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Ponzi Scheme Detection for Smart Contracts Based on Oversampling 认领 引用
1
作者 Yafei Liu Yuling Chen +2 位作者 Xuewei Wang Yuxiang Yang Chaoyue Tan 《Computers, Materials & Continua》 SCIE EI 2026年第1期1065-1085,共21页
As blockchain technology rapidly evolves,smart contracts have seen widespread adoption in financial transactions and beyond.However,the growing prevalence of malicious Ponzi scheme contracts presents serious security ... As blockchain technology rapidly evolves,smart contracts have seen widespread adoption in financial transactions and beyond.However,the growing prevalence of malicious Ponzi scheme contracts presents serious security threats to blockchain ecosystems.Although numerous detection techniques have been proposed,existing methods suffer from significant limitations,such as class imbalance and insufficient modeling of transaction-related semantic features.To address these challenges,this paper proposes an oversampling-based detection framework for Ponzi smart contracts.We enhance the Adaptive Synthetic Sampling(ADASYN)algorithm by incorporating sample proximity to decision boundaries and ensuring realistic sample distributions.This enhancement facilitates the generation of high-quality minority class samples and effectively mitigates class imbalance.In addition,we design a Contract Transaction Graph(CTG)construction algorithm to preserve key transactional semantics through feature extraction from contract code.A graph neural network(GNN)is then applied for classification.This study employs a publicly available dataset from the XBlock platform,consisting of 318 verified Ponzi contracts and 6498 benign contracts.Sourced from real Ethereum deployments,the dataset reflects diverse application scenarios and captures the varied characteristics of Ponzi schemes.Experimental results demonstrate that our approach achieves an accuracy of 96%,a recall of 92%,and an F1-score of 94%in detecting Ponzi contracts,outperforming state-of-the-art methods. 展开更多
关键词 Blockchain smart contracts Ponzi schemes class imbalance graph structure construction
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Q&A system for international construction contracts driven by large language model and knowledge graph 认领 引用
2
作者 Yongcheng FU Tong LYU +1 位作者 Yongqiang CHEN Ziyun LV 《ENGINEERING Management》 CSCD 2026年第1期124-145,共22页
As international construction projects continue to expand,construction enterprises are accumulating vast amounts of contract‑related text data,making the effective management and extraction of knowledge from these den... As international construction projects continue to expand,construction enterprises are accumulating vast amounts of contract‑related text data,making the effective management and extraction of knowledge from these dense texts essential to mitigate knowledge loss and ensure efficient contract management.The advent of large language models(LLMs)presents a promising avenue for enhancing contract knowledge management through intelligent systems.However,challenges such as hallucination,inflexibility,and lack of interpretability often diminish practitioners’confidence in applying these models to real‑world scenarios.This study seeks to develop a knowledge‑based question‑and‑answer(Q&A)system for international construction contracts by integrating both the knowledge graph(KG)and the LLM.Built upon a domain‑specific KG derived from the 2022 edition of the Fédération Internationale des Ingénieurs‑Conseils(FIDIC)Yellow Book and the NEC4 Conditions of Contract,the system leverages LLM to conduct synergistic reasoning with the KG,enabling it to answer complex queries using both tacit knowledge and external sources.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach markedly enhances the model’s performance in Q&A tasks of contract knowledge,achieving an average success rate exceeding 87%in terms of both accuracy and interpretability.This model provides a specialized Q&A system for international construction enterprises,facilitating flexible knowledge acquisition and task‑oriented analysis in contract management,while also introducing a novel framework for integrating AI technologies into the management of international construction contracts. 展开更多
关键词 international construction contract knowledge graph large language model knowledge management
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Blockchain and Smart Contracts with Barzilai-Borwein Intelligence for Industrial Cyber-Physical System 认领 引用
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作者 Gowrishankar Jayaraman Ashok Kumar Munnangi +2 位作者 Ramesh Sekaran Arunkumar Gopu Manikandan Ramachandran 《Computers, Materials & Continua》 SCIE EI 2026年第3期916-935,共20页
Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems(ICPSs)play a vital role in modern industries by providing an intellectual foundation for automated operations.With the increasing integration of information-driven processes,ensuring ... Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems(ICPSs)play a vital role in modern industries by providing an intellectual foundation for automated operations.With the increasing integration of information-driven processes,ensuring the security of Industrial Control Production Systems(ICPSs)has become a critical challenge.These systems are highly vulnerable to attacks such as denial-of-service(DoS),eclipse,and Sybil attacks,which can significantly disrupt industrial operations.This work proposes an effective protection strategy using an Artificial Intelligence(AI)-enabled Smart Contract(SC)framework combined with the Heterogeneous Barzilai-Borwein Support Vector(HBBSV)method for industrial-based CPS environments.The approach reduces run time and minimizes the probability of attacks.Initially,secured ICPSs are achieved through a comprehensive exchange of views on production plant strategies for condition monitoring using SC and blockchain(BC)integrated within a BC network.The SC executes the HBBSV strategy to verify the security consensus.The Barzilai-Borwein Support Vectorized algorithm computes abnormal attack occurrence probabilities to ensure that components operate within acceptable production line conditions.When a component remains within these conditions,no security breach occurs.Conversely,if a component does not satisfy the condition boundaries,a security lapse is detected,and those components are isolated.The HBBSV method thus strengthens protection against DoS,eclipse,and Sybil attacks.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed HBBSV approach significantly improves security by enhancing authentication accuracy while reducing run time and authentication time compared to existing techniques. 展开更多
关键词 Industrial CPS security artificial intelligence blockchain smart contract heterogeneous
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GMS:A Novel Method for Detecting Reentrancy Vulnerabilities in Smart Contracts 认领 引用
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作者 Dawei Xu Fan Huang +3 位作者 Jiaxin Zhang Yunfang Liang Baokun Zheng Jian Zhao 《Computers, Materials & Continua》 SCIE EI 2025年第5期2207-2220,共14页
With the rapid proliferation of Internet ofThings(IoT)devices,ensuring their communication security has become increasingly important.Blockchain and smart contract technologies,with their decentralized nature,provide ... With the rapid proliferation of Internet ofThings(IoT)devices,ensuring their communication security has become increasingly important.Blockchain and smart contract technologies,with their decentralized nature,provide strong security guarantees for IoT.However,at the same time,smart contracts themselves face numerous security challenges,among which reentrancy vulnerabilities are particularly prominent.Existing detection tools for reentrancy vulnerabilities often suffer from high false positive and false negative rates due to their reliance on identifying patterns related to specific transfer functions.To address these limitations,this paper proposes a novel detection method that combines pattern matching with deep learning.Specifically,we carefully identify and define three common patterns of reentrancy vulnerabilities in smart contracts.Then,we extract key vulnerability features based on these patterns.Furthermore,we employ a Graph Attention Neural Network to extract graph embedding features from the contract graph,capturing the complex relationships between different components of the contract.Finally,we use an attention mechanism to fuse these two sets of feature information,enhancing the weights of effective information and suppressing irrelevant information,thereby significantly improving the accuracy and robustness of vulnerability detection.Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method outperforms existing state-ofthe-art techniques,achieving a 3.88%improvement in accuracy compared to the latest vulnerability detection model AME(Attentive Multi-Encoder Network).This indicates that our method effectively reduces false positives and false negatives,significantly enhancing the security and reliability of smart contracts in the evolving IoT ecosystem. 展开更多
关键词 Smart contract Internet of Things reentrancy vulnerabilities graph neural network
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A Path to Recognizing Intellectual Property Contracts as Nominate Contracts in the Post-Civil Code Era 认领 引用
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作者 Li Hao 《科技与法律（中英文）》 CSSCI 2025年第6期124-137,共14页
The Book on Contracts of the Civil Code does not recognize"intellectual property contracts"as nominate contracts.Owing to both substantive and structural shortcomings,the Chapter on Technology Contracts fall... The Book on Contracts of the Civil Code does not recognize"intellectual property contracts"as nominate contracts.Owing to both substantive and structural shortcomings,the Chapter on Technology Contracts falls short of providing comprehensive regulation of transactions involving intellectual property,and its Article 876 linking clause has given rise to legal controversies over application by reference and priority of application.There is therefore an urgent need to recognize intellectual property contracts as a nominate category.The rules on such contracts that are dispersed across standalone intellectual property statutes,specialized regulations,adjudicated cases,and judicial interpretations have already produced decodification and should be integrated in the course of enacting the Intellectual Property Code,so as to achieve the recodification of contracts concerning intellectual property.Specifically,the Chapter on Contracts should consist of two parts,General Provisions and Nominate Contracts,to articulate the common features and specific rules of the various contract types while confirming the applicability of the General Provisions in the Book on Contracts.In this way,systemic disorder from mechanically adding nominate contracts to the Civil Code and unnecessary complexity from creating a separate sectoral contract code can both be avoided,and the status of the Book on Contracts as the basic law in the field of contract can be preserved. 展开更多
关键词 contract section decodification re-codification intellectual property code
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Data Elements and Trustworthy Circulation:A Clearing and Settlement Architecture for Element Market Transactions Integrating Privacy Computing and Smart Contracts 认领 引用
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作者 Huanjing Huang 《Journal of Electronic Research and Application》 2025年第5期86-92,共7页
This article explores the characteristics of data resources from the perspective of production factors,analyzes the demand for trustworthy circulation technology,designs a fusion architecture and related solutions,inc... This article explores the characteristics of data resources from the perspective of production factors,analyzes the demand for trustworthy circulation technology,designs a fusion architecture and related solutions,including multi-party data intersection calculation,distributed machine learning,etc.It also compares performance differences,conducts formal verification,points out the value and limitations of architecture innovation,and looks forward to future opportunities. 展开更多
关键词 Data elements Privacy computing Smart contracts
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Elastic Smart Contracts in Blockchains 认领 引用 被引量：5
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作者 Schahram Dustdar Pablo Fernández +1 位作者 JoséMaría García Antonio Ruiz-Cortés 《IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica》 SCIE EI CSCD 2021年第12期1901-1912,共12页
In this paper,we deal with questions related to blockchains in complex Internet of Things(IoT)-based ecosystems.Such ecosystems are typically composed of IoT devices,edge devices,cloud computing software services,as w... In this paper,we deal with questions related to blockchains in complex Internet of Things(IoT)-based ecosystems.Such ecosystems are typically composed of IoT devices,edge devices,cloud computing software services,as well as people,who are decision makers in scenarios such as smart cities.Many decisions related to analytics can be based on data coming from IoT sensors,software services,and people.However,they are typically based on different levels of abstraction and granularity.This poses a number of challenges when multiple blockchains are used together with smart contracts.This work proposes to apply our concept of elasticity to smart contracts and thereby enabling analytics in and between multiple blockchains in the context of IoT.We propose a reference architecture for Elastic Smart Contracts and evaluate the approach in a smart city scenario,discussing the benefits in terms of performance and self-adaptability of our solution. 展开更多
关键词 Blockchain elasticity Internet of Things(IoT) smart cities smart contracts virtual chains
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Mining Bytecode Features of Smart Contracts to Detect PonziScheme on Blockchain 认领 引用 被引量：4
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作者 Xiajiong Shen Shuaimin Jiang Lei Zhang 《Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences》 SCIE EI 2021年第6期1069-1085,共17页
The emergence of smart contracts has increased the attention of industry and academia to blockchain technology,which is tamper-proofing,decentralized,autonomous,and enables decentralized applications to operate in unt... The emergence of smart contracts has increased the attention of industry and academia to blockchain technology,which is tamper-proofing,decentralized,autonomous,and enables decentralized applications to operate in untrustworthy environments.However,these features of this technology are also easily exploited by unscrupulous individuals,a typical example of which is the Ponzi scheme in Ethereum.The negative effect of unscrupulous individuals writing Ponzi scheme-type smart contracts in Ethereum and then using these contracts to scam large amounts of money has been significant.To solve this problem,we propose a detection model for detecting Ponzi schemes in smart contracts using bytecode.In this model,our innovation is shown in two aspects:We first propose to use two bytes as one characteristic,which can quickly transform the bytecode into a high-dimensional matrix,and this matrix contains all the implied characteristics in the bytecode.Then,We innovatively transformed the Ponzi schemes detection into an anomaly detection problem.Finally,an anomaly detection algorithm is used to identify Ponzi schemes in smart contracts.Experimental results show that the proposed detection model can greatly improve the accuracy of the detection of the Ponzi scheme contracts.Moreover,the F1-score of this model can reach 0.88,which is far better than those of other traditional detection models. 展开更多
关键词 Ponzi scheme blockchain security smart contracts anomaly detection
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Accountability and Quality Measures for NPOs in Long Term Social Service Contracts: The Thesis of Political Rationality 认领 引用 被引量：1
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作者 H. K. Wong 《Journal of US-China Public Administration》 2005年第8期1-14,共14页
The general aims of the global paradigm of New Public Management （NPM） can be described as ＂a government that works better and costs less＂ （US National Performance Review）, producing ＂more efficient, effective ... The general aims of the global paradigm of New Public Management （NPM） can be described as ＂a government that works better and costs less＂ （US National Performance Review）, producing ＂more efficient, effective and responsive public services＂ （Pollitt, 2002： 275）. Those governments on the ＂reinvention＂ trail also show a broad approach to their work in that they ＂steer not row＂; attempt to anticipate and avoid public problems; seek to use market mechanisms, including quasi-markets, contracting out or privatizing services; and seek inter-organizational partnerships, both within the public sector and within the private and voluntary sectors （Ibid）. Hong Kong has a highly centralized and standardized planning system for the whole ambit of personal social services through the government subvention system to 180 plus non-profit organizations （NPOs）. In 2002-2003, the subvention amounted to HK$7.06 billion plus HK$0.74 billion for hire of service, totaling about US$1 billion. These NPOs provide more than 90% of the personal social services in Hong Kong for more than two million service users in 3,000 plus social service units. These NPOs generally have about 60-80% of their income through subvention, 20% or so through program fees, and only a tiny portion from private donation. The services are typically delivered by full time paid staff, some 24,000 strong through subvention.Introducing and institutionalizing a formal service performance monitoring system for the 180 plus subvented non-governmental organizations is a mammoth job. People generally do not like to be supervised and resist having their activities monitored （gist, 1999）. NGOs by definition value their autonomy and independence from the government, And without the legitimating basis of democracy, government by consultation and feasible consensus （Miners, 1986; Lau, 1982）, co-optation of the elites and administrative absorption of politics （King, 1975） were hallmarks of the government machinery of Hong Kong under the British rule. The Basic Law promises the operation of the ＂one country, two systems＂ and no change to the capitalistic system for fifty years after 1997, including ＂the policy previously practiced in Hong Kong in respect of subventions for non-governmental organizations in fields such as education, medicine and health, culture, art, recreation, sports, social welfare and social work＂.It is in these contexts that the review and subsequent reform of the social welfare subvention system was carried out in an attempt to provide ＂more efficient, customer-focused, accountable and output-driven welfare services＂ （SWD Service Performance Section, 2002）. This presentation intends to look at the rationales for recontracting the subvented social services to the existing NPO service providers through rolling and long-term service agreements rather than competitive tendering and bidding processes in the market. These relational contracts （Walsh, 1997） tend to reflect an expected long-term partnership Or collaborative relationship. The contracting parties tend not to go for the short-term economy and efficiency gains often driven by cost-slashing competitive bids and resultant acts of corner-cutting opportunism. In this case, they go for long-term continuous improvement of services through adoption of output targets and a generic set of customer-oriented service quality standards, benchmarking of good practices in the field, encouragement of adoption of appropriate governance for the board members of the NGOs, more efficient business and technology modes, suitable staff development and participation in service development, and feasible involvement of service users. The thesis of administrative and political rationality is put forth to explain this significant piece of social engineering for accountability and performance monitoring cure enhancement measures. Comparisons will also be made with other modes and approaches of NPM. 展开更多
关键词 administrative rationality political rationality policy change accountability performance monitoring performance enhancement social service quality standards quality assurance consumerism contracts relational/long term contracts trust stewardship theory
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Realty Service Contracts and the Legal System of Realty Management in China 认领 引用
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作者 Wang Lei 《Contemporary Social Sciences》 2022年第6期111-139,共29页
The realty(real estate)management of ownership of buildings includes the owner(homeowner)entrust-management and the owner self-management,the former through the way of realty service contracts,the latter through the r... The realty(real estate)management of ownership of buildings includes the owner(homeowner)entrust-management and the owner self-management,the former through the way of realty service contracts,the latter through the resolution of the owners’assembly and the owners’committee.The legal disputes of realty service contracts involve balancing interests among the realty service enterprise,individual owner,and all the owners.We should use dynamic balancing of the interests of the three parties to implement the interests of the win-win cooperation rather than the interests of the trade-off of“all or nothing.”The realty service contract is similar to the entrustment contract,both of which are based on the owners’entrustment.The duty to provide realty service is not simply equivalent to fiduciary duty.The realty service contract has the essence of both behavior debt and result debt.For the former,the general provisions of the entrustment contract can be referred to,and for the latter,the general provisions of the contract for work can be referred to.In view of the group characteristics of the realty service contract,owners have no right to terminate the realty service contract at any time but should obey the principle of due process and take the majority mechanism to make a dismissal resolution resolution.The resolutions and management stipulations worked out by the owners’assembly in a majority mechanism,both of which belong to resolution behavior and are legal tools of the owners’autonomy,shall be binding on all the owners.The relationship between the owner,the owner’s assembly,and the owner’s committee is similar to the fiduciary relationship.If the decision made by the owners’assembly or the owners’committee and the management stipulation infringes upon the legal rights and interests of the owners,the injured owner has the right to revocation litigation.At present,residential commodity owners have a relatively low degree of autonomy in China,and legal disputes over realty services are frequent.In the future,we need to perfect the legal incentive and constraint measures,and stimulate the vitality of owner autonomy to promote better implementation of the owner self-management and owner entrust-management. 展开更多
关键词 realty service contracts resolution of the owners’assembly realty management dynamic balancing of interests
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The Characteristics of the Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases in Business English Contracts and Translation 认领 引用
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作者 汪敏飞 练泽权 《海外英语》 2017年第13期148-150,共3页
A majority of contracts will use many prepositions and prepositional phrases to reflect their preciseness which cause the treaty wording complicated and hard to understand. This paper tends to demonstrate the characte... A majority of contracts will use many prepositions and prepositional phrases to reflect their preciseness which cause the treaty wording complicated and hard to understand. This paper tends to demonstrate the characteristics of the prepositions and prepositional phrases used in business English contracts and explore the translation strategies used in translating the features of the prepositions and the prepositional phrases in business English contracts. The findings of this paper can provide a reference for the majority of the trade workers, which can help them accurately and effectively draft or translate a contract and avoid unnecessary disputes. 展开更多
关键词 business English contracts prepositions prepositional phrases
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Supply chain coordination mechanisms under flexible contracts 认领 引用 被引量：8
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作者 Jianhu Cai Liping Wang Gengui Zhou 《Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics》 SCIE EI 2010年第3期440-448,共9页
In supply chain management,an important research direction is to coordinate the supply chain through introducing flexible contracts.A supply chain contract is flexible if it can satisfy two conditions at the same time... In supply chain management,an important research direction is to coordinate the supply chain through introducing flexible contracts.A supply chain contract is flexible if it can satisfy two conditions at the same time:the supply chain is coordinated,and the total profit of the supply chain can be arbitrarily divided between the supply chain members.This paper puts out two contracts,a flexible return contract and a flexible wholesale price discount contract.In contrast to many of literature,the supply chain contracts with an endogenous wholesale price is specifically considered,and a detailed sensitivity analysis of the contract parameters is given.The paper also discusses the application of the contract in vendor-managed inventory(VMI)mode.The results show that the supply chain's performance is improved after introducing above contracts.All the findings are illustrated by numerical examples. 展开更多
关键词 supply chain flexible contract coordination newsvendor model
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A Review of Deep Learning-Based Vulnerability Detection Tools for Ethernet Smart Contracts 认领 引用 被引量：3
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作者 Huaiguang Wu Yibo Peng +1 位作者 Yaqiong He Jinlin Fan 《Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences》 SCIE EI 2024年第7期77-108,共32页
In recent years,the number of smart contracts deployed on blockchain has exploded.However,the issue of vulnerability has caused incalculable losses.Due to the irreversible and immutability of smart contracts,vulnerabi... In recent years,the number of smart contracts deployed on blockchain has exploded.However,the issue of vulnerability has caused incalculable losses.Due to the irreversible and immutability of smart contracts,vulnerability detection has become particularly important.With the popular use of neural network model,there has been a growing utilization of deep learning-based methods and tools for the identification of vulnerabilities within smart contracts.This paper commences by providing a succinct overview of prevalent categories of vulnerabilities found in smart contracts.Subsequently,it categorizes and presents an overview of contemporary deep learning-based tools developed for smart contract detection.These tools are categorized based on their open-source status,the data format and the type of feature extraction they employ.Then we conduct a comprehensive comparative analysis of these tools,selecting representative tools for experimental validation and comparing them with traditional tools in terms of detection coverage and accuracy.Finally,Based on the insights gained from the experimental results and the current state of research in the field of smart contract vulnerability detection tools,we suppose to provide a reference standard for developers of contract vulnerability detection tools.Meanwhile,forward-looking research directions are also proposed for deep learning-based smart contract vulnerability detection. 展开更多
关键词 Smart contract vulnerability detection deep learning
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A Review of Deepwater Pipeline Construction in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico-Contracts, Cost, and Installation Methods 认领 引用 被引量：3
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作者 Mark J. Kaiser 《Journal of Marine Science and Application》 CSCD 2016年第3期288-306,共19页
The offshore pipeline network in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico is the largest and most transparent system in the world. A review of deepwater projects in the region provides insight into construction cost and installation m... The offshore pipeline network in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico is the largest and most transparent system in the world. A review of deepwater projects in the region provides insight into construction cost and installation methods and the evolution of contract strategies. Pipeline projects are identified as export systems, infield flowline systems, and combined export and infield systems, and three dozen deepwater pipeline installations from 1980–2014 are described based on Offshore Technology Conference(OTC) and Society of Petroleum Engineers(SPE) industry publications and press release data. Export lines and infield flowlines are equally represented and many projects used a combination of J-lay, S-lay and reel methods with rigid steel, flexible line, and pipe-in-pipe systems. The average 2014 inflation-adjusted cost for pipeline projects based on OTC/SPE publications was $2.76 million/mi and ranged from $520 000/mi to $12.94 million/mi. High cost pipelines tend to be short segments or specialized pipeline. Excluding the two cost endpoints, the majority of projects ranged from $1 to $6 million/mi. The average inflation-adjusted cost to install deepwater pipelines in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico based on available public data is estimated at $3.1 million/mi. 展开更多
关键词 construction cost contract type empirical statistics installation methods deepwater pipeline review
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Preserving Data Secrecy and Integrity for Cloud Storage Using Smart Contracts and Cryptographic Primitives 认领 引用
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作者 Maher Alharby 《Computers, Materials & Continua》 SCIE EI 2024年第5期2449-2463,共15页
Cloud computing has emerged as a viable alternative to traditional computing infrastructures,offering various benefits.However,the adoption of cloud storage poses significant risks to data secrecy and integrity.This a... Cloud computing has emerged as a viable alternative to traditional computing infrastructures,offering various benefits.However,the adoption of cloud storage poses significant risks to data secrecy and integrity.This article presents an effective mechanism to preserve the secrecy and integrity of data stored on the public cloud by leveraging blockchain technology,smart contracts,and cryptographic primitives.The proposed approach utilizes a Solidity-based smart contract as an auditor for maintaining and verifying the integrity of outsourced data.To preserve data secrecy,symmetric encryption systems are employed to encrypt user data before outsourcing it.An extensive performance analysis is conducted to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed mechanism.Additionally,a rigorous assessment is conducted to ensure that the developed smart contract is free from vulnerabilities and to measure its associated running costs.The security analysis of the proposed system confirms that our approach can securely maintain the confidentiality and integrity of cloud storage,even in the presence of malicious entities.The proposed mechanism contributes to enhancing data security in cloud computing environments and can be used as a foundation for developing more secure cloud storage systems. 展开更多
关键词 Cloud storage data secrecy data integrity smart contracts cryptography
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OPTIMAL CONTRACTS IN TWO-ECHELON SUPPLY CHAIN UNDER ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION AND NONLINEAR DEMAND 认领 引用
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作者 庄品 赵林度 《Transactions of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics》 EI 2008年第1期74-80,共7页
The challenge for supply chain management is to create appropriate supply chain contracts so as to optimize the system performance. To examine the role of asymmetric information in a two-echelon supply chain system an... The challenge for supply chain management is to create appropriate supply chain contracts so as to optimize the system performance. To examine the role of asymmetric information in a two-echelon supply chain system and derive supply chain contracts to deal with existing asymmetric information, a two level supply chain model including one Supplier and one retailer under the demand of price elasticity is developed. By using the principalagent principle and the optimal control theory, three types of supply chain contract, i. e. , a wholesale pricing contract, a two-parameter linear and a two-parameter nonlinear contracts are obtained. In these contracts, the Supplier has asymmetric information about the retailer cost structure. Simulation results show that the two-parameter contracts are more effective strategies to achieve supply chain coordination. 展开更多
关键词 supply chains contracts optimal control asymmetric information
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The Normative Role of Smart Contracts 认领 引用 被引量：2
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作者 JIANG,Jiaying 《US-China Law Review》 2018年第3期139-149,共11页
Smart contracts are agreements whose execution is automated by computer codes that translate legal prose into an executable program.They are designed to ensure the performance of agreements automatically,without human... Smart contracts are agreements whose execution is automated by computer codes that translate legal prose into an executable program.They are designed to ensure the performance of agreements automatically,without human involvement.Smart contracts have received tremendous attention lately as it could bring about the enormous impact to many industries that will revolutionize business and redefine economics;smart contracts also have created the fear that they would overturn the legal industry and displace millions of legal jobs.Therefore,it is critical to first identify the role of smart contracts in the current legal system and explore mechanisms for smart contracts to better serve the legal research,legal practice,and legal professionals,not to displace the legal industry thoroughly.In this article,the author proposes that smart contracts assume an instrumental role aimed at serving the current contract law system,instead of trying to become an alternative to that system.Embedding smart contracts within the current contract law system,which they function as a tool,represents a situation with considerable more potential for success.The success would derive from smart contracts’value of increased efficiency.With such value,the author further proposes three guidelines for enhanced instrumental functionality within the existing contract law system from three perspectives,including specification of areas of application,technological improvement,and legal support. 展开更多
关键词 smart contracts normative role value of increased efficiency guidelines for improvement
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Legal Effect of Smart Contracts Based on Blockchain 认领 引用 被引量：1
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作者 Xichen Li 《国际计算机前沿大会会议论文集》 EI 2020年第1期166-186,共21页
Smart contracts are increasingly used in financial innovation area.In view of smart contracts’legal effects,a study is implemented in this paper.First,Smart contracts appear as a set of computer codes,and carry the m... Smart contracts are increasingly used in financial innovation area.In view of smart contracts’legal effects,a study is implemented in this paper.First,Smart contracts appear as a set of computer codes,and carry the mutual consensus of the transaction parties and under the principle of freedom of contract form.Thus,smart contracts can be understood as a type of contractual written form in the hightech context.Then the agreement automatic enforcement was made by the five-element structure,and the traditional situation of enforcement uncertainty was avoided.The results show that it is necessary to examine whether the meaning of the machine matches the meaning of the party,and whether the machine meaning is in conformity with the legal provisions.Finally,the conclusion was drawn that the legal effect of smart contract can be clarified in response to the booming financial technology. 展开更多
关键词 Smart contracts Legal effect Automatic enforcement
Deep Learning-Based Program-Wide Binary Code Similarity for Smart Contracts 认领 引用
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作者 Yuan Zhuang Baobao Wang +3 位作者 Jianguo Sun Haoyang Liu Shuqi Yang Qingan Da 《Computers, Materials & Continua》 SCIE EI 2023年第1期1011-1024,共14页
Recently,security issues of smart contracts are arising great attention due to the enormous financial loss caused by vulnerability attacks.There is an increasing need to detect similar codes for hunting vulnerability ... Recently,security issues of smart contracts are arising great attention due to the enormous financial loss caused by vulnerability attacks.There is an increasing need to detect similar codes for hunting vulnerability with the increase of critical security issues in smart contracts.Binary similarity detection that quantitatively measures the given code diffing has been widely adopted to facilitate critical security analysis.However,due to the difference between common programs and smart contract,such as diversity of bytecode generation and highly code homogeneity,directly adopting existing graph matching and machine learning based techniques to smart contracts suffers from low accuracy,poor scalability and the limitation of binary similarity on function level.Therefore,this paper investigates graph neural network to detect smart contract binary code similarity at the program level,where we conduct instruction-level normalization to reduce the noise code for smart contract pre-processing and construct contract control flow graphs to represent smart contracts.In particular,two improved Graph Convolutional Network(GCN)and Message Passing Neural Network(MPNN)models are explored to encode the contract graphs into quantitatively vectors,which can capture the semantic information and the program-wide control flow information with temporal orders.Then we can efficiently accomplish the similarity detection by measuring the distance between two targeted contract embeddings.To evaluate the effectiveness and efficient of our proposed method,extensive experiments are performed on two real-world datasets,i.e.,smart contracts from Ethereum and Enterprise Operation System(EOS)blockchain-based platforms.The results show that our proposed approach outperforms three state-of-the-art methods by a large margin,achieving a great improvement up to 6.1%and 17.06%in accuracy. 展开更多
关键词 Smart contract similarity detection neural network
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Mitigating Blackhole and Greyhole Routing Attacks in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks Using Blockchain Based Smart Contracts 认领 引用
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作者 Abdulatif Alabdulatif Mada Alharbi +1 位作者 Abir Mchergui Tarek Moulahi 《Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences》 SCIE EI 2024年第2期2005-2021,共17页
The rapid increase in vehicle traffic volume in modern societies has raised the need to develop innovative solutions to reduce traffic congestion and enhance traffic management efficiency.Revolutionary advanced techno... The rapid increase in vehicle traffic volume in modern societies has raised the need to develop innovative solutions to reduce traffic congestion and enhance traffic management efficiency.Revolutionary advanced technology,such as Intelligent Transportation Systems(ITS),enables improved traffic management,helps eliminate congestion,and supports a safer environment.ITS provides real-time information on vehicle traffic and transportation systems that can improve decision-making for road users.However,ITS suffers from routing issues at the network layer when utilising Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks(VANETs).This is because each vehicle plays the role of a router in this network,which leads to a complex vehicle communication network,causing issues such as repeated link breakages between vehicles resulting from the mobility of the network and rapid topological variation.This may lead to loss or delay in packet transmissions;this weakness can be exploited in routing attacks,such as black-hole and gray-hole attacks,that threaten the availability of ITS services.In this paper,a Blockchain-based smart contracts model is proposed to offer convenient and comprehensive security mechanisms,enhancing the trustworthiness between vehicles.Self-Classification Blockchain-Based Contracts(SCBC)and Voting-Classification Blockchain-Based Contracts(VCBC)are utilised in the proposed protocol.The results show that VCBC succeeds in attaining better results in PDR and TP performance even in the presence of Blackhole and Grayhole attacks. 展开更多
关键词 Blockchain data privacy machine learning routing attacks smart contract VANET
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