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Tunable,narrow-linewidth long-wave infrared optical parametric oscillator based on a type-Ⅱ BaGa4Se7 crystal 认领 引用
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作者 Jinhe Yuan Xiaoxiao Hua +4 位作者 Baoquan Yao Xiaoming Duan Mofan Yang Ziyi Wu Xinpeng Dong 《Chinese Optics Letters》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2026年第7期119-124,共6页
In this Letter,we proposed a narrow-linewidth long-wave infrared laser based on a type-Ⅱ noncritical phase-matched BaGa4Se7 optical parametric oscillator(BGSe-OPO),which was pumped by a 2.09μm laser.We used a ... In this Letter,we proposed a narrow-linewidth long-wave infrared laser based on a type-Ⅱ noncritical phase-matched BaGa4Se7 optical parametric oscillator(BGSe-OPO),which was pumped by a 2.09μm laser.We used a volume Bragg grating(VBG)operating at 2.64μm and combined with a Fabry-Pérot etalon to compress the linewidth of the signal.As a result,the linewidth of the idler was also compressed.The noncritical phase-matched technology used here can partially compensate for the excessively high threshold of the OPO caused by the linewidth narrowing devices.When the temperature of the BGSe crystal was 8℃,the central wavelength of the idler was 10,075.7 nm,corresponding to a full width at half-maximum(FWHM)linewidth of 5.9 nm(0.53 cm-1).Compared with the FWHM linewidth of 60 nm obtained in the free-running regime(without the VBG and the etalon),the compression ratio in the linewidth was as low as~0.1.To the best of our knowledge,0.53 cm-1is the narrowest linewidth achieved by a BGSe-OPO.In addition,the central wavelength of the idler decreased from 10,094.7to 10,085.8 nm when the temperature of the VBG increased from 6℃ to 30℃.This research result indicates that the finetuning of the idler wavelength can be achieved by controlling the temperature of the VBG. 展开更多
关键词 long-wave infrared laser BaGa4Se7 optical parametric oscillator narrow linewidth
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Influence of laser linewidth on performance of Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry 认领 引用 被引量:10
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作者 郝蕴琦 叶青 +2 位作者 潘政清 蔡海文 瞿荣辉 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2013年第7期257-261,共5页
The effects of optical sources with different laser linewidths on Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry (BOTDR) are investigated numerically and experimentally. Simulation results show that the spectral linewi... The effects of optical sources with different laser linewidths on Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry (BOTDR) are investigated numerically and experimentally. Simulation results show that the spectral linewidth of spontaneous Brillouin scattering remains almost constant when the laser linewidth is less than 1 MHz at the same pulse width; otherwise, it increases sharply. A comparison between a fiber laser (FL) with 4-kHz linewidth at 3 dB and a distributed feedback (DFB) laser with 3-MHz linewidth is made experimentally. When a constant laser power is launched into the sensing fiber, the fitting linewidths of the beat signals (backscattered Brillouin light and local oscillator (LO)) is about 5 MHz wider for the DFB laser than for the FL and the intensity of the beat signal is about a half. Furthermore, the frequency fluctuation in the long sensing fiber is lower for the FL source, yielding about 2 MHz less than that of the DFB laser, indicating higher temperature/strain resolution. The experimental results are in good agreement with the numerical simulations. 展开更多
关键词 Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry (BOTDR) laser linewidth distributed feedback laser fiber laser
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Two-hertz-linewidth Nd:YAG lasers at 1064 nm stabilized to vertically mounted ultra-stable cavities 认领 引用 被引量:6
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作者 蒋燕义 毕志毅 +1 位作者 徐信业 马龙生 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS 2008年第6期2152-2155,共4页
Two Nd:YAG lasers operating at 1064 nm are separately servo-locked to two vertically mounted ultra-stable cavities. The optical heterodyne beat between two cavity-stabilized lasers shows that the linewidth of each la... Two Nd:YAG lasers operating at 1064 nm are separately servo-locked to two vertically mounted ultra-stable cavities. The optical heterodyne beat between two cavity-stabilized lasers shows that the linewidth of each laser reaches 2 Hz and the average frequency drift reduces to less than 1 Hz/s. 展开更多
关键词 narrow linewidth laser laser frequency stabilization high finesse cavity optical clock
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Broad bandwidth interference filter-stabilized external cavity diode laser with narrow linewidth below 100kHz 认领 引用 被引量:6
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作者 潘冠中 关宝璐 +3 位作者 徐晨 李鹏涛 杨嘉炜 刘振杨 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2018年第1期381-384,共4页
Interference filter-stabilized external cavity diode lasers (ECDLs) have properties of simple configurations, high sta- bilities, and narrow linewidths. However, the interference filter used in common ECDL designs r... Interference filter-stabilized external cavity diode lasers (ECDLs) have properties of simple configurations, high sta- bilities, and narrow linewidths. However, the interference filter used in common ECDL designs requires an ultra-narrow bandwidth (about 0.3 nm) to achieve mode selection, that is considerably expensive and not yet available for a wide range of wavelengths. In this paper, a robust ECDL using an available broad bandwidth (about 4 nm) interference filter as the wavelength discriminator is constructed and tested. The ECDL demonstrated a narrow Lorentzian fitted linewidth of 95 kHz and a spectral purity of 2.9 MHz. The long-term frequency stability of the ECDL reaches 5.59 x 10 12. 展开更多
关键词 external cavity diode laser narrow linewidth high frequency stability
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High-power,narrow linewidth solid-state deep ultraviolet laser generation at 193 nm by frequency mixing in LBO crystals 认领 引用 被引量:8
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作者 Zhitao Zhang Hanghang Yu +3 位作者 Sheng Chen Zheng Li Xiaobo Heng Hongwen Xuan 《Advanced Photonics Nexus》 2024年第2期107-113,共7页
A 60-mW solid-state deep ultraviolet(DUV)laser at 193 nm with narrow linewidth is obtained with two stages of sum frequency generation in LBO crystals.The pump lasers,at 258 and 1553 nm,are derived from a homemade Yb-... A 60-mW solid-state deep ultraviolet(DUV)laser at 193 nm with narrow linewidth is obtained with two stages of sum frequency generation in LBO crystals.The pump lasers,at 258 and 1553 nm,are derived from a homemade Yb-hybrid laser employing fourth-harmonic generation and Er-doped fiber laser,respectively.The Yb-hybrid laser,finally,is power scaling by a 2 mm×2 mm×30 mm Yb:YAG bulk crystal.Accompanied by the generated 220-mW DUV laser at 221 nm,the 193-nm laser delivers an average power of 60 mW with a pulse duration of 4.6 ns,a repetition rate of 6 kHz,and a linewidth of∼640 MHz.To the best of our knowledge,this is the highest power of 193-and 221-nm laser generated by an LBO crystal ever reported as well as the narrowest linewidth of 193-nm laser by it.Remarkably,the conversion efficiency reaches 27%for 221 to 193 nm and 3%for 258 to 193 nm,which are the highest efficiency values reported to date.We demonstrate the huge potential of LBO crystals for producing hundreds of milliwatt or even watt level 193-nm laser,which also paves a brand-new way to generate other DUV laser wavelengths. 展开更多
关键词 193 nm solid-state laser deep ultraviolet LBO crystal sum frequency mixing narrow linewidth
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Spectral feature with sub-natural linewidth due to quantum interference in a four-level system 认领 引用 被引量:2
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作者 杨丽君 张连水 +2 位作者 庄仲红 郭庆林 傅广生 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS 2008年第6期2147-2151,共5页
This paper studies the narrow spectral feature appearing in a four-level system coupled by two strong coherent fields and probed by a weak laser field. The linewidth is examined as a function of the Rabi frequencies o... This paper studies the narrow spectral feature appearing in a four-level system coupled by two strong coherent fields and probed by a weak laser field. The linewidth is examined as a function of the Rabi frequencies of coupling fields, and the result is explained by using the dressed-state formalism. 展开更多
关键词 quantum interference linewidth dressed-state
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Transportable 1555-nm Ultra-Stable Laser with Sub-0.185-Hz Linewidth 认领 引用 被引量:9
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作者 Zhao-Yang Tai Lu-Lu Yan +4 位作者 Yan-Yan Zhang Xiao-Fei Zhang Wen-Ge Guo Shou-Gang Zhang Hai-Feng Jiang 《Chinese Physics Letters》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2017年第9期33-36,共4页
We present two cavity-stabilized lasers at 1555 nm, which are built to be the frequency source for a transportable photonic microwave generation system. The frequency instability reaches the thermal noise limit (7 &#... We present two cavity-stabilized lasers at 1555 nm, which are built to be the frequency source for a transportable photonic microwave generation system. The frequency instability reaches the thermal noise limit (7 ×10-16) of the 10-cm ultra-low expansion glass cavity at 1-10s averaging time and the beat signal of the two lasers reveals a remarkable linewidth of 185mHz. 展开更多
关键词 Transportable 1555-nm Ultra-Stable Laser with Sub-0.185-Hz Linewidth
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Cavity linewidth narrowing with dark-state polaritons 认领 引用 被引量:2
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作者 林功伟 杨洁 +1 位作者 钮月萍 龚尚庆 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2016年第1期585-588,共4页
We present a quantum-theoretical treatment of cavity linewidth narrowing with intracavity electromagnetically in- duced transparency (EIT). By means of intracavity EIT, the photons in the cavity are in the form of c... We present a quantum-theoretical treatment of cavity linewidth narrowing with intracavity electromagnetically in- duced transparency (EIT). By means of intracavity EIT, the photons in the cavity are in the form of cavity polaritons: bright-state polariton and dark-state polariton. Strong coupling of the bright-state polariton to the excited state induces an effect known as vacuum Rabi splitting, whereas the dark-state polariton decoupled from the excited state induces a narrow cavity transmission window. Our analysis would provide a quantum theory of linewidth narrowing with a quantum field pulse. 展开更多
关键词 cavity electromagnetically induced transparency linewidth narrowing dark-state polariton
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Effect of DBR Geometry on Reflectivity and Spectral Linewidth of DBR Lasers 认领 引用 被引量:2
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作者 方达伟 张艺 +2 位作者 李晨霞 Manzaneda C 李波 《Journal of Semiconductors》 CAS 北大核心 2005年第12期2315-2319,共5页
The linewidths of InGaAs-GaAs-AlGaAs DBR lasers with varied DBR dimensional parameters are measured and analyzed. These lasers were built with different DBR grating lengths and depths in order to explore the effect of... The linewidths of InGaAs-GaAs-AlGaAs DBR lasers with varied DBR dimensional parameters are measured and analyzed. These lasers were built with different DBR grating lengths and depths in order to explore the effect of the size of the DBR on its coupling coefficient and reflectivity,and hence on the linewidth of the laser diodes. The linewidths were measured by employing a self heterodyne linewidth measurement system. The experimental and calculated data for DBR reflectivity and spectral linewidth are given. The relationship between these data and the dimensions of the DBR is analyzed. Based on this analysis,the effect of the DBR geometry on the linewidth of the lasers is explored. The results give useful information related to the design and fabrication of such DBR lasers. 展开更多
关键词 linewidth distributed Bragg reflector InGaAs-GaAs-AlGaAs semiconductor lasers
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Effect of Interconnect Linewidth on Evolution of Intragranular Microcracks Due to Electromigration Analyzed by Finite Element Method 认领 引用 被引量:3
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作者 HE Dingni HUANG Peizhen 《Transactions of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics》 EI CSCD 2019年第2期290-297,共8页
The effect of interconnect linewidth on the evolution of intragranular microcracks due to surface diffusion induced by electromigration is analyzed by finite element method.The numerical results indicate that there ex... The effect of interconnect linewidth on the evolution of intragranular microcracks due to surface diffusion induced by electromigration is analyzed by finite element method.The numerical results indicate that there exists critical values of the linewidth hc,the electric fieldχc and the aspect ratioβc.When h>hc,χ<χc orβ<βc,the microcrack will evolve into a stable shape as it migrates along the interconnect line.When h≤hc,χ≥χc orβ≥βc,the microcrack will split into two smaller microcracks.The critical electric field,the critical aspect ratio and the splitting time have a stronger dependence on the linewidth when h≤6.In addition,the decrease of the linewidth,the increase of the electric field or the aspect ratio is beneficial to accelerate microcrack splitting,which may delay the open failure of the interconnect line. 展开更多
关键词 finite element method surface diffusion electromigration linewidth microcrack evolution
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Combined effect of light intensity and temperature on the magnetic resonance linewidth in alkali vapor cell with buffer gas 认领 引用 被引量:1
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作者 高阳 董海峰 +2 位作者 王翔 王笑菲 尹凌霄 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2017年第6期417-421,共5页
One of the peculiar phenomenons in non-zero magnetic resonance magnetometer is that, with the increase of the temperature, the magnetic resonance linewidth is narrowed at first instead of broadened due to the increasi... One of the peculiar phenomenons in non-zero magnetic resonance magnetometer is that, with the increase of the temperature, the magnetic resonance linewidth is narrowed at first instead of broadened due to the increasing collision rate. The magnetometer usually operates at the narrowest linewidth temperature to obtain the best sensitivity. Here, we explain this phenomenon quantitatively considering the nonlinear of the optical pumping in the cell and did experiments to verify this explanation. The magnetic resonance linewidth is measured using one amplitude-modulated pump laser and one continuous probe laser. The field is along the direction orthogonal to the plane of pump and probe beams. We change the temperature from 53℃ to 93℃ and the pumping light from 0.1 mW to 2 mW. The experimental results agree well with the theoretical calculations. 展开更多
关键词 atomic magnetometer magnetic resonance linewidth temperature
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Broad-Band FMR Linewidth of Co_2MnSi Thin Films with Low Damping Factor:The Role of Two-Magnon Scattering 认领 引用 被引量:1
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作者 乔士柱 任全年 +8 位作者 郝润润 钟海 康韵 康仕寿 秦羽丰 于淑云 韩广兵 颜世申 梅良模 《Chinese Physics Letters》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2016年第4期130-133,共4页
The low Gilbert damping factor, which is usually measured by ferromagnetic resonance, is crucial in spintronic applications. Two-magnon scattering occurs when the orthogonMity of the ferromagnetic resonance mode and o... The low Gilbert damping factor, which is usually measured by ferromagnetic resonance, is crucial in spintronic applications. Two-magnon scattering occurs when the orthogonMity of the ferromagnetic resonance mode and other degenerate spin wave modes was broken by magnetic anisotropy, voids, second phase, surface defects, etc., which is important in analysis of ferromagnetic resonance linewidth. Direct fitting to linewidth with Gilbert damping is advisable only when the measured linewidth is a linear function of measuring frequency in a broad band measurement. We observe the nonlinear ferromagnetic resonance linewidth of Co2MnSi thin films with respect to measuring frequency in broad band measurement. Experimental data could be well fitted with the model including two-magnon scattering with no fixed parameters. The fitting results show that two-magnon scattering results in the nonlinear linewidth behavior, and the Gilbert damping factor is much smaller than reported ones, indicating that our Co2MnSi films are more suitable for the applications of spin transfer torque. 展开更多
关键词 of it FMR in is Broad-Band FMR Linewidth of Co2MnSi Thin Films with Low Damping Factor:The Role of Two-Magnon Scattering with
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Frequency Stabilization and Linewidth Narrowing with Modulation Transfer Spectroscopy 认领 引用
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作者 ZHANG Xi LIU Hui +4 位作者 JIANG Kunliang WANG Jinqi XIONG Zhuanxian HE Lingxiang Lu Baolong 《Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences》 CAS CSCD 2018年第1期51-55,共5页
We report laser frequency stabilization with modulation transfer spectroscopy(MTS) on 85 Rb atoms. With both PZT(piezo-electric transducer) slow-loop feedback and current fastloop feedback to the laser head, we ge... We report laser frequency stabilization with modulation transfer spectroscopy(MTS) on 85 Rb atoms. With both PZT(piezo-electric transducer) slow-loop feedback and current fastloop feedback to the laser head, we get a linewidth narrowing less than 5 kHz simultaneously. Laser injection to a laser diode and frequency beating with another polarization spectroscopy based stabilization setup are also employed to check the narrow linewidth property. With the help of the technique, a linewidth around k Hz-level laser is obtained and pave the way for the locking of the lattice laser of ytterbium clock with transfer cavity technique. The setup can be used as a frequency reference for precise frequency control of atomic clock system. 展开更多
关键词 modulation transfer spectroscopy frequency stabilization linewidth long-term drift
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Observation of linewidth narrowing due to a spontaneously generated coherence effect 认领 引用
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作者 田思聪 王春亮 +7 位作者 康智慧 杨秀彬 万仁刚 张晓军 张航 姜云 崔海宁 高锦岳 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2012年第6期216-222,共7页
We investigate the resonance fluorescence spectrum of an atomic three-level ladder system driven by two laser fields. We show that such a system emulates to a large degree a V-type atom with parallel dipole moments-th... We investigate the resonance fluorescence spectrum of an atomic three-level ladder system driven by two laser fields. We show that such a system emulates to a large degree a V-type atom with parallel dipole moments-the latter being a system that exhibits spontaneously generated coherence and can display ultrasharp spectral lines. We find a suitable energy scheme in a SSRb atom and experimentally observe the narrowing of the central peak in a rubidium atomic beam. The corresponding spectrum can convindngiy demonstrate the existence of spontaneously generated coherence. 展开更多
关键词 spontaneously generated coherence resonance fluorescence linewidth narrowing atomicbeam
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Influence of laser linewidth on external-cavity frequency doubling efficiency of a 1.56 μm master oscillator fiber power amplifier 认领 引用
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作者 田秀桃 李永民 +1 位作者 刘勤 张宽收 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS 2009年第6期2324-2327,共4页
By using an external-cavity frequency-doubling master oscillator fiber power amplifier (MOPA), a 700 mW continuous-wave single-frequency laser source at 780 nm is produced. It is shown that the frequency doubling ef... By using an external-cavity frequency-doubling master oscillator fiber power amplifier (MOPA), a 700 mW continuous-wave single-frequency laser source at 780 nm is produced. It is shown that the frequency doubling efficiency is improved when the seed diode laser is optically locked to a resonant frequency of a confocal Fabry-Perot (F-P) cavity. This phenomenon can be attributed to the narrowing of the 1.56 μm laser linewidth and explained by our presented theoretical model. The experimental results are found to be in good agreement with the theoretical predictions. 展开更多
关键词 laser linewidth external-cavity frequency doubling conversion efficiency
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Sub-natural linewidth of the probe absorption spectrum in a cold Cs atom molecule system 认领 引用
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作者 冯志芳 李卫东 +1 位作者 肖连团 贾锁堂 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS 2009年第11期4901-4905,共5页
We theoretically analysed the linewidth of the probe absorption spectrum in a cold Cs atom-molecule system. The tunnelling coupling between the two excited molecular states, especially for the Cs atom molecule system,... We theoretically analysed the linewidth of the probe absorption spectrum in a cold Cs atom-molecule system. The tunnelling coupling between the two excited molecular states, especially for the Cs atom molecule system, plays an important role in obtaining the sub-natural linewidth of the probe absorption spectrum. For example, when the tunnelling couple strength fulfils σ12=10γab1, the linewidth is only about 0.66 MHz. Moreover, since the linewidth of interest is dominated by the tunnelling coupling, the absorption peak becomes very narrow even in the case of large pump laser intensities. 展开更多
关键词 sub-natural linewidth tunnelling coupling
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Linewidth of electromagnetically induced transparency under motional averaging in a coated vapor cell 认领 引用 被引量:3
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作者 徐智翔 曲伟智 +2 位作者 高然 胡新华 肖艳红 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2013年第3期289-296,共8页
The linewidth of electromagnetically induced transparency(EIT) in a coated Rb vapor cell was studied under a magnetic field gradient.The nonlinear broadening of the EIT linewidth with the magnetic field gradient was... The linewidth of electromagnetically induced transparency(EIT) in a coated Rb vapor cell was studied under a magnetic field gradient.The nonlinear broadening of the EIT linewidth with the magnetic field gradient was observed.It was found that the motional averaging of the field gradient was more pronounced at higher laser intensities and larger beam sizes.In the same regime,there was a small linewidth decrease with the increasing magnetic field gradient.We have established a Monte-Carlo model,which gave results in good qualitative agreement with our experiment.Physics pictures for the above phenomena were also suggested.These results provide an understanding of the EIT linewidth behavior under motional averaging,and should be useful for applications in quantum optics and metrology based on coated vapor cells. 展开更多
关键词 electromagnetically induced transparency coated cell linewidth motional averaging
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Waveguide external cavity narrow linewidth semiconductor lasers 认领 引用 被引量:4
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作者 Chanchan Luo Ruiying Zhang +1 位作者 Bocang Qiu Wei Wang 《Journal of Semiconductors》 EI CAS CSCD 2021年第4期90-97,共8页
Narrow linewidth light source is a prerequisite for high-performance coherent optical communication and sensing.Waveguide-based external cavity narrow linewidth semiconductor lasers(WEC-NLSLs)have become a competitive... Narrow linewidth light source is a prerequisite for high-performance coherent optical communication and sensing.Waveguide-based external cavity narrow linewidth semiconductor lasers(WEC-NLSLs)have become a competitive and attractive candidate for many coherent applications due to their small size,volume,low energy consumption,low cost and the ability to integrate with other optical components.In this paper,we present an overview of WEC-NLSLs from their required technologies to the state-of-the-art progress.Moreover,we highlight the common problems occurring to current WEC-NLSLs and show the possible approaches to resolving the issues.Finally,we present the possible development directions for the next phase and hope this review will be beneficial to the advancements of WEC-NLSLs. 展开更多
关键词 semiconductor laser narrow linewidth waveguide external cavity
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Absorption linewidth inversion with wavelength modulation spectroscopy 认领 引用 被引量:3
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作者 颜悦 杜振辉 +1 位作者 李金义 王瑞雪 《Chinese Physics B》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2018年第2期368-373,共6页
For absorption linewidth inversion with wavelength modulation spectroscopy(WMS), an optimized WMS spectral line fitting method was demonstrated to infer absorption linewidth effectively, and the analytical expressio... For absorption linewidth inversion with wavelength modulation spectroscopy(WMS), an optimized WMS spectral line fitting method was demonstrated to infer absorption linewidth effectively, and the analytical expressions for relationships between Lorentzian linewidth and the separations of first harmonic peak-to-valley and second harmonic zero-crossing were deduced. The transition of CO_2 centered at 4991.25 cm^(-1) was used to verify the optimized spectral fitting method and the analytical expressions. Results showed that the optimized spectra fitting method was able to infer absorption accurately and compute more than 10 times faster than the commonly used numerical fitting procedure. The second harmonic zero-crossing separation method calculated an even 6 orders faster than the spectra fitting without losing any accuracy for Lorentzian dominated cases. Additionally, linewidth calculated through second harmonic zero-crossing was preferred for much smaller error than the first harmonic peak-to-valley separation method. The presented analytical expressions can also be used in on-line optical sensing applications, electron paramagnetic resonance, and further theoretical characterization of absorption lineshape. 展开更多
关键词 absorption linewidth wavelength modulation spectroscopy absorption spectroscopy spectral line fitting separation of harmonics
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Ultra-Low Linewidth Frequency Stabilized Integrated Lasers: A New Frontier in Integrated Photonics 认领 引用 被引量:1
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作者 GU Zhenqian YANG Zhen +3 位作者 ZHA Lulu HU Junhui CHI Nan SHEN Chao 《ZTE Communications》 2024年第4期29-39,共11页
With the advancement of photonic integration technology,ultra-low linewidth frequency-stabilized lasers have demonstrated significant potential in precision measurement,quantum communication,atomic clocks,etc.This rev... With the advancement of photonic integration technology,ultra-low linewidth frequency-stabilized lasers have demonstrated significant potential in precision measurement,quantum communication,atomic clocks,etc.This review summarizes the latest developments in integrated photonics for achieving ultra-low linewidth lasers,particularly breakthroughs made by integrating Brillouin lasers.We discuss the design principles,manufacturing processes,performance characteristics,and potential value of these lasers in various applications. 展开更多
关键词 photonic integrated circuit(PIC) ultra-low linewidth Brillouin lasers high Q-factor
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