms of robustness to external disturbances, parameter uncertainties, and parasitics despite the absence of the inductor’s current feedback. The robustness of the controller is validated by computer simulations.展开更多
An error back propagation (BP) neural network prediction model was established for the shunt current compensation in series resistance spot welding. The input variables for the neural network consist of the resistiv...An error back propagation (BP) neural network prediction model was established for the shunt current compensation in series resistance spot welding. The input variables for the neural network consist of the resistivity of the material, the thickness of workpiece and the spot spacing, and the shunt rate is outputted. A simplified calculation for the shunt rate was presented based on the feature of the constant-current resistance spot welding and the variation of the resistance in resistance spot welding process, and then the data generated by simplified calculation were used to train and adjust the neural network model. The neural network model proposed was used to predict the shunt rate in the spot welding of 20# mlid steel (in Chinese classification) (in 2. 0 mm thickness) and 10# mild steel (in 1.5 mm and 1.0 mm thickness). The maximum relative prediction errors are, respectively, 2. 83%, 1.77% and 3.67%. Shunt current compensation experiments were peoCormed based on the neural network prediction model proposed to check the diameter difference of nuggets. Experimental results show that maximum nugget diameter deviation is less than 4% for both 10# and 20# mlid steels with spot spacing of 30 mm and 50 mm.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52076024 and 52572203)the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(Grant No.cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0625)the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities(Grant Nos.2023CDJXY-0049 and 2025CDJ-IAISYB-030).
摘要Effective wind energy harvesting represents a viable solution to the global energy shortage and environmental pollution.Triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs)hold great potential in wind energy harvesting;yet,there is little research on constant current TENGs for this purpose.Herein,a novel rotary bicharacteristic current TENG(R-BC-TENG)with constant current output for ambient wind energy harvesting is proposed,which delivers a low crest factor of 1.0187.Through the synergistic integration of triboelectrification,electrostatic discharge,and electrostatic induction,an average power density of 2.4 W m−2 Hz−1 and a charge density of 1.86 mC m−2 for the R-BC-TENG are achieved,with the charge density surpassing that reported in most previous studies.The minimum starting wind speed of R-BC-TENG is as low as 2.8 m s−1 while maintaining 100%performance after 12,700 cycles.Moreover,a self-powered air purification system,based on the R-BC-TENG,is developed,with the ability to generate 1,400,000 ions cm−3 and settle dust within 50 s.This work provides a paradigm for harvesting wind energy to achieve constant current output as well as safe and efficient air purification.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61371033)the Fok Ying-Tung Education Foundation for Young Teachers in the Higher Education Institutions of China(Grant No.142027)+1 种基金the Sichuan Provincial Youth Science and Technology Fund,China(Grant Nos.2014JQ0015and 2013JQ0033)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(Grant No.SWJTU11CX029)
摘要The discrete iterative map model of peak current-mode controlled buck converter with constant current load(CCL),containing the output voltage feedback and ramp compensation, is established in this paper. Based on this model the complex dynamics of this converter is investigated by analyzing bifurcation diagrams and the Lyapunov exponent spectrum. The effects of ramp compensation and output voltage feedback on the stability of the converter are investigated. Experimental results verify the simulation and theoretical analysis. The stability boundary and chaos boundary are obtained under the theoretical conditions of period-doubling bifurcation and border collision. It is found that there are four operation regions in the peak current-mode controlled buck converter with CCL due to period-doubling bifurcation and border-collision bifurcation. Research results indicate that ramp compensation can extend the stable operation range and transfer the operating mode, and output voltage feedback can eventually eliminate the coexisting fast-slow scale instability.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51677058)
摘要Conventional multi-stage constant current charging strategies often use higher multiples of current to charge the battery in pursuit of shorter charging times.However,this leads to an increase in battery temperature,while shortening the charging time.This in turn affects the safety of the charging process.Furthermore,the higher charging currents are not ideal for shortening the charging time in the later stages of charging.To solve the aforementioned problems,in this study,a multi-stage constant current charging strategy is presented.This strategy can shorten the battery charging time by using the increase in battery temperature during the charging process as a constraint,using a genetic algorithm to calculate the charging current value,and investigating the phased approach to charging.Finally,the charging strategy is experimentally validated at different ambient temperatures and different initial SOCs.The experimental results show that the charging strategy proposed in this paper not only reduces the amount of calculations,but also reduces the temperature rise by up to 46.4%and charging time by up to 4.2%under different operating conditions.
摘要In ferroelectric liquid crystals, phase transitions can be induced by an electric field. The current constant method allows these transition to be quickly localized and thus the(E, T) phase diagram of the studied product can be obtained.In this work, we make a slight modification to the measurement principles based on this method. This modification allows the characteristic parameters of ferroelectric liquid crystal to be quantitatively measured. The use of a current square signal highlights a phenomenon of ferroelectric hysteresis with remnant polarization at null field, which points out an effect of memory in this compound.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2025MS807,ZR2020QE012)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52201254,52422213,52272212)+4 种基金the Jining City Key Research and Development Program(2025KJHZ018)the Taishan Scholar Project of Shan-dong Province(tspd20240813)the Introducing Major Universities and Research Institutions to Jointly Build Innovative Carrier Project of Jining City(2023DYDS022)the Scientific Research Foundation for New Talents in University of Jinan(XRC2406)the support provided by the Shandong Province Laboratory of Technology and Equipment for Molecular Diagnosis。
摘要The large charging overpotential and sluggish kinetics of Li-CO2 batteries originate from both the high energy barrier for decomposing insulating discharge products and the mismatch between constantcurrent charging and dynamic reaction kinetics.While cathode catalyst design dominates research,charging protocol optimization remains a critically underexplored avenue.Herein,we demonstrate that a constant-voltage(CV)charging strategy,as opposed to the conventional constant-current(CC)mode,dramatically enhances the charging rate,energy efficiency,and cyclability.Using a Ru@rGO cathode,the 4.0 V CV-charging protocol CV charging is identified as optimal,enabling rapid charging(~13.6 min),high energy efficiency of 72%,and stable cycling over 200 cycles.In-situ differential electrochemical mass spectrometry reveals rapid and efficient CO2 evolution kinetics under the 4.0 V CVcharging mode.Combined with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman mapping,it is shown that this protocol ensures near-complete decomposition of both Li2 CO3 and Li2C2O4,whereas CC-charging and suboptimal CV-charging protocols leave significant residues or induce severe parasitic reactions.This work establishes CV-charging as an effective strategy to overcome the kinetic limitations of Li-CO2 batteries for a specific configuration,and provides a framework for optimizing charging protocols across battery systems.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52207242).
摘要Lithium plating has been identified as the main form of failure in fast charging,so it is imperative to develop effective methods for detecting lithium plating.Experimental results validated the effectiveness of lithium plating detection via expansion force measurement.While multi-stage constant current(MCC)charging is a common form of fast charging,experimental investigations of lithium plating under MCC charging remain scarce,particularly lacking models to describe the battery expansion force changes during the lithium plating process under MCC conditions.The expansion of batteries during charging is caused by factors such as intercalation reactions,thermal expansion,and lithium plating.Through the establishment of the coupling model,the expansion displacement of the battery is calculated.The thermal expansion coefficient and equivalent stiffness of the battery are obtained through experiments,which are used to calculate the battery expansion force.Additionally,the battery overpotential is calculated through the model to determine the impact of lithium plating on the expansion force.The model investigates the effects of lithium plating on battery expansion force under different C-rates during constant current and MCC charging processes,achieving semi-quantitative prediction of battery expansion force under MCC charging and providing model-based optimization directions for MCC charging strategies.This work provides valuable insights for battery modeling and charging strategy optimization in terms of expansion force modeling under multi-stage constant current charging.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51979246)the Ningbo Science and Technology Innovation 2025 Major Special Project,China(No.2020Z075)。
摘要The conversion from constant current(CC)to constant voltage(CV)is one of the key technologies of CC underwater observatory systems.A shunt regulator with high stability and high reliability is usually used.Applications,however,are limited by high heat dissipation and low efficiency.In this paper,with an improved shunt regulation method,a novel concept of stepless power reconfiguration(SPR)for the CC/CV module is proposed.In cases with stable or slowly changing load,two modes of CC/CV conversion are proposed to reduce unnecessary power loss of the shunt regulator while being able to retain any operatorpreset power margin in the system:(1)the manual SPR(MSPR)method based on single-loop control method;(2)the automatic SPR(ASPR)method based on inner-outer loop control method.The efficiency of the system is analyzed.How to select some key parameters of the system is discussed.Experimental results show that MSPR and ASPR are both effective and practical methods to reduce heat dissipation and improve the efficiency of the CC/CV module,while the high stability of the shunt regulator remains.
摘要The hysteresis control combined with PWM control non-inverting buck-boost was proposed to improve the light load efficiency and power density.The constant inductor current control(CICC)was established to mitigate the dependence on the external components and device variation and make smooth transition between hysteresis control loop and pulse width modulation(PWM)control loop.The small signal model was deduced for the buck and boost operation mode.The inductor current slope control(ICSC)was proposed to implement the automatic mode transition between buck and boost mode in one switching cycle.The results show that the converter prototype has good dynamic response capability,achieving 94%efficiency and 95%peak efficiency at full 10 A load current.
摘要The adapted DC-DC converters should be smaller in size and have a small output current ripple to meet the increasing demand for low voltages with high performance and high density micro processors for several microelectronic load applications. This paper proposes a DC-DC converter using variable on-time and variable switching frequency control enhanced constant ripple current control and reduced magnetic components. The proposed converter is realized by making the turn-offtime proportional to the on-time of the converter, according to the input and output voltage, thereby reducing the corresponding current ripple on output voltage in the continuous conduction mode. A Buck DC-DC converter using the proposed control strategy is analyzed in detail, along with some experimental results to show the performance and effectiveness of this converter.
摘要为满足储能系统电池管理中健康状态(State of health,SOH)估计算法兼顾高精度与轻量化的需求,本文提出了一种基于局部电压拟合(Local voltage fitting,LVF)的SOH估计方法.该方法以等效电路模型为理论基础,建立恒流充电阶段电压与时间的映射关系模型,并通过非线性拟合实现对SOH的直接求解.基于18650型磷酸铁锂(LiFePO4)电池的循环寿命实验数据结果表明,LVF模型在无需完整充电曲线的情况下即可实现高精度SOH估计,均方根误差(Root mean square error,RMSE)为1.249×10-3,最大相对误差(Max relative error,MRE)为9.489×10-3,平均绝对百分比误差(Mean absolute percentage error,MAPE)为0.1037%.与BP(Back propagation)神经网络和梯度提升回归树模型相比,LVF的RMSE降低了83.12%和79.12%,且计算时间相较于二者缩短了84.60%和56.05%.在同济大学公开的NCM电池数据集上验证表明,LVF模型在不同电池体系与一致性条件下均能保持稳定估计性能,RMSE约为4.856×10-3,MRE约为1.87×10-2,MAPE约为0.3231%.综上,所提出的LVF模型兼具高精度、低复杂度和广泛适用性,为储能电池健康评估与梯次利用提供了一种高效、可解释的建模思路.
摘要The boost converter feeding a constant power load (CPL) is a non-minimum phase system that is prone to the destabilizing effects of the negative incremental resistance of the CPL and presents a major challenge in the design of stabilizing controllers. A PWM-based current-sensorless robust sliding mode controller is developed that requires only the measurement of the output voltage. An extended state observer is developed to estimate a lumped uncertainty signal that comprises the uncertain load power and the input voltage, the converter parasitics, the component uncertainties and the estimation of the derivative of the output voltage needed in the implementation of the controller. A linear sliding surface is used to derive the controller, which is simple in its design and yet exhibits excellent features in terms of robustness to external disturbances, parameter uncertainties, and parasitics despite the absence of the inductor’s current feedback. The robustness of the controller is validated by computer simulations.
基金Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank for the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China through document 51275418. The authors would also like to acknowledge professor Yang Siqian for providing discussion of the results for this study.
摘要An error back propagation (BP) neural network prediction model was established for the shunt current compensation in series resistance spot welding. The input variables for the neural network consist of the resistivity of the material, the thickness of workpiece and the spot spacing, and the shunt rate is outputted. A simplified calculation for the shunt rate was presented based on the feature of the constant-current resistance spot welding and the variation of the resistance in resistance spot welding process, and then the data generated by simplified calculation were used to train and adjust the neural network model. The neural network model proposed was used to predict the shunt rate in the spot welding of 20# mlid steel (in Chinese classification) (in 2. 0 mm thickness) and 10# mild steel (in 1.5 mm and 1.0 mm thickness). The maximum relative prediction errors are, respectively, 2. 83%, 1.77% and 3.67%. Shunt current compensation experiments were peoCormed based on the neural network prediction model proposed to check the diameter difference of nuggets. Experimental results show that maximum nugget diameter deviation is less than 4% for both 10# and 20# mlid steels with spot spacing of 30 mm and 50 mm.