Stretchable printed electronic devices are essential for the advancement of soft robotics,bioelectronics,and wearable systems.Liquid metals,owing to their high electrical conductivity and intrinsic deformability,have ...Stretchable printed electronic devices are essential for the advancement of soft robotics,bioelectronics,and wearable systems.Liquid metals,owing to their high electrical conductivity and intrinsic deformability,have emerged as promising candidates for these applications.However,their limited functionality hinders their integration into multifunctional electronic devices.Here,we present versatile MXene-assembled liquid metal hybrid microparticles(MLHMs),which serve not only as conductive platforms for diverse electronic devices but also as electrochemical electrodes for stretchable energy storage devices.This multifunctionality stems from their unique structure,in which MXene nanosheets self-assemble around liquid metal microparticles via coordination interactions,forming an interconnected hybrid network within the printed pattern.This architecture enables the activation of electrical conductivity in hybrid microparticles at a minimal strain of 2.5%,achieving a high electrical conductivity of 3.7×105S m-1and excellent stretchability of~700%.The MLHMs demonstrate multifunctionality in stretchable antennas,micro-supercapacitors,electroluminescent devices,and flexible printed circuit boards,enabling wireless power transmission,energy storage,and stretchable and interactive display.These hybrids represent versatile material units for advancing stretchable and integrated electronic systems.展开更多
Flexible electronics have established themselves as a key frontier in next-generation electronic technologies,driving sustained breakthroughs that span from material design and structural innovation to system-level in...Flexible electronics have established themselves as a key frontier in next-generation electronic technologies,driving sustained breakthroughs that span from material design and structural innovation to system-level integration.展开更多
Spider silk is an exceptional biomaterial renowned for its strength,elasticity,biodegradability,and biocompatibility.Advances in recombinant DNA have enabled scalable production,broadening its applications.In biomedic...Spider silk is an exceptional biomaterial renowned for its strength,elasticity,biodegradability,and biocompatibility.Advances in recombinant DNA have enabled scalable production,broadening its applications.In biomedicine,it supports wound healing,nerve regeneration,sutures,and drug delivery due to its low immunogenicity.In cosmetics,its amino acid-rich profile enhances skin hydration and repair.In aerospace and electronics,its strength,thermal stability,and optical clarity enable use in lightweight composites and biodegradable sensors.However,challenges such as cost-effective production,scalability,and regulatory approval remain barriers to widespread adoption.Future progress will rely on integrating artificial intelligence,synthetic biology,and sustainable technologies to optimize manufacturing and unlock new applications.This review highlights spider silk’s growing potential across industries and underscores the importance of overcoming current limitations to position it as a key eco-smart material for the future.展开更多
A rapidly growing field is piezoresistive sensor for accurate respiration rate monitoring to suppress the worldwide respiratory illness.However,a large neglected issue is the sensing durability and accuracy without in...A rapidly growing field is piezoresistive sensor for accurate respiration rate monitoring to suppress the worldwide respiratory illness.However,a large neglected issue is the sensing durability and accuracy without interference since the expiratory pressure always coupled with external humidity and temperature variations,as well as mechanical motion artifacts.Herein,a robust and biodegradable piezoresistive sensor is reported that consists of heterogeneous MXene/cellulose-gelation sensing layer and Ag-based interdigital electrode,featuring customizable cylindrical interface arrangement and compact hierarchical laminated architecture for collectively regulating the piezoresistive response and mechanical robustness,thereby realizing the long-term breath-induced pressure detection.Notably,molecular dynamics simulations reveal the frequent angle inversion and reorientation of MXene/cellulose in vacuum filtration,driven by shear forces and interfacial interactions,which facilitate the establishment of hydrogen bonds and optimize the architecture design in sensing layer.The resultant sensor delivers unprecedented collection features of superior stability for off-axis deformation(0-120°,~2.8×10-3 A)and sensing accuracy without crosstalk(humidity 50%-100%and temperature 30-80).Besides,the sensor-embedded mask together with machine learning models is achieved to train and classify the respiration status for volunteers with different ages(average prediction accuracy~90%).It is envisioned that the customizable architecture design and sensor paradigm will shed light on the advanced stability of sustainable electronics and pave the way for the commercial application in respiratory monitory.展开更多
Textile electronics with extraordinary sensing capabilities holds significant potential in the Artificial Intelligence of Things(AIoT).However,little effort is paid to their mutual advantages of robust interfacial int...Textile electronics with extraordinary sensing capabilities holds significant potential in the Artificial Intelligence of Things(AIoT).However,little effort is paid to their mutual advantages of robust interfacial interactions,ultra-strong mechanical performance,and stability.Herein,we fabricate homogeneous and multifunctional core-shell macrofibers by integrating bridge-functionalized MXene/PEDOT:PSS conductive ink with aligned bacterial cellulose(BC).These resulting macrofibers feature mechanical properties(tensile strength of 433.2 MPa and the Young's modulus of 25.9 GPa),exceptional electrical conductivity(10.05 S cm-1)and durable hydrophobicity.Such superior robustness allows for the fabrication of the macrofibers woven into textile-based triboelectric nanogenerator(PKT-TENG)and shows an impressive high-performance of a maximum open-circuit voltage of 272.54 V,short-circuit current of 14.56μA and power density of 86.29 mW m-2,which successfully powers commercial electronics.As the proof-of-concept illustration,the macrofibers with durable hydrophobicity and high piezoresistive sensitivity are further employed for precepting diverse liquids that can simultaneously monitor their distinctive motion features via real-time resistance variation on the textile-based array.This work is expected to offer new insights into the design of advanced fibers with ultra-strong mechanical capabilities and high conductivity and provide an avenue for the development of textile electronics for high-performance sensing and intelligent manufacturing.展开更多
Continuous monitoring of biosignals is essential for advancing early disease detection,personalized treatment,and health management.Flexible electronics,capable of accurately monitoring biosignals in daily life,have g...Continuous monitoring of biosignals is essential for advancing early disease detection,personalized treatment,and health management.Flexible electronics,capable of accurately monitoring biosignals in daily life,have garnered considerable attention due to their softness,conformability,and biocompatibility.However,several challenges remain,including imperfect skin-device interfaces,limited breathability,and insufficient mechanoelectrical stability.On-skin epidermal electronics,distinguished by their excellent conformability,breathability,and mechanoelectrical robustness,offer a promising solution for high-fidelity,long-term health monitoring.These devices can seamlessly integrate with the human body,leading to transformative advancements in future personalized healthcare.This review provides a systematic examination of recent advancements in on-skin epidermal electronics,with particular emphasis on critical aspects including material science,structural design,desired properties,and practical applications.We explore various materials,considering their properties and the corresponding structural designs developed to construct high-performance epidermal electronics.We then discuss different approaches for achieving the desired device properties necessary for long-term health monitoring,including adhesiveness,breathability,and mechanoelectrical stability.Additionally,we summarize the diverse applications of these devices in monitoring biophysical and physiological signals.Finally,we address the challenges facing these devices and outline future prospects,offering insights into the ongoing development of on-skin epidermal electronics for long-term health monitoring.展开更多
Skin-like wearable electronics have emerged as a transformative technology for next-generation human-computer interaction,offering unprecedented compatibility with the body's soft,curvilinear surfaces,and dynamic ...Skin-like wearable electronics have emerged as a transformative technology for next-generation human-computer interaction,offering unprecedented compatibility with the body's soft,curvilinear surfaces,and dynamic movements.However,the scarcity of intrinsically stretchable material components and the limited coverage of reported sensors have significantly restricted their applications and accurate signal detection.Here,for the first time,we demonstrate a full-skin-coverage design of the intrinsically stretchable proximity sensors,fabricated using the traditional photolithographic technique with intrinsically stretchable sensor components.Their low Young's modulus and elastic nature enable seamless conformal wrapping of 1868 sensors on the hand,achieving 360°stereoscopic coverage that effectively eliminates detection blind spots.Full functionality with detectable capacitance and current signals for position and shape perception of both conductors and insulators is maintained under stretching,with a maximum tolerable strain of 30%.The unique full-coverage capability,combined with the photolithographic strategy,enables accurate identification of both single-and multiposition object perception with high resolution.This work provides a generalized strategy for full-skin-coverage sensors,with broad implications for next-generation soft robots,prosthetics,and human-machine interaction.展开更多
Traditional digitizers for signal readout of PET detectors are based on commercial analog-to-digital converters(ADC).However,the cost and power consumption of an entire electronic readout system based on digitizers fo...Traditional digitizers for signal readout of PET detectors are based on commercial analog-to-digital converters(ADC).However,the cost and power consumption of an entire electronic readout system based on digitizers for a PET scanner are high.To address this problem,a soft-core ADC based on a field-programmable gate array(FPGA)was proposed.An FPGA-based ADC(FPGA-ADC)combines low loss and high performance.To achieve good performance,the FPGA-ADC requires three calibrations:time-to-digital converter(TDC)length calibration,TDC alignment calibration,and TDC-to-ADC calibration.A prototype front-end electronics based on FPGA-ADC was built to evaluate the performance of time-of-flight positron emission tomography(TOF PET)detectors.Each PET detector consists of a LYSO crystal single-ended coupled to a silicon photomultiplier(SiPM).The experimental results show that the full-width at half-maximum(FWHM)energy resolution for 511 keV gamma photons after saturation correction of the SiPM was 12.3%.The FWHM coincidence timing resolution(CTR)of the TOF PET detector with the readout of the front-end electronic prototype is 385.2 ps.FPGA-ADCbased front-end electronics are very promising for multichannel,low-cost,highly integrated,and power-efficient readout electronic systems for radiation detector applications.展开更多
The rapid growth of wearable electronics demands power sources that are not only flexible and durable but also inherently safe.Conventional lithium-ion batteries pose safety risks due to toxic and flammable electrolyt...The rapid growth of wearable electronics demands power sources that are not only flexible and durable but also inherently safe.Conventional lithium-ion batteries pose safety risks due to toxic and flammable electrolytes.Aqueous metal-ion batteries offer a promising alternative,yet their application remains limited by poor mechanical compliance,leading to interfacial instability and electrolyte leakage.Here,we report a bionic self-assembly strategy for aqueous zinc-ion batteries using a lipopeptide electrolyte additive named C16K,enabling bulk self-assembly into supramolecular nanohelices to accelerate ion transport and interfacial organization into a dynamic bilayer for interphase regulation.This dual-function synergistically suppresses the formation of Zn dendrites or side reactions,enabling stable Zn plating/stripping.This achieves an ultralong cycling stability and ultrahigh cumulative plating capacity along with a high coulombic efficiency.Therefore,the synergistic reinforcement endows the pouch cell to deliver a high initial capacity,allowing to power electronics in a safe manner.In a following manner,a scorpion tail-inspired bionic flexible battery structure is designed to deliver sustainable energy outputs across various mechanical states using the reinforced systems,effectively powering the wearable multimodal sensors.Our results present a self-assembly strategy using a lipopeptide additive to synergistically reinforce the ions transport and interfacial stability,coordination with a bionic structural design,potentially offering a bioinspired routine for high-performance flexible batteries for wearable electronics.展开更多
Engineering the semiconductor/dielectric interface is crucial for advancing two-dimensional(2D)nanoelectronics,where device performance is predominantly governed by interfacial defects and dielectric coupling.Optoelec...Engineering the semiconductor/dielectric interface is crucial for advancing two-dimensional(2D)nanoelectronics,where device performance is predominantly governed by interfacial defects and dielectric coupling.Optoelectronic doping based on carrier trapping at the h-BN/SiO2 interface has enabled non-volatile and reversible carrier modulation in several 2D semiconductors,yet its practical application remains limited by the low dielectric constant of SiO2,which necessitates thick oxides,large gate voltages,and voltage-asymmetric logic circuit operation.In this work,we develop a MoTe2/h-BN field-effect transistor integrated with a high-k HfO2 dielectric,enabling reversible,spatially selective,and polarity-programmable optoelectronic doping.The h-BN/HfO2 interface-enabled photoinduced charge trapping increases the carrier density by an order of magnitude(~4.16×1013 cm-2)and improves the subthreshold swing to~580 mV dec-1,significantly outperforming h-BN/SiO2 counterparts.The programmed states exhibit nonvolatile retention exceeding 30 days.Through local polarity control,a resist-free p-n junction is realized,exhibiting near-ideal diode behavior(η=1.26),together with an on/off ratio exceeding 103.By integrating well-matched p-and n-channel MoTe2 transistors,a CMOS inverter is achieved with~6.5 voltage gain and a near-zero switching threshold voltage.These findings establish h-BN/high-k interfaces as a robust platform for low-voltage,non-volatile,and reconfigurable 2D electronics.展开更多
Projectile-borne electronics are essential components for precision-guidedmunitions.However,they are subjected to a complex overload environment characterized by high-frequency vibrations,high temperatures,and high pr...Projectile-borne electronics are essential components for precision-guidedmunitions.However,they are subjected to a complex overload environment characterized by high-frequency vibrations,high temperatures,and high pressures during launch.Evaluating overload damage presents a significant challenge.Consequently,this study aims to establish a damage tolerance criterion for projectile-borne electronics in high-g extreme environments using impact overload tests and high-precision numerical simulations.Initially,an impact overload test device was designed and implemented,considering the guidance segment and chamber firing characteristics,to ascertain the overload damage characteristics of projectile-borne electronics.Subsequently,a simulation model incorporating projectile-borne electronics was established and validated to identify the most vulnerable regions and critical overload responses under various conditions.Based on the simulation data,the overload damage tolerance curve was established using a power function regression fitting method.Leveraging the concept of impulse equivalence,the damage tolerance criterion for the high-g extreme environment was formulated.The criterion’s accuracy and practicality were further verified through experimental damage results of electronic components.This study provides a practical design foundation for the anti-high-overload design of projectile-borne electronics.展开更多
Organic optoelectronic devices demonstrate immense potential in flexible displays,wearable electronics,and artificial skin,needing precise light-field and morphology management strategies to further improve their opto...Organic optoelectronic devices demonstrate immense potential in flexible displays,wearable electronics,and artificial skin,needing precise light-field and morphology management strategies to further improve their opto-electric performance.Nanoimprint lithography(NIL)has emerged as a high-resolution,high-efficiency,and low-cost patterning technique that mechanically transferring microanoscale patterns from a template to a substrate to significantly enhance the optoelectronic performance through the precise creation of advanced light-management structures,combined with additional solid-state stacking morphology.This review systematically summarizes recent advances in NIL technology for organic optoelectronics.It begins with an introduction to the fundamental principles,main process variants(thermal,ultraviolet,and electrochemical NIL),as well as key technical issues.Subsequently,through specific applications in organic light-emitting diodes,organic solar cells,and organic field-effect transistors,it highlights the exceptional capabilities of NIL to enhance device performance by controlling crystallization and creating functional microanostructuring.Specific advantages include enabling high-efficiency light management to overcome efficiency bottlenecks,facilitating low-cost,high-throughput manufacturing for industrialization,full compatibility with flexible substrates for emerging applications,enabling multifunctional integration and novel device architectures,and tailoring material microstructures and properties advance fundamental research.Finally,we discuss the remaining challenges and future prospects of NIL in integrated organic optoelectronic systems.展开更多
Conductive hydrogels are revolutionizing the fields of wearable sensors,implantable bioelectronics,and soft robotics.However,achieving both mechanical robustness and high conductivity within a single system remains ch...Conductive hydrogels are revolutionizing the fields of wearable sensors,implantable bioelectronics,and soft robotics.However,achieving both mechanical robustness and high conductivity within a single system remains challenging.Here,inspired by the cooperative vascular-neural networks in biological tissues,we develop a nanofiber-reinforced conductive hydrogel composed of poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA),aramid nanofibers(ANFs),and in situ polymerized PEDOT:PSS.Through solvent-and thermally induced structural reorganization,the hydrogel evolves into a bi-continuous architecture in which the mechanical and conductive networks are intimately coupled.The tough,ANF-reinforced porous PVA mimics the vascular system,providing mechanical support and maintaining toughness,while the poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)(PEDOT)network resembles neural pathways,enabling efficient electron transport.This structural evolution enables a rare synergy of high tensile strength(10.72 MPa)and ultrahigh conductivity(452.75 S m-1)with excellent biocompatibility.The hydrogel maintains stable conduction under impact and complex deformation,supporting multimodal sensing from largeamplitude joint motion to low-amplitude electrophysiological signals:electrocardiographic and electromyographic.When integrated with a convolutional neural network,it achieves 99.54%accuracy in recognizing five complex hand gestures.This bioinspired strategy paves the way for developing robust and conductive hydrogels toward next-generation intelligent wearable electronics.展开更多
Copper has long served as a cornerstone conductor in modern electronics and energy systems,prized for its exceptional electrical and thermal conductivity,and holds particular promise for flexible electronics,where low...Copper has long served as a cornerstone conductor in modern electronics and energy systems,prized for its exceptional electrical and thermal conductivity,and holds particular promise for flexible electronics,where low-cost and highperformance conductors are essential[1].Its widespread use spans from integrated circuit interconnects to flexible printed circuits and battery current collectors,forming the backbone of countless devices.展开更多
Multimodal spatiotemporal data from smart city consumer electronics present critical challenges including cross-modal temporal misalignment,unreliable data quality,limited joint modeling of spatial and temporal depend...Multimodal spatiotemporal data from smart city consumer electronics present critical challenges including cross-modal temporal misalignment,unreliable data quality,limited joint modeling of spatial and temporal dependencies,and weak resilience to adversarial updates.To address these limitations,EdgeST-Fusion is introduced as a cross-modal federated graph transformer framework for context-aware smart city analytics.The architecture integrates cross-modal embedding networks for modality alignment,graph transformer encoders for spatial dependency modeling,temporal self-attention for dynamic pattern learning,and adaptive anomaly detection to ensure data quality and security during aggregation.A privacy-preserving federated learning protocol with differential privacy guarantees enables collaborative model training without centralizing sensitive data.The framework employs data-quality-aware weighted aggregation to enhance robustness against noisy and malicious client updates.Experimental evaluation on the GeoLife,PeMS-Bay,and SmartHome+datasets demonstrates that EdgeST-Fusion achieves 21.8%improvement in prediction accuracy,35.7%reduction in communication overhead,and 29.4%enhancement in security resilience compared to recent baselines.Real-world deployment across three smart city testbeds validates practical viability with 90.0%average accuracy and sub-250 ms inference latency.The proposed framework remains feasible for deployment on heterogeneous and resource-constrained consumer electronics devices whilemaintaining strong privacy guarantees and scalability for large-scale urban environments.展开更多
Flexible polymer electronics have emerged as an important research frontier in materials science due to their unique advantages,including mechanical flexibility,lightweight characteristics,and solution processability....Flexible polymer electronics have emerged as an important research frontier in materials science due to their unique advantages,including mechanical flexibility,lightweight characteristics,and solution processability.These features enable a wide range of emerging applications such as wearable electronics,electronic skins,and biomedical devices,etc.In recent years,much advances in polymer chemistry,device physics,and interface engineering have significantly improved the performance of flexible polymer electronic devices,accelerating their transition from fundamental research to practical applications.展开更多
Conductive elastomers combining micromechanical sensitivity,lightweight adaptability,and environmental sustainability are critically needed for advanced flexible electronics requiring precise responsiveness and long-t...Conductive elastomers combining micromechanical sensitivity,lightweight adaptability,and environmental sustainability are critically needed for advanced flexible electronics requiring precise responsiveness and long-term wearability;however,the integration of these properties remains a significant challenge.Here,we present a biomass-derived conductive elastomer featuring a rationally engineered dynamic crosslinked network integrated with a tunable microporous architecture.This structural design imparts pronounced micromechanical sensitivity,an ultralow density(~0.25 g cm−3),and superior mechanical compliance for adaptive deformation.Moreover,the unique micro-spring effect derived from the porous architecture ensures exceptional stretchability(>500%elongation at break)and superior resilience,delivering immediate and stable electrical response under both subtle(200%)mechanical stimuli.Intrinsic dynamic interactions endow the elastomer with efficient room temperature self-healing and complete recyclability without compromising performance.First-principles simulations clarify the mechanisms behind micropore formation and the resulting functionality.Beyond its facile and mild fabrication process,this work establishes a scalable route toward high-performance,sustainable conductive elastomers tailored for next-generation soft electronics.展开更多
Under the trend of high integration and multi-band compatibility in consumer electronics,RF over air testing during the introduction stage of new products faces problems such as large space occupation,poor consistency...Under the trend of high integration and multi-band compatibility in consumer electronics,RF over air testing during the introduction stage of new products faces problems such as large space occupation,poor consistency,and environmental interference.The traditional broadband antenna coupling scheme is difficult to meet the accuracy and efficiency requirements of the production line due to volume redundancy,manual alignment errors,and shielding box attenuation effects.This article proposes an automated OTA testing optimization scheme based on miniaturized dual-frequency monopole antennas,which systematically solves testing pain points through compact MDMA antenna design,six-axis precision control model,and statistical process control verification method.The experiment shows that this scheme reduces the standard deviation of path loss by 40%,reduces the false alarm rate of RF desensitization from 12%to 2.5%,shortens the testing time of a single device to 8 seconds in practical applications,and increases the production yield by 9%,providing an efficient solution for high integration RF testing.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52373201,52103252)Shanghai Science and Technology Plan Project(No.25DX1400200)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2232024Y-01,2232024A-05,CUSF-DH-D-2025002)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFB3809902)。
摘要Stretchable printed electronic devices are essential for the advancement of soft robotics,bioelectronics,and wearable systems.Liquid metals,owing to their high electrical conductivity and intrinsic deformability,have emerged as promising candidates for these applications.However,their limited functionality hinders their integration into multifunctional electronic devices.Here,we present versatile MXene-assembled liquid metal hybrid microparticles(MLHMs),which serve not only as conductive platforms for diverse electronic devices but also as electrochemical electrodes for stretchable energy storage devices.This multifunctionality stems from their unique structure,in which MXene nanosheets self-assemble around liquid metal microparticles via coordination interactions,forming an interconnected hybrid network within the printed pattern.This architecture enables the activation of electrical conductivity in hybrid microparticles at a minimal strain of 2.5%,achieving a high electrical conductivity of 3.7×105S m-1and excellent stretchability of~700%.The MLHMs demonstrate multifunctionality in stretchable antennas,micro-supercapacitors,electroluminescent devices,and flexible printed circuit boards,enabling wireless power transmission,energy storage,and stretchable and interactive display.These hybrids represent versatile material units for advancing stretchable and integrated electronic systems.
摘要Flexible electronics have established themselves as a key frontier in next-generation electronic technologies,driving sustained breakthroughs that span from material design and structural innovation to system-level integration.
摘要Spider silk is an exceptional biomaterial renowned for its strength,elasticity,biodegradability,and biocompatibility.Advances in recombinant DNA have enabled scalable production,broadening its applications.In biomedicine,it supports wound healing,nerve regeneration,sutures,and drug delivery due to its low immunogenicity.In cosmetics,its amino acid-rich profile enhances skin hydration and repair.In aerospace and electronics,its strength,thermal stability,and optical clarity enable use in lightweight composites and biodegradable sensors.However,challenges such as cost-effective production,scalability,and regulatory approval remain barriers to widespread adoption.Future progress will rely on integrating artificial intelligence,synthetic biology,and sustainable technologies to optimize manufacturing and unlock new applications.This review highlights spider silk’s growing potential across industries and underscores the importance of overcoming current limitations to position it as a key eco-smart material for the future.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22074072,22274083,52376199)the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(ZR2023LZY005)+1 种基金the Exploration Project of the State Key Laboratory of BioFibers and EcoTextiles of Qingdao University(TSKT202101)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2022BLRD13,2023BLRD01).
摘要A rapidly growing field is piezoresistive sensor for accurate respiration rate monitoring to suppress the worldwide respiratory illness.However,a large neglected issue is the sensing durability and accuracy without interference since the expiratory pressure always coupled with external humidity and temperature variations,as well as mechanical motion artifacts.Herein,a robust and biodegradable piezoresistive sensor is reported that consists of heterogeneous MXene/cellulose-gelation sensing layer and Ag-based interdigital electrode,featuring customizable cylindrical interface arrangement and compact hierarchical laminated architecture for collectively regulating the piezoresistive response and mechanical robustness,thereby realizing the long-term breath-induced pressure detection.Notably,molecular dynamics simulations reveal the frequent angle inversion and reorientation of MXene/cellulose in vacuum filtration,driven by shear forces and interfacial interactions,which facilitate the establishment of hydrogen bonds and optimize the architecture design in sensing layer.The resultant sensor delivers unprecedented collection features of superior stability for off-axis deformation(0-120°,~2.8×10-3 A)and sensing accuracy without crosstalk(humidity 50%-100%and temperature 30-80).Besides,the sensor-embedded mask together with machine learning models is achieved to train and classify the respiration status for volunteers with different ages(average prediction accuracy~90%).It is envisioned that the customizable architecture design and sensor paradigm will shed light on the advanced stability of sustainable electronics and pave the way for the commercial application in respiratory monitory.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52473178,52473275)Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(2022QNRC001)+8 种基金the Program of Introducing Talents of Jiangnan University(1065219032210150)the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(KYCX23_2474)the Science and Technology Program of Jiangsu Administration for Market Regulation(KJ2024013)the Wuxi Science and Technology Development Fund Project(K20231042)Funded by Basic Research Program of Jiangsu(BK20251613)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(JUSRP202504025)Jiangnan University Student Innovation Program(2025CXZ066)Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology,Tsinghua Universitythe Wuxi Taihu Talent Innovation Project(2024)。
摘要Textile electronics with extraordinary sensing capabilities holds significant potential in the Artificial Intelligence of Things(AIoT).However,little effort is paid to their mutual advantages of robust interfacial interactions,ultra-strong mechanical performance,and stability.Herein,we fabricate homogeneous and multifunctional core-shell macrofibers by integrating bridge-functionalized MXene/PEDOT:PSS conductive ink with aligned bacterial cellulose(BC).These resulting macrofibers feature mechanical properties(tensile strength of 433.2 MPa and the Young's modulus of 25.9 GPa),exceptional electrical conductivity(10.05 S cm-1)and durable hydrophobicity.Such superior robustness allows for the fabrication of the macrofibers woven into textile-based triboelectric nanogenerator(PKT-TENG)and shows an impressive high-performance of a maximum open-circuit voltage of 272.54 V,short-circuit current of 14.56μA and power density of 86.29 mW m-2,which successfully powers commercial electronics.As the proof-of-concept illustration,the macrofibers with durable hydrophobicity and high piezoresistive sensitivity are further employed for precepting diverse liquids that can simultaneously monitor their distinctive motion features via real-time resistance variation on the textile-based array.This work is expected to offer new insights into the design of advanced fibers with ultra-strong mechanical capabilities and high conductivity and provide an avenue for the development of textile electronics for high-performance sensing and intelligent manufacturing.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52025055,52375576,52350349)Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi(Program No.2022GXLH-01-12)+2 种基金Joint Fund of Ministry of Education for Equipment Pre-research(No.8091B03012304)Aeronautical Science Foundation of China(No.2022004607001)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.xtr072024031).
摘要Continuous monitoring of biosignals is essential for advancing early disease detection,personalized treatment,and health management.Flexible electronics,capable of accurately monitoring biosignals in daily life,have garnered considerable attention due to their softness,conformability,and biocompatibility.However,several challenges remain,including imperfect skin-device interfaces,limited breathability,and insufficient mechanoelectrical stability.On-skin epidermal electronics,distinguished by their excellent conformability,breathability,and mechanoelectrical robustness,offer a promising solution for high-fidelity,long-term health monitoring.These devices can seamlessly integrate with the human body,leading to transformative advancements in future personalized healthcare.This review provides a systematic examination of recent advancements in on-skin epidermal electronics,with particular emphasis on critical aspects including material science,structural design,desired properties,and practical applications.We explore various materials,considering their properties and the corresponding structural designs developed to construct high-performance epidermal electronics.We then discuss different approaches for achieving the desired device properties necessary for long-term health monitoring,including adhesiveness,breathability,and mechanoelectrical stability.Additionally,we summarize the diverse applications of these devices in monitoring biophysical and physiological signals.Finally,we address the challenges facing these devices and outline future prospects,offering insights into the ongoing development of on-skin epidermal electronics for long-term health monitoring.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62375046 and 62225403)the Science and Technology Development Plan Project of Jilin Province,China(Grant No.20250601007RC)+4 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant Nos.2022YFF1202700 and 2022YFB3203500)Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities(111 Project)(Grant No.B13013)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant Nos.2412020FZ025 and 2412025QD012)the Research Projects of the Education Office of Jilin Province(Grant No.JJKH20261572KJ)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2025M770198).
摘要Skin-like wearable electronics have emerged as a transformative technology for next-generation human-computer interaction,offering unprecedented compatibility with the body's soft,curvilinear surfaces,and dynamic movements.However,the scarcity of intrinsically stretchable material components and the limited coverage of reported sensors have significantly restricted their applications and accurate signal detection.Here,for the first time,we demonstrate a full-skin-coverage design of the intrinsically stretchable proximity sensors,fabricated using the traditional photolithographic technique with intrinsically stretchable sensor components.Their low Young's modulus and elastic nature enable seamless conformal wrapping of 1868 sensors on the hand,achieving 360°stereoscopic coverage that effectively eliminates detection blind spots.Full functionality with detectable capacitance and current signals for position and shape perception of both conductors and insulators is maintained under stretching,with a maximum tolerable strain of 30%.The unique full-coverage capability,combined with the photolithographic strategy,enables accurate identification of both single-and multiposition object perception with high resolution.This work provides a generalized strategy for full-skin-coverage sensors,with broad implications for next-generation soft robots,prosthetics,and human-machine interaction.
基金supported by the Key R&D Program of Shandong Province(No.2023SFGC0101)Shandong Excellent Young Scientists Fund Program(Overseas)(No.2023HWYQ-047)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2022QA039)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(No.U2106202).
摘要Traditional digitizers for signal readout of PET detectors are based on commercial analog-to-digital converters(ADC).However,the cost and power consumption of an entire electronic readout system based on digitizers for a PET scanner are high.To address this problem,a soft-core ADC based on a field-programmable gate array(FPGA)was proposed.An FPGA-based ADC(FPGA-ADC)combines low loss and high performance.To achieve good performance,the FPGA-ADC requires three calibrations:time-to-digital converter(TDC)length calibration,TDC alignment calibration,and TDC-to-ADC calibration.A prototype front-end electronics based on FPGA-ADC was built to evaluate the performance of time-of-flight positron emission tomography(TOF PET)detectors.Each PET detector consists of a LYSO crystal single-ended coupled to a silicon photomultiplier(SiPM).The experimental results show that the full-width at half-maximum(FWHM)energy resolution for 511 keV gamma photons after saturation correction of the SiPM was 12.3%.The FWHM coincidence timing resolution(CTR)of the TOF PET detector with the readout of the front-end electronic prototype is 385.2 ps.FPGA-ADCbased front-end electronics are very promising for multichannel,low-cost,highly integrated,and power-efficient readout electronic systems for radiation detector applications.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2025YFE0125200)the“Pioneer”and“Leading Goose”R&D Program of Zhejiang(2025C04010)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52175551)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(226-2025-00194)Leading Innovative and Entrepreneur Team Introduction Program of Zhejiang Province(2022R01001)the Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province(2025C01003).
摘要The rapid growth of wearable electronics demands power sources that are not only flexible and durable but also inherently safe.Conventional lithium-ion batteries pose safety risks due to toxic and flammable electrolytes.Aqueous metal-ion batteries offer a promising alternative,yet their application remains limited by poor mechanical compliance,leading to interfacial instability and electrolyte leakage.Here,we report a bionic self-assembly strategy for aqueous zinc-ion batteries using a lipopeptide electrolyte additive named C16K,enabling bulk self-assembly into supramolecular nanohelices to accelerate ion transport and interfacial organization into a dynamic bilayer for interphase regulation.This dual-function synergistically suppresses the formation of Zn dendrites or side reactions,enabling stable Zn plating/stripping.This achieves an ultralong cycling stability and ultrahigh cumulative plating capacity along with a high coulombic efficiency.Therefore,the synergistic reinforcement endows the pouch cell to deliver a high initial capacity,allowing to power electronics in a safe manner.In a following manner,a scorpion tail-inspired bionic flexible battery structure is designed to deliver sustainable energy outputs across various mechanical states using the reinforced systems,effectively powering the wearable multimodal sensors.Our results present a self-assembly strategy using a lipopeptide additive to synergistically reinforce the ions transport and interfacial stability,coordination with a bionic structural design,potentially offering a bioinspired routine for high-performance flexible batteries for wearable electronics.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.92580129,62304151,62204170,62474124 and 52275540)the Open Research Fund of Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory(Grant No.2023SLABFK07)+2 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2024YFB3212003)the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin(Grant No.24JCQNJC00520)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2023M742585)。
摘要Engineering the semiconductor/dielectric interface is crucial for advancing two-dimensional(2D)nanoelectronics,where device performance is predominantly governed by interfacial defects and dielectric coupling.Optoelectronic doping based on carrier trapping at the h-BN/SiO2 interface has enabled non-volatile and reversible carrier modulation in several 2D semiconductors,yet its practical application remains limited by the low dielectric constant of SiO2,which necessitates thick oxides,large gate voltages,and voltage-asymmetric logic circuit operation.In this work,we develop a MoTe2/h-BN field-effect transistor integrated with a high-k HfO2 dielectric,enabling reversible,spatially selective,and polarity-programmable optoelectronic doping.The h-BN/HfO2 interface-enabled photoinduced charge trapping increases the carrier density by an order of magnitude(~4.16×1013 cm-2)and improves the subthreshold swing to~580 mV dec-1,significantly outperforming h-BN/SiO2 counterparts.The programmed states exhibit nonvolatile retention exceeding 30 days.Through local polarity control,a resist-free p-n junction is realized,exhibiting near-ideal diode behavior(η=1.26),together with an on/off ratio exceeding 103.By integrating well-matched p-and n-channel MoTe2 transistors,a CMOS inverter is achieved with~6.5 voltage gain and a near-zero switching threshold voltage.These findings establish h-BN/high-k interfaces as a robust platform for low-voltage,non-volatile,and reconfigurable 2D electronics.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U2441203,52575280,and 12302435).
摘要Projectile-borne electronics are essential components for precision-guidedmunitions.However,they are subjected to a complex overload environment characterized by high-frequency vibrations,high temperatures,and high pressures during launch.Evaluating overload damage presents a significant challenge.Consequently,this study aims to establish a damage tolerance criterion for projectile-borne electronics in high-g extreme environments using impact overload tests and high-precision numerical simulations.Initially,an impact overload test device was designed and implemented,considering the guidance segment and chamber firing characteristics,to ascertain the overload damage characteristics of projectile-borne electronics.Subsequently,a simulation model incorporating projectile-borne electronics was established and validated to identify the most vulnerable regions and critical overload responses under various conditions.Based on the simulation data,the overload damage tolerance curve was established using a power function regression fitting method.Leveraging the concept of impulse equivalence,the damage tolerance criterion for the high-g extreme environment was formulated.The criterion’s accuracy and practicality were further verified through experimental damage results of electronic components.This study provides a practical design foundation for the anti-high-overload design of projectile-borne electronics.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2024YFB3211700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22275005,62375007)Beijing Nova Program(20240484722,20240484643).
摘要Organic optoelectronic devices demonstrate immense potential in flexible displays,wearable electronics,and artificial skin,needing precise light-field and morphology management strategies to further improve their opto-electric performance.Nanoimprint lithography(NIL)has emerged as a high-resolution,high-efficiency,and low-cost patterning technique that mechanically transferring microanoscale patterns from a template to a substrate to significantly enhance the optoelectronic performance through the precise creation of advanced light-management structures,combined with additional solid-state stacking morphology.This review systematically summarizes recent advances in NIL technology for organic optoelectronics.It begins with an introduction to the fundamental principles,main process variants(thermal,ultraviolet,and electrochemical NIL),as well as key technical issues.Subsequently,through specific applications in organic light-emitting diodes,organic solar cells,and organic field-effect transistors,it highlights the exceptional capabilities of NIL to enhance device performance by controlling crystallization and creating functional microanostructuring.Specific advantages include enabling high-efficiency light management to overcome efficiency bottlenecks,facilitating low-cost,high-throughput manufacturing for industrialization,full compatibility with flexible substrates for emerging applications,enabling multifunctional integration and novel device architectures,and tailoring material microstructures and properties advance fundamental research.Finally,we discuss the remaining challenges and future prospects of NIL in integrated organic optoelectronic systems.
基金the financial support from the Innovation and Technology Fund of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,China(MHP/370/24)Endowed Young Scholar Scheme of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University(Grant Number:Project 84CC)PolyU Academy for Interdisciplinary Research(Grant Number:Project CD88 and Project BBF7).
摘要Conductive hydrogels are revolutionizing the fields of wearable sensors,implantable bioelectronics,and soft robotics.However,achieving both mechanical robustness and high conductivity within a single system remains challenging.Here,inspired by the cooperative vascular-neural networks in biological tissues,we develop a nanofiber-reinforced conductive hydrogel composed of poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA),aramid nanofibers(ANFs),and in situ polymerized PEDOT:PSS.Through solvent-and thermally induced structural reorganization,the hydrogel evolves into a bi-continuous architecture in which the mechanical and conductive networks are intimately coupled.The tough,ANF-reinforced porous PVA mimics the vascular system,providing mechanical support and maintaining toughness,while the poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)(PEDOT)network resembles neural pathways,enabling efficient electron transport.This structural evolution enables a rare synergy of high tensile strength(10.72 MPa)and ultrahigh conductivity(452.75 S m-1)with excellent biocompatibility.The hydrogel maintains stable conduction under impact and complex deformation,supporting multimodal sensing from largeamplitude joint motion to low-amplitude electrophysiological signals:electrocardiographic and electromyographic.When integrated with a convolutional neural network,it achieves 99.54%accuracy in recognizing five complex hand gestures.This bioinspired strategy paves the way for developing robust and conductive hydrogels toward next-generation intelligent wearable electronics.
摘要Copper has long served as a cornerstone conductor in modern electronics and energy systems,prized for its exceptional electrical and thermal conductivity,and holds particular promise for flexible electronics,where low-cost and highperformance conductors are essential[1].Its widespread use spans from integrated circuit interconnects to flexible printed circuits and battery current collectors,forming the backbone of countless devices.
基金supported by the University of Tabuk,Saudi Arabia。
摘要Multimodal spatiotemporal data from smart city consumer electronics present critical challenges including cross-modal temporal misalignment,unreliable data quality,limited joint modeling of spatial and temporal dependencies,and weak resilience to adversarial updates.To address these limitations,EdgeST-Fusion is introduced as a cross-modal federated graph transformer framework for context-aware smart city analytics.The architecture integrates cross-modal embedding networks for modality alignment,graph transformer encoders for spatial dependency modeling,temporal self-attention for dynamic pattern learning,and adaptive anomaly detection to ensure data quality and security during aggregation.A privacy-preserving federated learning protocol with differential privacy guarantees enables collaborative model training without centralizing sensitive data.The framework employs data-quality-aware weighted aggregation to enhance robustness against noisy and malicious client updates.Experimental evaluation on the GeoLife,PeMS-Bay,and SmartHome+datasets demonstrates that EdgeST-Fusion achieves 21.8%improvement in prediction accuracy,35.7%reduction in communication overhead,and 29.4%enhancement in security resilience compared to recent baselines.Real-world deployment across three smart city testbeds validates practical viability with 90.0%average accuracy and sub-250 ms inference latency.The proposed framework remains feasible for deployment on heterogeneous and resource-constrained consumer electronics devices whilemaintaining strong privacy guarantees and scalability for large-scale urban environments.
摘要Flexible polymer electronics have emerged as an important research frontier in materials science due to their unique advantages,including mechanical flexibility,lightweight characteristics,and solution processability.These features enable a wide range of emerging applications such as wearable electronics,electronic skins,and biomedical devices,etc.In recent years,much advances in polymer chemistry,device physics,and interface engineering have significantly improved the performance of flexible polymer electronic devices,accelerating their transition from fundamental research to practical applications.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52103044)Double First-Class Initiative University of Science and Technology of China(KY2400000037)the Young Talent Programme(GG2400007009).
摘要Conductive elastomers combining micromechanical sensitivity,lightweight adaptability,and environmental sustainability are critically needed for advanced flexible electronics requiring precise responsiveness and long-term wearability;however,the integration of these properties remains a significant challenge.Here,we present a biomass-derived conductive elastomer featuring a rationally engineered dynamic crosslinked network integrated with a tunable microporous architecture.This structural design imparts pronounced micromechanical sensitivity,an ultralow density(~0.25 g cm−3),and superior mechanical compliance for adaptive deformation.Moreover,the unique micro-spring effect derived from the porous architecture ensures exceptional stretchability(>500%elongation at break)and superior resilience,delivering immediate and stable electrical response under both subtle(200%)mechanical stimuli.Intrinsic dynamic interactions endow the elastomer with efficient room temperature self-healing and complete recyclability without compromising performance.First-principles simulations clarify the mechanisms behind micropore formation and the resulting functionality.Beyond its facile and mild fabrication process,this work establishes a scalable route toward high-performance,sustainable conductive elastomers tailored for next-generation soft electronics.
摘要Under the trend of high integration and multi-band compatibility in consumer electronics,RF over air testing during the introduction stage of new products faces problems such as large space occupation,poor consistency,and environmental interference.The traditional broadband antenna coupling scheme is difficult to meet the accuracy and efficiency requirements of the production line due to volume redundancy,manual alignment errors,and shielding box attenuation effects.This article proposes an automated OTA testing optimization scheme based on miniaturized dual-frequency monopole antennas,which systematically solves testing pain points through compact MDMA antenna design,six-axis precision control model,and statistical process control verification method.The experiment shows that this scheme reduces the standard deviation of path loss by 40%,reduces the false alarm rate of RF desensitization from 12%to 2.5%,shortens the testing time of a single device to 8 seconds in practical applications,and increases the production yield by 9%,providing an efficient solution for high integration RF testing.