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Effect of ladle shroud immersion depth on unsteady three-phase flow in continuous casting tundish during ladle change-over process 认领 引用
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作者 Yu-Chao Yao Zhong-Qiu Liu +3 位作者 Yu-Ze Wei Ning Wang Jun Yang Bao-Kuan Li 《Journal of Iron and Steel Research International》 SCIE EI CSCD 2026年第1期443-457,共15页
The transient phenomena of re-oxidation and slag entrapment occurring in the tundish during the ladle change-over process have been proven detrimental to clean steel production.Therefore,an unsteady three-phase turbul... The transient phenomena of re-oxidation and slag entrapment occurring in the tundish during the ladle change-over process have been proven detrimental to clean steel production.Therefore,an unsteady three-phase turbulence model,coupling velocity,temperature,and phase field was established to study the effect of the ladle shroud immersion depth on the slag eye formation,slag entrainment,slag dragging,air dragging,and flow characteristics during the ladle change-over process of a two-strand tundish.The results showed that reducing the immersion depth decreases the high-velocity region area under the slag layer in the quasi-steady process.During the emptying stage,as the molten bath level gradually decreases,the outlet temperature exhibits a trend of initially decreasing and subsequently increasing across all three shroud immersion depths.However,under a 210 mm shroud immersion depth,molten slag and air are dragged into the shroud,forming slag droplets and causing significant fluctuations,with a maximum scalar velocity of 0.0764 m/s at the monitoring point.In the filling stage,air and molten slag are dragged into the molten bath,forming bubbles and slag droplets at an immersion depth of 210 mm.Bubbles are observed within the molten slag layer,which can readily cause an emulsification phenomenon,making it easier to be dragged as slag droplets.Additionally,the slag eye area measured under 210 mm immersion depth at 45 s is 0.303 m2,while the maximum scalar velocity of 2.4259 m/s is detected at 12 s.At an immersion depth of 360 mm,the average area of the slag eye is minimized to 0.06268 m2,with corresponding variances of 0.006753,representing the optimal immersion depth. 展开更多
关键词 Continuous casting tundish Ladle change-over Ladle shroud Immersion depth Three-phase flow Unsteady state
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Molecular signaling effects of electrical stimulation of the soleus muscle during 6 days of dry immersion 认领 引用
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作者 Kristina A.Sharlo Irina D.Lvova +7 位作者 Natalya A.Vilchinskaya Sergey A.Tyganov Olga V.Turtikova Ksenia V.Sergeeva Roman O.Bokov Boris S.Shenkman Elena S.Tomilovskaya Oleg I.Orlov 《Sports Medicine and Health Science》 CAS CSCD 2026年第3期335-349,共15页
Background:Unloading of skeletal muscles triggers rapid changes in molecular signaling,leading to muscle atrophy and functional alterations.Electrical stimulation of muscles is commonly used to counteract these change... Background:Unloading of skeletal muscles triggers rapid changes in molecular signaling,leading to muscle atrophy and functional alterations.Electrical stimulation of muscles is commonly used to counteract these changes,but the precise molecular mechanisms behind its effects remain unclear.Methods:To investigate the early changes in postural soleus muscle under unloading conditions(dry immersion,DI)and the impact of electrical stimulation during unloading,two groups of volunteers(10 men in each)underwent a 6-day DI or a 6-day DI with electrical stimulation(DI+ES).Soleus muscle samples were collected 14 days before and 6 days after DI and DI+ES.Results:Six-day DI did not did not cause atrophy of the soleus myofibers or alter protein synthesis parameters,However,it did lead to an increase in atrogin-1 expression,a downregulation of markers for mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics,and a decline in the mRNA expression of fast oxidative myosin isoform IIa.It also resulted in the downregulation of microRNAs mir-206 and mir-208b,which support slow fiber types.There was an upregulation of CpG methylation in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha(PGC1a)promoter region and an accumulation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase(p-CaMK II),indicating an increase in myoplasmic calcium levels.Electrical stimulation during the 6-day disuse period prevented the disuse-induced decreases in mitochondria-related markers and the content of mir-206 and mir-208b.It also induced a shift in myosin m RNA expression from types IId/x to IIa,counteracted the accumulation of p-CaMK II and CpG methylation in the PGC1a promoter region.Conclusions:Electrical stimulation upregulated markers of both protein synthesis and proteolysis,as well as resulted in lower cross-sectional area of fast-type fibers compared to pre-DI+ES. 展开更多
关键词 Dry immersion Muscle disuse Electrical stimulation Muscle signaling
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Femtosecond laser-induced sub-50-nm period nanogratings with ultrahigh uniformity on graphite under water immersion 认领 引用 被引量：1
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作者 Qingyu Li Feng Zhou Min Huang 《International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2026年第1期573-600,共28页
Laser-induced periodic surface structures(LIPSS)have gained increasing attention in the field of microano fabrication,although achieving sub-100-nm period LIPSS with high uniformity remains a significant challenge.In ... Laser-induced periodic surface structures(LIPSS)have gained increasing attention in the field of microano fabrication,although achieving sub-100-nm period LIPSS with high uniformity remains a significant challenge.In this work,towards deep-subwavelength LIPSS on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite(HOPG),we demonstrate that ultra-uniform nanogratings of sub-50-nm periods and near-10-nm groove widths can be stably prepared via 800-nm femtosecond laser scanning irradiation with a high-NA objective lens under water immersion.The resulting nanogratings of strong polarization dependence,exhibiting exceptional surface flatness,period stability,and structural integrity,tend to appear at near-damage-threshold fluence regime with an appropriate effective pulse number.It turns out that the water immersion condition can significantly reduce the thermal effects of femtosecond laser ablation on HOPG,and thus via a mild,incubation-like scanning ablation process occurring in the nanogrooves with a continuous or jumping manner,this deep-subwavelength grating can achieve robust elongation growth,ensuring its long-range uniformity as well as minimal deposited debris and structural defects.Interestingly,the different incubation extension mechanisms for the mutually perpendicular and parallel settings between scanning direction and laser polarization bring not only distinct effective-pulse-number windows and somewhat different grating qualities,but also different extension stabilities in nanograting stitching via overlapping scanning lines and thus the optimal scanning strategy of parallel setting for large-area processing.In short,this study presents a convenient laser-processing approach for high precision fabrication of sub-50-nm gratings on HOPG,which would provide new insights into microano-fabrication for optoelectronic metasurfaces and physics of the interaction between ultrafast laser and graphite. 展开更多
关键词 deep-subwavelength grating femtosecond laser processing water immersion ultrahigh uniformity highly oriented pyrolytic graphite
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Immersion cooling technology:Coolants and modification,cooling surface structure and system optimization 认领 引用
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作者 Yarui Ji Xijia Zhou +5 位作者 Yaohui Zhu Xuyi Lu Muniran Tuluhong Haichao Zhang Zhirong Yang Deqiu Zou 《Journal of Energy Chemistry》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2026年第5期91-122,I0004,共32页
Immersion cooling has emerged as a promising advanced thermal management technology for electronic devices and energy storage systems,owing to its high heat transfer efficiency,safety,and energy-saving potential.Howev... Immersion cooling has emerged as a promising advanced thermal management technology for electronic devices and energy storage systems,owing to its high heat transfer efficiency,safety,and energy-saving potential.However,its large-scale application is hindered by multiple challenges:conventional coolants suffer from low thermal conductivity,low specific heat capacity,narrow boiling point range,and environmental risks.Additionally,inadequate design of cooling surface structures and cooling systems further restricts its development.To address these issues,this review comprehensively summarizes recent advances in two core aspects of immersion cooling:coolant modification and cooling surface structure and system optimization.Firstly,strategies for coolant modification are discussed,including enhancing the thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of single-phase coolants,as well as regulating the wide temperature range and conducting molecular modification of fluorinated fluids in two-phase immersion cooling to mitigate environmental concerns.Subsequently,optimization of cooling surface structures and systems is detailed,such as surface coatings for device protection,adjustment of surface roughness to enhance boiling heat transfer,integration of flow-guiding baffles,and design of inlet/outlet channels.These optimizations effectively improve the overall cooling efficiency.Furthermore,representative applications of immersion cooling in data centers,lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),solar photovoltaic(PV)panels,and electric motors are reviewed to illustrate its practical value.Finally,after comparing the performance of various coolant modification and cooling structure optimization strategies and summarizing existing limitations,the current technical challenges,improvement methods,and future development directions of immersion cooling technology are proposed.Future efforts should focus on leveraging artificial intelligence(AI)technology and reinforcement learning,conducting lifecycle assessments,and developing recyclable coolants to realize sustainable and economically viable immersion cooling systems.Meanwhile,optimizing material selection and system design parameters will further improve the overall efficiency of thermal management systems.Immersion cooling exhibits significant potential in reducing energy consumption,cutting carbon emissions,and enhancing safety,providing new insights for its future engineering applications. 展开更多
关键词 Immersion cooling Coolant modification Thermal management Heat transfer enhancement Environmental sustainability
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Barriers and enablers to participation in Immersion Therapy for people living with disability 认领 引用
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作者 Luke Romano James Martin Caroline Ellison 《Translational Exercise Biomedicine》 2026年第1期37-47,共11页
Objectives:This study explored the perceived barriers and enablers to participation in Immersion Therapy,a novel water-based intervention for people living with disability.Methods:A mixed-methods design was used,compr... Objectives:This study explored the perceived barriers and enablers to participation in Immersion Therapy,a novel water-based intervention for people living with disability.Methods:A mixed-methods design was used,comprising a custom survey with Likert-scale responses and optional comment sections,followed by semi-structured interviews.The survey was distributed to current and past Immersion Therapy participants recruited through purposive sampling in Adelaide,South Australia,between June and August 2024.Interviews were completed 2–6 weeks after the survey.Quantitative data were summarized descriptively,and qualitative insights were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis.Although full data saturation was not achieved,consistent themes were identified across data sources.Results:16 participants completed the survey,and seven completed interviews.Key barriers included travel distance,changeroom accessibility,and anxiety around participation.Some were impairment-specific(e.g.,temperature regula-tion,confidence in unfamiliar environments).Enablers included strong staff support,perceived safety,clear communication,and enjoyment.Participants often described a sense of empowerment and freedom of move-ment in water not achievable on land.Conclusions:Barriers and enablers to participation in Im-mersion Therapy at the single center studied reflect the complex interplay of environmental,psychological,and in-dividual factors.The findings highlight the importance of inclusive facility design,participant-centered communica-tion,and program flexibility.Given the modest sample size and single-site design,the findings should be interpreted as exploratory.Addressing these modifiable barriers may support improved accessibility to therapeutic exercise ser-vices for people living with disability. 展开更多
关键词 disability Immersion Therapy accessibility ac-cess to therapy exercise participation
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Perceptions,Attitudes,and Chinese Language Proficiency:A Qualitative Case Study of a Third-Grade Learner in a Dual Language Immersion Program 认领 引用
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作者 Zaozao Wang 《Cultural and Religious Studies》 2026年第2期87-91,共5页
This qualitative case study explores the relationship between a young learner's perceptions and attitudes toward learning Chinese as a second language (L2) and his Chinese language proficiency within a dual langua... This qualitative case study explores the relationship between a young learner's perceptions and attitudes toward learning Chinese as a second language (L2) and his Chinese language proficiency within a dual language immersion program in New York City. Focusing on a third-grade, non-Chinese heritage student who demonstrated markedly higher Chinese proficiency than his peers, the study draws on multiple data sources, including classroom observations,informal student interviews, parent interviews, and analysis of student work and assessment results. Findings indicate that the learner's positive yet largely unarticulated perceptions of Chinese learning, strong intrinsic motivation, and integrative orientation toward the target language and culture contributed significantly to his advanced proficiency.Parental language ideologies and a supportive, non-pressuring home environment further reinforced the learner's agency and engagement. The study highlights the reciprocal relationship between affective factors, learning behaviors.and language outcomes, and underscores the importance of fostering learner agency and positive affective experiences in early Chinese immersion contexts. Implications are discussed for bilingual education and Chinese dual language immersion programs, particularly in relation to curriculum design and teacher awareness of affective variables in second language acquisition. 展开更多
关键词 dual language immersion Chinese as a second language learner perceptions attitudes bilingual education qualitative case study
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Failure characteristics and mechanisms of uniaxial compressed red sandstone in non-uniform water distribution environment:Effects of immersion height and duration 认领 引用 被引量：2
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作者 Jiancheng Huang Yong Luo +5 位作者 Xuefeng Si Feng Lin Kun Wang Jiadong Qiu Fan Feng Qing Du 《International Journal of Mining Science and Technology》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2025年第10期1809-1826,共18页
To investigate the influence of non-uniform water distribution on the mechanical properties and failure behavior of red sandstone,we designed five immersion heights and durations to achieve varying non-uniform water d... To investigate the influence of non-uniform water distribution on the mechanical properties and failure behavior of red sandstone,we designed five immersion heights and durations to achieve varying non-uniform water distribution states.Uniaxial compression tests were conducted on red sandstone under these conditions.The effects of non-uniform water distribution on deformation,failure,strength,and energy characteristics of red sandstone were analyzed.The impact of non-uniform water distribution on the intensity of rock failure was discussed,and the failure mechanism under non-uniform water distribution was revealed.The hazards of low immersion heights on underground rock structures were analyzed.The results demonstrate that peak strength and elastic modulus of red sandstone exhibit high sensitivity to immersion height,with reductions of 38%and 23%respectively even at L=1/50H.Water immersion reduces both energy storage capacity and energy dissipation capability of red sandstone.The immersion height and duration influence the failure mode of red sandstone by controlling the migration and separation of dry-wet interfaces.Low immersion height poses significant risks to underground rock structures(e.g.,a 38%strength reduction when L=1/50H),and the concentration degree of water non-uniform distribution is the key factor in assessing the weakening effect of water on rocks. 展开更多
关键词 Immersion height Immersion duration Non-uniform water distribution Strength weakening Failure mechanism Red sandstone
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Immersion and Interaction: Diversified Strategies for Empowering Primary School Music Teaching with AI 认领 引用
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作者 Jiangang Ma 《Journal of Contemporary Educational Research》 2026年第6期251-256,共6页
musical elements into visualized and tangible musical scenarios,making music teaching more interactive and music learning more immersive.By empowering primary school music teaching with AI,teachers promote the diversi... musical elements into visualized and tangible musical scenarios,making music teaching more interactive and music learning more immersive.By empowering primary school music teaching with AI,teachers promote the diversification of music teaching modes,which conforms to the trend of basic education reform and the music learning needs of primary school students.Against the background of the new era,this paper constructs a diversified teaching strategy of immersion+interaction,explores feasible paths for AI-enabled primary school music teaching,and puts forward problems existing in practical application and corresponding improvement countermeasures,aiming to provide references for the innovative development of primary school music teaching. 展开更多
关键词 Artificial intelligence Primary school music Immersion Interaction Teaching strategy
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Exploration on the Collaborative Education Mechanism of College Design Education from the Perspective of Aesthetic Education Immersion:Focusing on the Cultivation of Art and Design Talents 认领 引用
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作者 Gao Peng Xue Zheng 《Journal of Contemporary Educational Research》 2026年第7期237-246,共10页
In 2023, the Ministry of Education fully implemented the School Aesthetic Education Immersion Initiative, charting a new direction for the cultivation of art and design talents in colleges and universities. Against th... In 2023, the Ministry of Education fully implemented the School Aesthetic Education Immersion Initiative, charting a new direction for the cultivation of art and design talents in colleges and universities. Against this policy background, the integration of the aesthetic education immersion concept with the collaborative mechanism of design education is crucial to improving the quality of talent cultivation. From the perspective of aesthetic education immersion, this paper systematically sorts out the policy connotation and theoretical foundation of collaborative education, analyzes the prevailing problems in current design education regarding aesthetic education cognition, curriculum system, faculty allocation, and industry-education collaboration, and proposes a “five-dimensional immersion” collaborative education mechanism. Furthermore, it puts forward feasible implementation strategies from the aspects of top-level design, curriculum reform, faculty team building, industry-education integration, and evaluation mechanism, providing theoretical and practical references for the cultivation of design talents in colleges and universities in the new era. 展开更多
关键词 Aesthetic education immersion Design education Collaborative education Talent cultivation
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Microstructure deterioration of sandstone under freeze-thaw cycles using CT technology:The effects of different water immersion conditions 认领 引用 被引量：10
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作者 Bei Qiu Lifeng Fan Xiuli Du 《Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering》 SCIE CSCD 2025年第3期1599-1611,共13页
In cold regions,rock structures will be weakened by freeze-thaw cycles under various water immersion conditions.Determining how water immersion conditions impact rock deterioration under freeze-thaw cycles is critical... In cold regions,rock structures will be weakened by freeze-thaw cycles under various water immersion conditions.Determining how water immersion conditions impact rock deterioration under freeze-thaw cycles is critical to assess accurately the frost resistance of engineered rock.In this paper,freeze-thaw cycles(temperature range of-20℃-20℃)were performed on the sandstones in different water immersion conditions(fully,partially and non-immersed in water).Then,computed tomography(CT)tests were conducted on the sandstones when the freeze-thaw number reached 0,5,10,15,20 and 30.Next,the effects of water immersion conditions on the microstructure deterioration of sandstone under freezethaw cycles were evaluated using CT spatial imaging,porosity and damage factor.Finally,focusing on the partially immersed condition,the immersion volume rate was defined to understand the effects of immersion degree on the freeze-thaw damage of sandstone and to propose a damage model considering the freeze-thaw number and immersion degree.The results show that with increasing freeze-thaw number,the porosities and damage factors under fully and partially immersed conditions increase continuously,while those under non-immersed condition first increase and then remain approximately constant.The most severe freeze-thaw damage occurs in fully immersed condition,followed by partially immersed condition and finally non-immersed condition.Interestingly,the freeze-thaw number and the immersion volume rate both impact the microstructure deterioration of the partially immersed sandstone.For the same freeze-thaw number,the damage factor increases approximately linearly with increasing immersion volume rate,and the increasing immersion degree exacerbates the microstructure deterioration of sandstone.Moreover,the proposed model can effectively estimate the freeze-thaw damage of partially immersed sandstone with different immersion volume rates. 展开更多
关键词 Freeze-thaw cycles Water immersion condition Computed tomography(CT) Microstructure deterioration Sandstone
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Enhanced permeability mechanism in coal seams through liquid nitrogen immersion:multi-scale pore structure analysis 认领 引用 被引量：1
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作者 LI Xue-long CHEN De-you +5 位作者 LIU Shu-min WANG Deng-ke SUN Hai-tao YIN Da-wei ZHANG Yong-gang GONG Bin 《Journal of Central South University》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2025年第7期2732-2749,共18页
The geological structure of coal seams in China is remarkably varied and complex,with coalbed methane reservoirs marked by significant heterogeneity and low permeability,creating substantial technical challenges for e... The geological structure of coal seams in China is remarkably varied and complex,with coalbed methane reservoirs marked by significant heterogeneity and low permeability,creating substantial technical challenges for efficient extraction.This study systematically investigates the impact of liquid nitrogen immersion(LNI)on the coal’s pore structure and its mechanism of enhancing permeability with a combination of quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)analysis,nitrogen adsorption experiments,and fractal dimension calculations.The results demonstrate that LNI can damage the coal’s pore structure and promote fracture expansion through thermal stress induction and moisture phase transformation,thereby enhancing the permeability of coal seams.The T2peak area in the NMR experiments on coal samples subjected to LNI treatment shows a significant increase,the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET)specific surface area decreases to 6.02 m2/g,and the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda(BJH)total pore volume increases to 14.99 mm3/g.Furthermore,changes in fractal dimensions(D1rising from 2.804 to 2.837,and D2falling from 2.757 to 2.594)indicate a notable enhancement in the complexity of the pore structure.With increasing LNI cycles,the adsorption capacity of the coal samples diminishes,suggesting a significant optimization of the pore structure.This optimization is particularly evident in the reconstruction of the micropore structure,which in turn greatly enhances the complexity and connectivity of the sample’s pore network.In summary,the study concludes that LNI technology can effectively improve the permeability of coal seams and the extraction efficiency of coalbed methane by optimizing the micropore structure and enhancing pore connectivity,which offers a potential method for enhancing the permeability of gas-bearing coal seams and facilitating the development and utilization of coalbed methane. 展开更多
关键词 liquid nitrogen immersion(LNI) coal seam pore structure permeability nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) fractal dimension
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Gel immersion in endoscopy:Exploring potential applications 认领 引用
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作者 Hiroki Sato Hidemasa Kawabata Mikihiro Fujiya 《World Journal of Gastroenterology》 SCIE CAS 2025年第4期24-41,共18页
The challenge of effectively eliminating air during gastrointestinal endoscopy using ultrasound techniques is apparent.This difficulty arises from the intricacies of removing concealed air within the folds of the gast... The challenge of effectively eliminating air during gastrointestinal endoscopy using ultrasound techniques is apparent.This difficulty arises from the intricacies of removing concealed air within the folds of the gastrointestinal tract,resulting in artifacts and compromised visualization.In addition,the overlap of folds with lesions can obscure their depth and size,presenting challenges for an accurate assessment.Conversely,in intricately folded regions of the gastrointestinal tract,such as the stomach,intestine,and colon,insufficient delivery of air or CO2 into the cavity impedes luminal expansion,hindering the accurate visualization of lesions concealed within the folds.Although this underscores the requirement for substantial airflow,excessive airflow can hinder visualization of bleeding lesions and other abnormalities.Considering these challenges,an ideal endoscopic device would facilitate the observation of lesions without the requirement for air or CO2 delivery whereas,ensuring optimal expansion of the gastrointestinal tract.Recently,transparent gels with specific viscosities have been employed more frequently to address this issue.This review aims to elucidate how these gels address these challenges and provide a solution for enhanced endoscopic visualization. 展开更多
关键词 Gel immersion Endoscopy Endoscopic visualization Gastrointestinal endoscopy Endoscopic ultrasonography
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Enhanced Conductivity of Multilayer Copper-Carbon Nanofilms via Plasma Immersion Deposition 认领 引用 被引量：1
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作者 Haotian Weng Xiwu Zhang +5 位作者 Xuan Liu Yunhui Tang Hewei Yuan Yang Xu Kun Li Xiaolu Huang 《Nano-Micro Letters》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2025年第6期112-127,共16页
Although room-temperature superconductivity is still difficult to achieve,researching materials with electrical conductivity significantly higher than that of copper will be of great importance in improving energy eff... Although room-temperature superconductivity is still difficult to achieve,researching materials with electrical conductivity significantly higher than that of copper will be of great importance in improving energy efficiency,reducing costs,lightening equipment weight,and enhancing overall performance.Herein,this study presents a novel copper-carbon nanofilm composite with enhanced conductivity which has great applications in the electronic devices and electrical equipment.Multilayer copper-carbon nanofilms and interfaces with superior electronic structures are formed based on copper materials using plasma immersion nanocarbon layer deposition technology,effectively enhancing conductivity.Experimental results show that for a five-layer copper-carbon nanofilm composite,the conductivity improves significantly when the thickness of the carbon nanofilm increases.When the carbon nanofilm accounts for 16%of the total thickness,the overall conductivity increases up to 30.20%compared to pure copper.The mechanism of the enhanced conductivity is analyzed including roles of copper atom adsorption sites and electron migration pathways by applying effective medium theory,first-principles calculations and density of states analysis.Under an applied electric field,the high-density electrons in the copper film can migrate into the nanocarbon film,forming highly efficient electron transport channels,which significantly enhance the material’s conductivity.Finally,large-area electrode coating equipment is developed based on this study,providing the novel and robust strategy to enhance the conductivity of copper materials,which enables industrial application of copper-carbon nanocomposite films in the field of high conductivity materials. 展开更多
关键词 Copper-carbon nanofilms Plasma immersion Carbon layer deposition Electron mobility
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Simulation and Thermal Runaway Experiment Study on Immersion and Cold Plate Cooling with 4680 Cylindrical Battery Pack 认领 引用 被引量：1
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作者 Wan Fulai Zhao Qingliang +2 位作者 Luo Yitao Zhang Feng Li Guangjun 《汽车技术》 CSCD 北大核心 2025年第10期10-20,共11页
This study focuses on the thermal management of 4680-type cylindrical lithium-ion battery packs utilizing NCM811 chemistry.It establishes coupled multi-physics models for both immersion and serpentine cold plate cooli... This study focuses on the thermal management of 4680-type cylindrical lithium-ion battery packs utilizing NCM811 chemistry.It establishes coupled multi-physics models for both immersion and serpentine cold plate cooling systems.Through a combination of numerical simulation and experimental validation,the technical advantages and mechanisms of immersion cooling are systematically explored.Simulation results indicate that under a 3C fast-charging condition(inlet temperature 20℃,flow rate 36 L/min),the immersion cooling structure 3demonstrates a triple enhancement in thermal performance compared to the cold plate structure 1:a 13.06%reduction in peak temperature,a 31.67%decrease in overall maximum temperature difference,and a 47.62%decrease in single-cell temperature deviation,while also reducing flow resistance by 33.61%.Furthermore,based on the immersion cooling model,a small battery module comprising seven cylindrical cells was designed for thermal runaway testing via nail penetration.The results show that the peak temperature of the triggered cell was limited to 437.6℃,with a controllable temperature rise gradient of only 3.35℃/s and a rapid cooling rate of 0.6℃/s.The maximum temperature rise of adjacent cells was just 64.8℃,effectively inhibiting thermal propagation.Post-test disassembly revealed that the non-triggered cells retained>99.2%of their original voltage and>99%structural integrity,confirming the module’s ability to achieve“localized failure with global stability.” 展开更多
关键词 Immersion cooling 4680 battery Thermal runaway Numerical simulation
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Self-healing capability of epoxy coating using dual-component microcapsules under immersion 认领 引用
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作者 Mariel Amparo Fernandez Aramayo Idalina Vieira Aoki 《Journal of Iron and Steel Research International》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2025年第5期1186-1198,共13页
The self-healing properties of dual-component epoxy microcapsules are evaluated when incorporated into an epoxy coating.The performance of the coating was assessed under immersion in a saline solution,simulating seawa... The self-healing properties of dual-component epoxy microcapsules are evaluated when incorporated into an epoxy coating.The performance of the coating was assessed under immersion in a saline solution,simulating seawater conditions.Initially,synthesized microcapsules are incorporated into the epoxy coating.Then,the self-healing capabilities of the coating are studied under immersion using scanning vibrating electrode technique(SVET),open circuit potential(OCP),electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS)and immersion corrosion test on coated samples with intentionally created artificial defects.The last three tests were conducted in a 3.5%NaCl solution.The adhesion of the coating is also studied by pull-off adhesion test.SVET analyses reveal lower ionic current densities in coated samples containing microcapsules during 24 h of immersion.EIS results demonstrate self-healing at the defect site for up to 12 h of immersion.After this time,the corrosion protection diminishes with prolonged immersion in the saline solution.Despite this,the coating with the microcapsules exhibits decrease in the corrosion process compared to the coating without the microcapsules.These results are consistent and complement the outcomes of the immersion tests conducted over 360 and 1056 h,which indicate that coated samples without microcapsules exhibit double the corroded areas around the scribes compared to coated samples containing the microcapsules.These findings offer a promising outlook for applying this coating on offshore carbon steel structures under immersion aiming for a longer lifetime with less maintenance intervention. 展开更多
关键词 Corrosion Self-healing coating Immersion test Dual-component microcapsule Epoxy system
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Compressible Boundary Data Immersion Method Applied to Force and Noise in Turbulence-Ingesting Rotors 认领 引用
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作者 Huiyun Hao Qin Wu +1 位作者 Xin Zhao Biao Huang 《哈尔滨工程大学学报（英文版）》 CSCD 2025年第4期744-752,共9页
Numerical simulations were conducted on a 10-blade Sevik rotor ingesting wake downstream of two turbulence-generating grids.These simulations were based on implicit large-eddy simulation(ILES)and the boundary data imm... Numerical simulations were conducted on a 10-blade Sevik rotor ingesting wake downstream of two turbulence-generating grids.These simulations were based on implicit large-eddy simulation(ILES)and the boundary data immersion method(BDIM)for compressible flows,which were solved using a fully self-programmed Fortran code.Results show that the predicted thrust spectrum aligns closely with the experimental measurements.In addition,it captures the thrust dipole directivity of the noise around the rotating propeller due to random pressure pulsations on the blades,as well as the flow structures simultaneously.Furthermore,the differences in the statistical characteristics,flow structures,and low-frequency broadband thrust spectra due to different turbulence levels were investigated.This analysis indicates that the interaction between the upstream,which is characterized by a lower turbulence level and a higher turbulent length of scale,and the rotating propeller results in a lower amplitude in force spectra and a slight increase in the scale of tip vortices. 展开更多
关键词 Immersed boundary method Compressible fluid Turbulence Hydroacoustic Broadband Propeller
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Beneficial effects of a novel shark-skin collagen dressing for the promotion of seawater immersion wound healing 认领 引用 被引量：11
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作者 Xian-Rong Shen Xiu-Li Chen +8 位作者 Hai-Xia Xie Ying He Wei Chen Qun Luo Wei-Hong Yuan Xue Tang Deng-Yong Hou Ding-Wen Jiang Qing-Rong Wang 《Military Medical Research》 SCIE CAS 2018年第2期117-128,共12页
Background: Wounded personnel who work at sea often encounter a plethora of difficulties. The most important of these difficulties is seawater immersion. Common medical dressings have little effect when the affected a... Background: Wounded personnel who work at sea often encounter a plethora of difficulties. The most important of these difficulties is seawater immersion. Common medical dressings have little effect when the affected area is immersed in seawater, and only rarely dressings have been reported for the treatment of seawater-immersed wounds. The objective of this study is to develop a new dressing which should be suitable to prevent the wound from seawater immersion and to promote the wound healing.Methods: Shark skin collagen(SSC) was purified via ethanol de-sugaring and de-pigmentation and adjusted for p H. A shark skin collagen sponge(SSCS) was prepared by freeze-drying. SSCS was attached to an anti-seawater immersion polyurethane(PU) film(SSCS+PU) to compose a new dressing. The biochemical properties of SSC and physicochemical properties of SSCS were assessed by standard methods. The effects of SSCS and SSCS+PU on the healing of seawaterimmersed wounds were studied using a seawater immersion rat model. For the detection of SSCS effects on seawaterimmersed wounds, 12 SD rats, with four wounds created in each rat, were divided into four groups: the 3 rd day group, 5 th day group, 7 th day group and 12 th day group. In each group, six wounds were treated with SSCS, three wounds treated with chitosan served as the positive control, and three wounds treated with gauze served as the negative control. For the detection of the SSCS+PU effects on seawater-immersed wounds, 36 SD rats were divided into three groups: the gauze(GZ)+PU group, chitosan(CS)+PU group and SSCS+PU group, with 12 rats in each group, and two wounds in each rat. The wound sizes were measured to calculate the healing rate, and histomorphology and the immunohistochemistry of the CD31 and TGF-β expression levels in the wounded tissues were measured by standard methods.Results: The results of Ultraviolet-visible(UV-vis) spectrum, Fourier-transform infrared(FTIR) spectrum, circular dichroism(CD) spectra, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE), and amino acid composition analyses of SSC demonstrated that SSC is type I collagen. SSCS had a homogeneous porous structure of approximately 200μm, porosity rate of 83.57%±2.64%, water vapor transmission ratio(WVTR) of 4500 g/m2, tensile strength of 1.79±0.41 N/mm, and elongation at break of 4.52%±0.01%. SSCS had significant beneficial effects on seawater-immersed wound healing. On the 3 rd day, the healing rates in the GZ negative control, CS positive control and SSCS rats were 13.94%±5.50%, 29.40%±1.10% and 47.24%±8.40%, respectively. SSCS also enhanced TGF-in the initial stage of the healing period. The SSCS+PU dressing effectively protected woundsβ and CD31 expression from seawater immersion for at least 4 h, and accelerated re-epithelialization, vascularization and granulation formation of seawater-immersed wounds in the earlier stages of wound healing, and as well as significantly promoted wound healing. The SSCS+PU dressing also enhanced expression of TGF-n and gauze dressings.β and CD31. The effects of SSCS and SSCS+PU were superior to those of both the chitosaConclusion: SSCS has significant positive effects on the promotion of seawater-immersed wound healing, and a SSCS+PU dressing effectively prevents seawater immersion, and significantly promotes seawater-immersed wound healing. 展开更多
关键词 Anti-seawater immersion dressing Shark skin collagen Seawater immersion wound Wound healing
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Effect of immersion Ni plating on interface microstructure and mechanical properties of Al/Cu bimetal 认领 引用 被引量：14
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作者 赵佳蕾 接金川 +3 位作者 陈飞 陈航 李廷举 曹志强 《Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2014年第6期1659-1665,共7页
A nickel-based coating was deposited on the pure Al substrate by immersion plating,and the Al/Cu bimetals were prepared by diffusion bonding in the temperature range of 450-550 ℃.The interce microstructure and fractu... A nickel-based coating was deposited on the pure Al substrate by immersion plating,and the Al/Cu bimetals were prepared by diffusion bonding in the temperature range of 450-550 ℃.The interce microstructure and fracture surface of Al/Cu joints were studied by scanning electron microscopy（SEM） and X-ray diffraction（XRD）.The mechanical properties of the Al/Cu bimetals were measured by tensile shear and microhardness tests.The results show that the Ni interiayer can effectively eliminate the formation of Al-Cu intermetallic compounds.The Al/Ni interface consists of the Al3Ni and Al3Ni2 phases,while it is Ni-Cu solid solution at the Ni/Cu interce.The tensile shear strength of the joints is improved by the addition of Ni interiayer.The joint with Ni interiayer annealed at 500 ℃ exhibits a maximum value of tensile shear strength of 34.7 MPa. 展开更多
关键词 Al/Cu bimetal immersion Ni plating interface diffusion bonding intermetallics
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Accuracy of axial length measurements from immersion B-scan ultrasonography in highly myopic eyes 认领 引用 被引量：11
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作者 Qing-Hua Yang Bing Chen +2 位作者 Guang-Hua Peng Zhao-Hui Li Yi-Fei Huang 《International Journal of Ophthalmology(English edition)》 SCIE CAS 2014年第3期441-445,共5页
AIM:To evaluate the accuracy of axial length(AL)measurements obtained from immersion B-scan ultrasonography(immersion B-scan)for intraocular lens(IOL)power calculation in patients with high myopia and cataracts.METHOD... AIM:To evaluate the accuracy of axial length(AL)measurements obtained from immersion B-scan ultrasonography(immersion B-scan)for intraocular lens(IOL)power calculation in patients with high myopia and cataracts.METHODS:Immersion B-scan,contact A-scan ultrasonography(contact A-scan),and the IOLMaster were used to preoperatively measure the AL in 102 eyes from 102 patients who underwent phacoemulsification and IOL implantation.Patients were divided into two groups according to the AL:one containing patients with22 mm≤AL【26 mm(group A)and the other containing patients with AL≥26 mm(group B).The mean error(ME)was calculated from the difference between the AL measurement methods predicted refractive error and the actual postoperative refractive error.RESULTS:Ingroup A,ALs measured byimmersion Bscan(23.48±1.15)didn’t differ significantly from those measured by the IOLMaster(23.52±1.17)or from those by contact A-scan(23.38±1.20).In the same group,the standard deviation(SD)of the mean error(ME)of immersion B-scan(-0.090±0.397 D)didn’t differ significantly from those of IOLMaster(-0.095±0.411 D)and contact A-scan(-0.099±0.425 D).In group B,ALs measured by immersion B-scan(27.97±2.21 mm)didn’t differ significantly from those of the IOLMaster(27.86±2.18 mm),but longer than those measured by Contact A-scan(27.75±2.23 mm,P=0.009).In the same group,the standard deviation(SD)of the mean error(ME)of immersion B-scan(-0.635±0.157 D)didn’t differ significantly from those of the IOLMaster(-0.679±0.359 D),but differed significantly from those of contact A-scan(-0.953±1.713 D,P=0.028).CONCLUSION:ImmersionB-scanexhibitsmeasurement accuracy comparable to that of the IOLMaster,and is thus a good alternative in measuring AL in eyes with high myopia when the IOLMaster can’t be used,and it is more accurate than the contact A-scan. 展开更多
关键词 axial length measurement immersion ultrasonography high myopia
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Water‑immersion softening mechanism of coal rock mass based on split Hopkinson pressure bar experiment 认领 引用 被引量：6
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作者 Zhiyuan Liu Gang Wang +4 位作者 Jinzhou Li Huaixing Li Haifeng Zhao Hongwei Shi Jianli Lan 《International Journal of Coal Science & Technology》 EI CAS CSCD 2022年第4期122-134,共13页
The coal mining process is afected by various water sources such as groundwater and coal seam water injection.Understanding the dynamic mechanical parameters of water-immersed coal is helpful for coalmine safe product... The coal mining process is afected by various water sources such as groundwater and coal seam water injection.Understanding the dynamic mechanical parameters of water-immersed coal is helpful for coalmine safe production.The impact compression tests were performed on coal with diferent moisture contents by using theϕ50 mm Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar(SHPB)experimental system,and the dynamic characteristics and energy loss laws of water-immersed coal with diferent compositions and water contents were analyzed.Through analysis and discussion,it is found that:(1)When the moisture content of the coal sample is 0%,30%,60%,the stress,strain rate and energy frst increase and then decrease with time.(2)When the moisture content of the coal sample increases from 30%to 60%,the stress“plateau”of the coal sample becomes more obvious,resulting in an increase in the compressive stress stage and a decrease in the expansion stress stage.(3)The increase of moisture content of the coal sample will afect its impact deformation and failure mode.When the moisture content is 60%,the incident rod end and the transmission rod end of the coal sample will have obvious compression failure,and the middle part of the coal sample will also experience expansion and deformation.(4)The coal composition ratio suitable for the coal immersion softening impact experiment is optimized. 展开更多
关键词 Coal immersion softening Dynamic compressive response Split Hopkinson pressure bar Softening mechanism model
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