The automatic loading systems of artillery are critical for the accurate,efficient,and reliable delivery of pro-jectiles and propellants into the gun chamber.In modern artillery,the ammunition conveyor serves as the e...The automatic loading systems of artillery are critical for the accurate,efficient,and reliable delivery of pro-jectiles and propellants into the gun chamber.In modern artillery,the ammunition conveyor serves as the end effector of the automatic loading system,and its motion state significantly impacts the accuracy of projectiles.Therefore,it is of immense importance to precisely and effectively evaluate the reliability of the motion accuracy of the ammunition conveyor.This paper aims to propose a practical and efficient analysis method for evaluating the reliability of the motion accuracy of the ammunition conveyor.The proposed approach involves the use of a deep learning network to approximate the physical model and the extremum method to obtain a single cycle sequence decoupling strategy for solving the time-varying reliability issue of complex systems.Employing this strategy,the time-varying reliability of the ammunition conveyor is transformed into a static reliability problem.The proposed method includes the use of a deep feedforward neural network,second-order saddle point ap-proximation(SPA)method,extremum method,and efficient global optimization(EGO)technology.The results reveal that the reliability of the motion accuracy of the ammunition conveyor is 93.42%,with the maximum failure probability occurring at 0.21 s.These results serve as an important reference for the structural optimi-zation design of the ammunition conveyor based on reliability and the maintenance of the operational process.展开更多
This paper proposes a novel cargo loading algorithm applicable to automated conveyor-type loading systems.The algorithm offers improvements in computational efficiency and robustness by utilizing the concept of discre...This paper proposes a novel cargo loading algorithm applicable to automated conveyor-type loading systems.The algorithm offers improvements in computational efficiency and robustness by utilizing the concept of discrete derivatives and introducing logistics-related constraints.Optional consideration of the rotation of the cargoes was made to further enhance the optimality of the solutions,if possible to be physically implemented.Evaluation metrics were developed for accurate evaluation and enhancement of the algorithm’s ability to efficiently utilize the loading space and provide a high level of dynamic stability.Experimental results demonstrate the extensive robustness of the proposed algorithm to the diversity of cargoes present in Business-to-Consumer environments.This study contributes practical advancements in both cargo loading optimization and automation of the logistics industry,with potential applications in last-mile delivery services,warehousing,and supply chain management.展开更多
This paper presents the design, analysis and experimental study of a loading system for heavy-duty nodes test based on a large-scale multi-directional in-plane loading device, which has been used in a full-scale heavy...This paper presents the design, analysis and experimental study of a loading system for heavy-duty nodes test based on a large-scale multi-directional in-plane loading device, which has been used in a full-scale heavy-duty support node test. Test loads of the support reached 6 567 kN with multi-directional loading requirements, which outrange the capacity of the available loading devices. Through the reinforcement of a large-scale multi-directional inplane loading device, the innovative design of a self-balanced load transferring device, and other arrangement considerations of the loading system, the test was implemented and the loading capacity of the ring was considerably enlarged. Due to the heavy loading requirements, some checking computations of the ring and the load transferring device outranged the limit of the Chinese national code "Code for Design of Steel Structures (GB 50017—2003)", thus elastic-plastic finite element (FE) analysis was carried out on the two devices, and also the real-time monitoring on the whole loading systems during experiments to ensure test safety. FE analysis and test results show that the loading system worked elastically during experiments.展开更多
A new type of a loading and measuring system was developed for testing failure and deformation of rock core samples with an industrial CT (ICT) scanner.The loading and measuring system consisted of a loading system ...A new type of a loading and measuring system was developed for testing failure and deformation of rock core samples with an industrial CT (ICT) scanner.The loading and measuring system consisted of a loading system and a computer control system.The maximum servo-controlled force was 2 tonnes.The new system was a high-stiffness system with a small size.During ICT tests,rock core samples could be easily loaded in the axial direction.So the initiation,propagation,and coalescence of cracks in core samples were observed on ICT images.展开更多
The design idea of tracking-differentiator and the nonlinear PID controllerare introduced, the applicable algorithm and its real result for distributed aerodynamicsloading control system are discussed, and the constru...The design idea of tracking-differentiator and the nonlinear PID controllerare introduced, the applicable algorithm and its real result for distributed aerodynamicsloading control system are discussed, and the construction of the test & contro1 system arealso presented. The application shows that the nonlinear PID algorithm has the advan-tages of high reliability, short run time and strong stability.展开更多
A quasi-static/dynamic pressure-tension compound loading system was established in this paper for the research of cellular mechanical circumstances. Both radical and circumferential strain of the basement membrane wer...A quasi-static/dynamic pressure-tension compound loading system was established in this paper for the research of cellular mechanical circumstances. Both radical and circumferential strain of the basement membrane were studied and compared in theoretical calculations by using the FEA Software ABAQUS and experimental measurements. The tension of the basement membrane was studied both in ABUQUES results and experimental results, the relation between the height of the concave cavity, the radius of the membrane and the strain of the membrane were studied in details.展开更多
With the basic popularization of mechanization, the railway rapid loading system is widely used in various enterprises. The development of mechanical equipment has greatly improved the company's product efficiency...With the basic popularization of mechanization, the railway rapid loading system is widely used in various enterprises. The development of mechanical equipment has greatly improved the company's product efficiency and plays an extremely critical role in the production process of the enterprise. Therefore, all enterprises attach importance to the maintenance of the rapid loading system. In order to avoid the sudden failure of the rapid loading system and affect the production plan of the enterprise, the enterprise needs to strengthen the monitoring and comprehensive detection of the rapid loading system to ensure the safe and stable operation of the rapid loading system. This paper firstly studies the concept, types, basic processes and basic technical parameters of the rapid loading system, then discusses the common failure types and maintenance schemes of the rapid loading system, and finally makes in-depth analysis on the upgrading and transformation of the rapid loading system.展开更多
Since Multimode data is composed of many modes and their complex relationships,it cannot be retrieved or mined effectively by utilizing traditional analysis and processing techniques for single mode data.To address th...Since Multimode data is composed of many modes and their complex relationships,it cannot be retrieved or mined effectively by utilizing traditional analysis and processing techniques for single mode data.To address the challenges,we design and implement a graph-based storage and parallel loading system aimed at multimode medical image data.The system is a framework designed to flexibly store and rapidly load these multimode data.Specifically,the system utilizes the Mode Network to model the modes and their relationships in multimode medical image data and the graph database to store the data with a parallel loading technique.展开更多
In order to prove the rationality of structural design and carrying capacity, reasonable design of lever-loading system to apply loadings to some loading-points was needed in spacecraft structural mechanics static tes...In order to prove the rationality of structural design and carrying capacity, reasonable design of lever-loading system to apply loadings to some loading-points was needed in spacecraft structural mechanics static test. Lever-loading system design affects the carrying capacity of test piece. This paper describes the application of different section loading beams. Optimizing and analysis the different models of loading beams, and verification the feasibility of combination beams.展开更多
Experimental host-guest strategies improve the safety of the high-energy explosive CL-20 without compromising its energy output.However,the molecular mechanism underlying this improvement remains unclear.By systematic...Experimental host-guest strategies improve the safety of the high-energy explosive CL-20 without compromising its energy output.However,the molecular mechanism underlying this improvement remains unclear.By systematic molecular simulations,this study provides novel mechanochemical insights into the basis of such safety-enhancing strategy.The results showed that under dynamic shock loading,CL-20 undergo significant intramolecular deformation,which accelerates chemical processes and accounts for its high mechanical sensitivity.Introducing guest molecules such as CO2,N2O,and H2O inhibit this deformation,thereby altering decomposition pathways and reducing reaction rates.The calculated initial decomposition rate constants follow the order:ε-CL-20(7.905 ps-1)>CL-20/HMX(4.983 ps-1)>CL-20/H2O(4.597 ps-1)>CL-20/N2O(4.435 ps-1)>CL-20/CO2(4.430 ps-1)>2000 K pyrolysis(1.465 ps-1),which aligns well with the impact sensitivity ranking of CL-20-based supramolecular explosives.Fu rther analysis reveals that asymmetric dihedral angle distortions in CL-20 lower the activation barrier for decomposition.Specifically,molecular twists exceeding 15°from the equilibrium reduce the activation energy by 20 kJ/mol.This investigation integrates physical deformation and chemical reactivity under dynamic mechanical stimuli,offering a novel mechanochemical perspective that overcomes the limitations of conventional thermochemical models.These findings not only unveil the molecular basis for desensitization of CL-20 host-guest explosives but also provide key theoretical insights for rationally designing next-generation energetic materials with tailored sensitivity.展开更多
A system for the loading of sublimable systems at 0℃ into a versatile membrane/screw-actuated symmetric diamond anvil cell(DAC)has been developed.This system,known as the Apparatus for the Loading of Sublimable Syste...A system for the loading of sublimable systems at 0℃ into a versatile membrane/screw-actuated symmetric diamond anvil cell(DAC)has been developed.This system,known as the Apparatus for the Loading of Sublimable Systems(ALSS),has the unique incorporation of an internal membrane,which acts against the clamping force of the screws.Through the inflation/deflation of the internal membrane,it is possible to open and close the cell under a pressurized environment without the need to maintain pressure differentials and/or high-pressure mechanical feedthroughs.Here,we present an overview of ALSS and its application in loading sulfur hexafluoride(SF6)and carbon dioxide(CO2),including the first infrared absorption measurements of SF6up to 50 GPa.展开更多
The multi-pass intermittent local loading process,which features a more flexible processing path,can further enhance the second material distribution during local loading,improve the formability of components,and redu...The multi-pass intermittent local loading process,which features a more flexible processing path,can further enhance the second material distribution during local loading,improve the formability of components,and reduce forming loads.However,the absence of compatible forming equipment makes it difficult to control the constraint in the unloaded zones during the forming process.This difficulty complicates coordination and control of deformation,particularly for asymmetric rib-web components.Additionally,the current implementation involves multi-fire heating,a long process flow,and high energy consumption,which limits the popularization and application of the local loading process.In this study,a new multi-pass local loading hydraulic forming apparatus that can quickly and reliably switch between heavy-load deformation and low-load constraint for different local loading sub-dies was developed.A 10-tonne laboratory prototype was developed,and the forming characteristics during the forming process as well as the response characteristics of the hydraulic system during the multi-pass intermittent local loading of rib-web component were investigated using numerical simulations and physical experiments.Results indicated that,compared to a whole loading process with the same initial geometry of billet,the total forming load(i.e.,the sum of loaded and restrained loads)is reduced by more than 40%with the local loading process,and by nearly 50%with multi-pass local loading.The multi-pass local loading process allows for more effective control of material flow compared to single-pass local loading,leading to improved cavity filling and reduced flow line disturbance.For a large-scale,complex titanium alloy bulkhead,the cavity filling problem was addressed by optimizing the multi-pass local loading path with an unequal thickness billet.The dynamic performance of the multi-pass local loading hydraulic system was found to be robust,with stable pressure transitions during motion and load switching for the sub-die(s).The dynamic characteristic of the hydraulic cylinder when switching from non-moving/unloaded state to a moving/loading state are consistent whether a load is present or not.However,the dynamic characteristics differ when switching from a moving/loading state to non-moving/unloaded state,showing opposite behavior.The developed hydraulic drive mechanism provides a way for implementation of multi-pass local loading without auxiliary operation and extra heating.The results of the study provide a foundation for the industrial production of large-scale,complex components with reduced force requirement and low-energy consumption.展开更多
The development of metallic mineral resources generates a significant amount of solid waste,such as tailings and waste rock.Cemented tailings and waste-rock backfill(CTWB)is an effective method for managing and dispos...The development of metallic mineral resources generates a significant amount of solid waste,such as tailings and waste rock.Cemented tailings and waste-rock backfill(CTWB)is an effective method for managing and disposing of this mining waste.This study employs a macro-meso-micro testing method to investigate the effects of the waste rock grading index(WGI)and loading rate(LR)on the uniaxial compressive strength(UCS),pore structure,and micromorphology of CTWB materials.Pore structures were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP).The particles(pores)and cracks analysis system(PCAS)software was used to quantitatively characterize the multi-scale micropores in the SEM images.The key findings indicate that the macroscopic results(UCS)of CTWB materials correspond to the microscopic results(pore structure and micromorphology).Changes in porosity largely depend on the conditions of waste rock grading index and loading rate.The inclusion of waste rock initially increases and then decreases the UCS,while porosity first decreases and then increases,with a critical waste rock grading index of 0.6.As the loading rate increases,UCS initially rises and then falls,while porosity gradually increases.Based on MIP and SEM results,at waste rock grading index 0.6,the most probable pore diameters,total pore area(TPA),pore number(PN),maximum pore area(MPA),and area probability distribution index(APDI)are minimized,while average pore form factor(APF)and fractal dimension of pore porosity distribution(FDPD)are maximized,indicating the most compact pore structure.At a loading rate of 12.0 mm/min,the most probable pore diameters,TPA,PN,MPA,APF,and APDI reach their maximum values,while FDPD reaches its minimum value.Finally,the mechanism of CTWB materials during compression is analyzed,based on the quantitative results of UCS and porosity.The research findings play a crucial role in ensuring the successful application of CTWB materials in deep metal mines.展开更多
FeMnSi-based shape memory alloys(SMAs)have great applied potential to large-scale structures in civil engineering,especially as an aseismic structural material.Low-cycle fatigue performance is one of the most importan...FeMnSi-based shape memory alloys(SMAs)have great applied potential to large-scale structures in civil engineering,especially as an aseismic structural material.Low-cycle fatigue performance is one of the most important properties of FeMnSi-based SMA aseismic materials.However,the low-cycle fatigue behavior of such SMAs,especially the stress-controlled low-cycle fatigue behavior(with ratchetting effect),has not been clearly understood.In this work,the low-cycle fatigue behavior of the FeMnSiCrNi SMAs subjected to stress-controlled cyclic tension–compression loads is investigated,and the effects of temperature,loading frequency,stress amplitude,and stress ratio are addressed.By analyzing the cyclic stress–strain response,fatigue fracture surface morphology,dissipation energy,ratchetting strain,and equivalent damping ratio,the mechanisms behind the temperature-,loading frequency-,stress amplitude-,and stress ratio-dependent low-cycle fatigue behavior are discussed.The results show that the plasticity,martensitic transformation,and/or the ratchetting strain caused by their tension–compression asymmetry are the decisive factors affecting the low-cycle fatigue behavior of FeMnSiCrNi SMAs.展开更多
This paper presents an ultralow-frequency cyclic loading creep test system for rock salt.The system comprises five subsystems:a cyclic load generation system,a triaxial pressure chamber,a pressure and deformation moni...This paper presents an ultralow-frequency cyclic loading creep test system for rock salt.The system comprises five subsystems:a cyclic load generation system,a triaxial pressure chamber,a pressure and deformation monitoring system,a signal acquisition and load control integrated system,and an automatic oil replenishment and discharge system.This test system overcomes the limitations of traditional electrohydraulic servo creep testing machines and gravity loading creep testing machines when conducting low-frequency cyclic load creep tests.This allows for long-term(1-2 years)creep tests under extremely-low-frequency cyclic loading conditions,which simulate the actual operating conditions of salt cavern gas storage.The cyclic load generation system converted constant-weight loads into a continuously variable hydraulic oil pressure and amplified the oil pressure using a pressure intensifier,which provided a stable load source for the test system.Using this test system,creep tests were performed under low-frequency cyclic loading with periods of 1 d and 7 d.The results showed that the test system performed well,as evidenced by the validation of the loading capacity,loading stability,and temperature control stability.Comparing the creep deformation of rock salt samples with the cyclic periods of 1 d and 7 d,it was observed that,within this cyclic period range,the creep deformation of the sample increased with higher loading frequencies,provided that the cyclic loading waveform and stress remained constant.展开更多
Large-scale geological energy storage plays a crucial role in balancing the intermittency of renewable energy.As an energy storage medium,soaked sandstone has a wide range of applications in geological energy storage....Large-scale geological energy storage plays a crucial role in balancing the intermittency of renewable energy.As an energy storage medium,soaked sandstone has a wide range of applications in geological energy storage.Understanding the damage characteristics in soaked sandstones is essential for ensuring the stability and longevity of these energy storage systems.This study involved multi-stage cyclic loading tests conducted on soaked sandstone to explore the damage evolution throughout the loading process.The findingsreveal several important insights:(1)The plastic hysteresis loops observed during multi-stage cyclic loading evolved from dense to sparse.An increase in stress level led to greater damage in the rock,as evidenced by an increase in accumulated peak/plastic strains.(2)Energy density and stress level are related by quadratic polynomial relationships.The elastic and dissipated energy densities are related by a linear law.The average energy storage coefficientdecreased by up to 24.1%with increasing stress amplitude,reflectingchanges in energy dynamics within the samples.(3)AE counts,amplitude,and frequency provided critical insights into rock damage and fracture patterns.The greater the loading rate and stress amplitude,the lower the proportion of high-amplitude,high-peak frequency,and shear-type fractures.Increasing stress amplitude caused a maximum 16.63%reduction in the AE bvalue,indicating shifts in fracture behavior under varying stress conditions.(4)The increase in loading rate and stress amplitude promotes the transformation of micropores and mesopores to macropores/microcracks.(5)Damage variables,definedin terms of cumulative dissipation energy,aligned closely with the fatigue damage model under multi-stage cyclic loading.Accelerated damage primarily occurred during the finalstages of fatigue loading,highlighting critical periods in the degradation of soaked sandstones.This study can offer guidance for designing operational parameters for energy storage geological bodies dominated by soaked sandstones.展开更多
Investigating effect of recrystallization mechanism on deformation mode and texture evolution is conducive to controlling deformation mechanism and texture in magnesium alloys under medium-high temperature impact load...Investigating effect of recrystallization mechanism on deformation mode and texture evolution is conducive to controlling deformation mechanism and texture in magnesium alloys under medium-high temperature impact loading.In the present study,a Johnson-Cook model incorporating twin strengthening was established to simulate macro-deformation,and a twinning induced recrystallization(TDRX)model and bulging recrystallization(GBBDRX)model are introduced into visco-plastic self consistant(VPSC)framework to quantitatively study the deformation mechanism of pre-twinned AZ31 magnesium alloy during medium-high temperature impact loading.Both TDRX and GBBDRX occur,with basal slip as the dominant slip system,followed by pyramidal〈c+a〉slip and prismatic slip.The dynamic recrystallization(DRX)significantly influences basal and pyramidal〈c+a〉slip systems,with minimal impact on secondary deformation mechanism.In addition,the recrystallization mechanism of grain boundary bowing increases the activity of basal slip and decreases the activity of pyramidal〈c+a〉slip.The nucleation and growth of recrystallized grains enhance basal slip activity and suppress pyramidal〈c+a〉slip,leading to the formation of a strong basal texture.As dynamic recrystallization progresses,a bimodal texture develops,characterized by a reduction in basal component pole density and a more pronounced basal slip.展开更多
Currently,one of the main factors limiting the performance of photocatalytic technology is the suboptimal utilization efficiency of the infrared region in sunlight spectrum.Although rare earth ion doping can improve l...Currently,one of the main factors limiting the performance of photocatalytic technology is the suboptimal utilization efficiency of the infrared region in sunlight spectrum.Although rare earth ion doping can improve light absorption of photocatalysts in the infrared region to some extent,it is still restricted by a narrow absorption cross-section and relatively low photocatalytic efficiency under infrared light.In this work,a full-spectrum photocatalyst based on Bi2 WO6:Yb3+,Er3+/Ag composite was prepared.Ag loading formed a Schottky junction on the surface of Bi2 WO6 and introduced the localized surface plasmon resonance(LSPR)effect.Their synergistic interaction optimized the band structure and the separation efficiency of photogenerated charge carriers.Hot electron injection induced by the LSPR effect can simultaneously enhance the mutually independent photocatalytic processes driven by visible light and near-infrared light,thereby achieving an overall boost in full-spectrum photocatalytic performance.It enables Bi2 WO6:Yb3+,Er3+/Ag composite to efficiently address various refractory pollutants and complex conditions.Bi2 WO6:Yb3+,Er3+/Ag composite exhibits outstanding photodegradation performance for a diverse mixture of antibiotics,including tetracycline hydrochloride,norfloxacin,ciprofloxacin,and levofloxacin in real water samples under simulated sunlight irradiation.This work paves a way for the development of green,efficient,and sustainable environmental remediation technologies.展开更多
The shear behavior of rock joints under dynamic disturbances is still not well understood,especially when subjected to irregular stress waveforms,which are common in real-world scenarios.In this study,a series of cycl...The shear behavior of rock joints under dynamic disturbances is still not well understood,especially when subjected to irregular stress waveforms,which are common in real-world scenarios.In this study,a series of cyclic normal loading/unloading direct shear tests was conducted on rough granite fractures using a laboratory direct shear apparatus.The effects of different normal loading rates,unloading rates,and shear velocities on shear stress,apparent friction coefficient,normal displacement,and shear work were systematically analyzed.The experimental results indicated that as the normal loading and unloading rates increase and the shear velocity decreases,the peak shear stress and shear work decrease.Compared with quasi-static shear strength,dynamic normal stress disturbance may strengthen the dynamic shear strength or weaken it,and the strengthening/weakening degree is controlled by the normal loading/unloading rates and shear velocity.Furthermore,three distinct shear stress variation patterns(linear decay,nonlinear decay,and peak delay)are observed.These findings provide a theoretical basis for evaluating the stability of jointed rock masses under complex dynamic disturbances such as earthquakes,tidal effects,traffic loads,and blasting activities.展开更多
Constructing salt caverns in deep formations poses significant challenges due to their high geostresses,pronounced creep behavior,and particularly intense pressure fluctuations.This study first conducted mechanical ex...Constructing salt caverns in deep formations poses significant challenges due to their high geostresses,pronounced creep behavior,and particularly intense pressure fluctuations.This study first conducted mechanical experiments to investigate the long-term creep behavior of salt rock and to examine the differences in its mechanical response under cyclic loading compared with traditional triaxial loading.The results revealed a confining-pressure-dependent nonlinear creep behavior as well as a degradation mechanism induced by cyclic loading.A numerical model was then developed that incorporates the nonlinear creep law with periodic parameter weakening.Comparative analyses of cavern dilatancy under cyclic versus constant pressure conditions were conducted,validating the necessity of integrating the periodic weakening mechanism into the numerical model.The results indicate that cyclic loading enhances the plastic deformation capacity while lowering its dilatancy threshold.For the cyclic gas pressure(CGP)mode,a minimum operational pressure of 9.6 MPa is infeasible due to excessive sidewall convergence and extensive spalling risk zones,with 12.0 MPa recommended as the lower limit.The constant brine pressure(CBP)mode exhibits superior performance in controlling deformation and damage.For the constant gas pressure(GP)mode,a constant pressure of 19.2 MPa results in no significant dilatancy damage zones in the salt layer.Critically,neglecting the dynamic weakening of parameters induced by cyclic loading leads to substantial underestimation of long-term deformation,by 20.2%in this study,primarily accumulated during the unloading(gas production)phase.The findings are expected to provide valuable insights into deep salt caverns with high-pressure fluctuations.展开更多
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U2141246)Key Laboratory of Artillery Launch and Control Technology of China(Grant No.2021-001)Basic Research of State Administration of Science Technology and Industry for National Defense of China(Grant No.JXJL202208A001).
摘要The automatic loading systems of artillery are critical for the accurate,efficient,and reliable delivery of pro-jectiles and propellants into the gun chamber.In modern artillery,the ammunition conveyor serves as the end effector of the automatic loading system,and its motion state significantly impacts the accuracy of projectiles.Therefore,it is of immense importance to precisely and effectively evaluate the reliability of the motion accuracy of the ammunition conveyor.This paper aims to propose a practical and efficient analysis method for evaluating the reliability of the motion accuracy of the ammunition conveyor.The proposed approach involves the use of a deep learning network to approximate the physical model and the extremum method to obtain a single cycle sequence decoupling strategy for solving the time-varying reliability issue of complex systems.Employing this strategy,the time-varying reliability of the ammunition conveyor is transformed into a static reliability problem.The proposed method includes the use of a deep feedforward neural network,second-order saddle point ap-proximation(SPA)method,extremum method,and efficient global optimization(EGO)technology.The results reveal that the reliability of the motion accuracy of the ammunition conveyor is 93.42%,with the maximum failure probability occurring at 0.21 s.These results serve as an important reference for the structural optimi-zation design of the ammunition conveyor based on reliability and the maintenance of the operational process.
基金supported by the BK21 FOUR funded by the Ministry of Education of Korea and National Research Foundation of Korea,a Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement(KAIA)grant funded by the Ministry of Land,Infrastructure,and Transport(Grant 1615013176)IITP(Institute of Information&Coummunications Technology Planning&Evaluation)-ICAN(ICT Challenge and Advanced Network of HRD)grant funded by the Korea government(Ministry of Science and ICT)(RS-2024-00438411).
摘要This paper proposes a novel cargo loading algorithm applicable to automated conveyor-type loading systems.The algorithm offers improvements in computational efficiency and robustness by utilizing the concept of discrete derivatives and introducing logistics-related constraints.Optional consideration of the rotation of the cargoes was made to further enhance the optimality of the solutions,if possible to be physically implemented.Evaluation metrics were developed for accurate evaluation and enhancement of the algorithm’s ability to efficiently utilize the loading space and provide a high level of dynamic stability.Experimental results demonstrate the extensive robustness of the proposed algorithm to the diversity of cargoes present in Business-to-Consumer environments.This study contributes practical advancements in both cargo loading optimization and automation of the logistics industry,with potential applications in last-mile delivery services,warehousing,and supply chain management.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50878066)the National Key Technology R&D Program in the 11th Five-Year Plan of China (No. 2006BAJ01B02)the Key Technologies R&D Program of Heilongjiang Province, China (No. GB02C204)
摘要This paper presents the design, analysis and experimental study of a loading system for heavy-duty nodes test based on a large-scale multi-directional in-plane loading device, which has been used in a full-scale heavy-duty support node test. Test loads of the support reached 6 567 kN with multi-directional loading requirements, which outrange the capacity of the available loading devices. Through the reinforcement of a large-scale multi-directional inplane loading device, the innovative design of a self-balanced load transferring device, and other arrangement considerations of the loading system, the test was implemented and the loading capacity of the ring was considerably enlarged. Due to the heavy loading requirements, some checking computations of the ring and the load transferring device outranged the limit of the Chinese national code "Code for Design of Steel Structures (GB 50017—2003)", thus elastic-plastic finite element (FE) analysis was carried out on the two devices, and also the real-time monitoring on the whole loading systems during experiments to ensure test safety. FE analysis and test results show that the loading system worked elastically during experiments.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50905186,No. 51174213)the Major State Basic Research Development Program Fund (Grant No. 2010CB226804)the Project-sponsored by SRF for ROCS,the Ministry of Education and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities and Research Program in State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining of China University of Mining and Technology
摘要A new type of a loading and measuring system was developed for testing failure and deformation of rock core samples with an industrial CT (ICT) scanner.The loading and measuring system consisted of a loading system and a computer control system.The maximum servo-controlled force was 2 tonnes.The new system was a high-stiffness system with a small size.During ICT tests,rock core samples could be easily loaded in the axial direction.So the initiation,propagation,and coalescence of cracks in core samples were observed on ICT images.
摘要The design idea of tracking-differentiator and the nonlinear PID controllerare introduced, the applicable algorithm and its real result for distributed aerodynamicsloading control system are discussed, and the construction of the test & contro1 system arealso presented. The application shows that the nonlinear PID algorithm has the advan-tages of high reliability, short run time and strong stability.
摘要A quasi-static/dynamic pressure-tension compound loading system was established in this paper for the research of cellular mechanical circumstances. Both radical and circumferential strain of the basement membrane were studied and compared in theoretical calculations by using the FEA Software ABAQUS and experimental measurements. The tension of the basement membrane was studied both in ABUQUES results and experimental results, the relation between the height of the concave cavity, the radius of the membrane and the strain of the membrane were studied in details.
摘要With the basic popularization of mechanization, the railway rapid loading system is widely used in various enterprises. The development of mechanical equipment has greatly improved the company's product efficiency and plays an extremely critical role in the production process of the enterprise. Therefore, all enterprises attach importance to the maintenance of the rapid loading system. In order to avoid the sudden failure of the rapid loading system and affect the production plan of the enterprise, the enterprise needs to strengthen the monitoring and comprehensive detection of the rapid loading system to ensure the safe and stable operation of the rapid loading system. This paper firstly studies the concept, types, basic processes and basic technical parameters of the rapid loading system, then discusses the common failure types and maintenance schemes of the rapid loading system, and finally makes in-depth analysis on the upgrading and transformation of the rapid loading system.
摘要Since Multimode data is composed of many modes and their complex relationships,it cannot be retrieved or mined effectively by utilizing traditional analysis and processing techniques for single mode data.To address the challenges,we design and implement a graph-based storage and parallel loading system aimed at multimode medical image data.The system is a framework designed to flexibly store and rapidly load these multimode data.Specifically,the system utilizes the Mode Network to model the modes and their relationships in multimode medical image data and the graph database to store the data with a parallel loading technique.
摘要In order to prove the rationality of structural design and carrying capacity, reasonable design of lever-loading system to apply loadings to some loading-points was needed in spacecraft structural mechanics static test. Lever-loading system design affects the carrying capacity of test piece. This paper describes the application of different section loading beams. Optimizing and analysis the different models of loading beams, and verification the feasibility of combination beams.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12472371 and 12172341)。
摘要Experimental host-guest strategies improve the safety of the high-energy explosive CL-20 without compromising its energy output.However,the molecular mechanism underlying this improvement remains unclear.By systematic molecular simulations,this study provides novel mechanochemical insights into the basis of such safety-enhancing strategy.The results showed that under dynamic shock loading,CL-20 undergo significant intramolecular deformation,which accelerates chemical processes and accounts for its high mechanical sensitivity.Introducing guest molecules such as CO2,N2O,and H2O inhibit this deformation,thereby altering decomposition pathways and reducing reaction rates.The calculated initial decomposition rate constants follow the order:ε-CL-20(7.905 ps-1)>CL-20/HMX(4.983 ps-1)>CL-20/H2O(4.597 ps-1)>CL-20/N2O(4.435 ps-1)>CL-20/CO2(4.430 ps-1)>2000 K pyrolysis(1.465 ps-1),which aligns well with the impact sensitivity ranking of CL-20-based supramolecular explosives.Fu rther analysis reveals that asymmetric dihedral angle distortions in CL-20 lower the activation barrier for decomposition.Specifically,molecular twists exceeding 15°from the equilibrium reduce the activation energy by 20 kJ/mol.This investigation integrates physical deformation and chemical reactivity under dynamic mechanical stimuli,offering a novel mechanochemical perspective that overcomes the limitations of conventional thermochemical models.These findings not only unveil the molecular basis for desensitization of CL-20 host-guest explosives but also provide key theoretical insights for rationally designing next-generation energetic materials with tailored sensitivity.
基金the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.W2532012)。
摘要A system for the loading of sublimable systems at 0℃ into a versatile membrane/screw-actuated symmetric diamond anvil cell(DAC)has been developed.This system,known as the Apparatus for the Loading of Sublimable Systems(ALSS),has the unique incorporation of an internal membrane,which acts against the clamping force of the screws.Through the inflation/deflation of the internal membrane,it is possible to open and close the cell under a pressurized environment without the need to maintain pressure differentials and/or high-pressure mechanical feedthroughs.Here,we present an overview of ALSS and its application in loading sulfur hexafluoride(SF6)and carbon dioxide(CO2),including the first infrared absorption measurements of SF6up to 50 GPa.
基金the supports of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52375378)。
摘要The multi-pass intermittent local loading process,which features a more flexible processing path,can further enhance the second material distribution during local loading,improve the formability of components,and reduce forming loads.However,the absence of compatible forming equipment makes it difficult to control the constraint in the unloaded zones during the forming process.This difficulty complicates coordination and control of deformation,particularly for asymmetric rib-web components.Additionally,the current implementation involves multi-fire heating,a long process flow,and high energy consumption,which limits the popularization and application of the local loading process.In this study,a new multi-pass local loading hydraulic forming apparatus that can quickly and reliably switch between heavy-load deformation and low-load constraint for different local loading sub-dies was developed.A 10-tonne laboratory prototype was developed,and the forming characteristics during the forming process as well as the response characteristics of the hydraulic system during the multi-pass intermittent local loading of rib-web component were investigated using numerical simulations and physical experiments.Results indicated that,compared to a whole loading process with the same initial geometry of billet,the total forming load(i.e.,the sum of loaded and restrained loads)is reduced by more than 40%with the local loading process,and by nearly 50%with multi-pass local loading.The multi-pass local loading process allows for more effective control of material flow compared to single-pass local loading,leading to improved cavity filling and reduced flow line disturbance.For a large-scale,complex titanium alloy bulkhead,the cavity filling problem was addressed by optimizing the multi-pass local loading path with an unequal thickness billet.The dynamic performance of the multi-pass local loading hydraulic system was found to be robust,with stable pressure transitions during motion and load switching for the sub-die(s).The dynamic characteristic of the hydraulic cylinder when switching from non-moving/unloaded state to a moving/loading state are consistent whether a load is present or not.However,the dynamic characteristics differ when switching from a moving/loading state to non-moving/unloaded state,showing opposite behavior.The developed hydraulic drive mechanism provides a way for implementation of multi-pass local loading without auxiliary operation and extra heating.The results of the study provide a foundation for the industrial production of large-scale,complex components with reduced force requirement and low-energy consumption.
基金Project(2022YFC2904103)supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of ChinaProjects(52374112,52274108)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China+1 种基金Projects(BX20220036,BX20230041)supported by the Postdoctoral Innovation Talents Support Program,ChinaProject(2232080)supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation,China。
摘要The development of metallic mineral resources generates a significant amount of solid waste,such as tailings and waste rock.Cemented tailings and waste-rock backfill(CTWB)is an effective method for managing and disposing of this mining waste.This study employs a macro-meso-micro testing method to investigate the effects of the waste rock grading index(WGI)and loading rate(LR)on the uniaxial compressive strength(UCS),pore structure,and micromorphology of CTWB materials.Pore structures were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP).The particles(pores)and cracks analysis system(PCAS)software was used to quantitatively characterize the multi-scale micropores in the SEM images.The key findings indicate that the macroscopic results(UCS)of CTWB materials correspond to the microscopic results(pore structure and micromorphology).Changes in porosity largely depend on the conditions of waste rock grading index and loading rate.The inclusion of waste rock initially increases and then decreases the UCS,while porosity first decreases and then increases,with a critical waste rock grading index of 0.6.As the loading rate increases,UCS initially rises and then falls,while porosity gradually increases.Based on MIP and SEM results,at waste rock grading index 0.6,the most probable pore diameters,total pore area(TPA),pore number(PN),maximum pore area(MPA),and area probability distribution index(APDI)are minimized,while average pore form factor(APF)and fractal dimension of pore porosity distribution(FDPD)are maximized,indicating the most compact pore structure.At a loading rate of 12.0 mm/min,the most probable pore diameters,TPA,PN,MPA,APF,and APDI reach their maximum values,while FDPD reaches its minimum value.Finally,the mechanism of CTWB materials during compression is analyzed,based on the quantitative results of UCS and porosity.The research findings play a crucial role in ensuring the successful application of CTWB materials in deep metal mines.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(12202294)the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2024NSFSC1346)are acknowledged.
摘要FeMnSi-based shape memory alloys(SMAs)have great applied potential to large-scale structures in civil engineering,especially as an aseismic structural material.Low-cycle fatigue performance is one of the most important properties of FeMnSi-based SMA aseismic materials.However,the low-cycle fatigue behavior of such SMAs,especially the stress-controlled low-cycle fatigue behavior(with ratchetting effect),has not been clearly understood.In this work,the low-cycle fatigue behavior of the FeMnSiCrNi SMAs subjected to stress-controlled cyclic tension–compression loads is investigated,and the effects of temperature,loading frequency,stress amplitude,and stress ratio are addressed.By analyzing the cyclic stress–strain response,fatigue fracture surface morphology,dissipation energy,ratchetting strain,and equivalent damping ratio,the mechanisms behind the temperature-,loading frequency-,stress amplitude-,and stress ratio-dependent low-cycle fatigue behavior are discussed.The results show that the plasticity,martensitic transformation,and/or the ratchetting strain caused by their tension–compression asymmetry are the decisive factors affecting the low-cycle fatigue behavior of FeMnSiCrNi SMAs.
基金funding support from the General Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52374069)the Excellent Young Scientists Fund Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52122403)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(Grant No.Y2023089).
摘要This paper presents an ultralow-frequency cyclic loading creep test system for rock salt.The system comprises five subsystems:a cyclic load generation system,a triaxial pressure chamber,a pressure and deformation monitoring system,a signal acquisition and load control integrated system,and an automatic oil replenishment and discharge system.This test system overcomes the limitations of traditional electrohydraulic servo creep testing machines and gravity loading creep testing machines when conducting low-frequency cyclic load creep tests.This allows for long-term(1-2 years)creep tests under extremely-low-frequency cyclic loading conditions,which simulate the actual operating conditions of salt cavern gas storage.The cyclic load generation system converted constant-weight loads into a continuously variable hydraulic oil pressure and amplified the oil pressure using a pressure intensifier,which provided a stable load source for the test system.Using this test system,creep tests were performed under low-frequency cyclic loading with periods of 1 d and 7 d.The results showed that the test system performed well,as evidenced by the validation of the loading capacity,loading stability,and temperature control stability.Comparing the creep deformation of rock salt samples with the cyclic periods of 1 d and 7 d,it was observed that,within this cyclic period range,the creep deformation of the sample increased with higher loading frequencies,provided that the cyclic loading waveform and stress remained constant.
基金sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U22B6003 and 52304070)Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Safety,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.SKLGME-JBGS2404).
摘要Large-scale geological energy storage plays a crucial role in balancing the intermittency of renewable energy.As an energy storage medium,soaked sandstone has a wide range of applications in geological energy storage.Understanding the damage characteristics in soaked sandstones is essential for ensuring the stability and longevity of these energy storage systems.This study involved multi-stage cyclic loading tests conducted on soaked sandstone to explore the damage evolution throughout the loading process.The findingsreveal several important insights:(1)The plastic hysteresis loops observed during multi-stage cyclic loading evolved from dense to sparse.An increase in stress level led to greater damage in the rock,as evidenced by an increase in accumulated peak/plastic strains.(2)Energy density and stress level are related by quadratic polynomial relationships.The elastic and dissipated energy densities are related by a linear law.The average energy storage coefficientdecreased by up to 24.1%with increasing stress amplitude,reflectingchanges in energy dynamics within the samples.(3)AE counts,amplitude,and frequency provided critical insights into rock damage and fracture patterns.The greater the loading rate and stress amplitude,the lower the proportion of high-amplitude,high-peak frequency,and shear-type fractures.Increasing stress amplitude caused a maximum 16.63%reduction in the AE bvalue,indicating shifts in fracture behavior under varying stress conditions.(4)The increase in loading rate and stress amplitude promotes the transformation of micropores and mesopores to macropores/microcracks.(5)Damage variables,definedin terms of cumulative dissipation energy,aligned closely with the fatigue damage model under multi-stage cyclic loading.Accelerated damage primarily occurred during the finalstages of fatigue loading,highlighting critical periods in the degradation of soaked sandstones.This study can offer guidance for designing operational parameters for energy storage geological bodies dominated by soaked sandstones.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52471132,52475356,12272192,52475344,U21A20130)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province for Distinguished Young Scholars(2024J010031)as well as the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(grant number CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0886).
摘要Investigating effect of recrystallization mechanism on deformation mode and texture evolution is conducive to controlling deformation mechanism and texture in magnesium alloys under medium-high temperature impact loading.In the present study,a Johnson-Cook model incorporating twin strengthening was established to simulate macro-deformation,and a twinning induced recrystallization(TDRX)model and bulging recrystallization(GBBDRX)model are introduced into visco-plastic self consistant(VPSC)framework to quantitatively study the deformation mechanism of pre-twinned AZ31 magnesium alloy during medium-high temperature impact loading.Both TDRX and GBBDRX occur,with basal slip as the dominant slip system,followed by pyramidal〈c+a〉slip and prismatic slip.The dynamic recrystallization(DRX)significantly influences basal and pyramidal〈c+a〉slip systems,with minimal impact on secondary deformation mechanism.In addition,the recrystallization mechanism of grain boundary bowing increases the activity of basal slip and decreases the activity of pyramidal〈c+a〉slip.The nucleation and growth of recrystallized grains enhance basal slip activity and suppress pyramidal〈c+a〉slip,leading to the formation of a strong basal texture.As dynamic recrystallization progresses,a bimodal texture develops,characterized by a reduction in basal component pole density and a more pronounced basal slip.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12404456,52403324)Fundamental Research Funds for Public Universities in Liaoning(LJ212410140035,LJ212410140037)+2 种基金Shenyang Science and Technology Bureau(22-315-6-06)Fund of Liaoning Provincial for Excellent Young Scholars(2024JH3/10200045)Liaoning Province Science and Technology Plan Joint Program(Natural Science Foundation General Project)(2024-MSLH-188)。
摘要Currently,one of the main factors limiting the performance of photocatalytic technology is the suboptimal utilization efficiency of the infrared region in sunlight spectrum.Although rare earth ion doping can improve light absorption of photocatalysts in the infrared region to some extent,it is still restricted by a narrow absorption cross-section and relatively low photocatalytic efficiency under infrared light.In this work,a full-spectrum photocatalyst based on Bi2 WO6:Yb3+,Er3+/Ag composite was prepared.Ag loading formed a Schottky junction on the surface of Bi2 WO6 and introduced the localized surface plasmon resonance(LSPR)effect.Their synergistic interaction optimized the band structure and the separation efficiency of photogenerated charge carriers.Hot electron injection induced by the LSPR effect can simultaneously enhance the mutually independent photocatalytic processes driven by visible light and near-infrared light,thereby achieving an overall boost in full-spectrum photocatalytic performance.It enables Bi2 WO6:Yb3+,Er3+/Ag composite to efficiently address various refractory pollutants and complex conditions.Bi2 WO6:Yb3+,Er3+/Ag composite exhibits outstanding photodegradation performance for a diverse mixture of antibiotics,including tetracycline hydrochloride,norfloxacin,ciprofloxacin,and levofloxacin in real water samples under simulated sunlight irradiation.This work paves a way for the development of green,efficient,and sustainable environmental remediation technologies.
基金Project(52474122)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProjects(2025B1515020067,2022A1515240009)supported by the Guangdong Provincial Department of Science and Technology,ChinaProject(SQ2024AAA150144)supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China。
摘要The shear behavior of rock joints under dynamic disturbances is still not well understood,especially when subjected to irregular stress waveforms,which are common in real-world scenarios.In this study,a series of cyclic normal loading/unloading direct shear tests was conducted on rough granite fractures using a laboratory direct shear apparatus.The effects of different normal loading rates,unloading rates,and shear velocities on shear stress,apparent friction coefficient,normal displacement,and shear work were systematically analyzed.The experimental results indicated that as the normal loading and unloading rates increase and the shear velocity decreases,the peak shear stress and shear work decrease.Compared with quasi-static shear strength,dynamic normal stress disturbance may strengthen the dynamic shear strength or weaken it,and the strengthening/weakening degree is controlled by the normal loading/unloading rates and shear velocity.Furthermore,three distinct shear stress variation patterns(linear decay,nonlinear decay,and peak delay)are observed.These findings provide a theoretical basis for evaluating the stability of jointed rock masses under complex dynamic disturbances such as earthquakes,tidal effects,traffic loads,and blasting activities.
基金Projects(U24A20616,U24B2038)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2025NSFTD0012)supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Projects in Sichuan Province,ChinaProject(E2024508032)supported by the Hebei Natural Science Foundation,China。
摘要Constructing salt caverns in deep formations poses significant challenges due to their high geostresses,pronounced creep behavior,and particularly intense pressure fluctuations.This study first conducted mechanical experiments to investigate the long-term creep behavior of salt rock and to examine the differences in its mechanical response under cyclic loading compared with traditional triaxial loading.The results revealed a confining-pressure-dependent nonlinear creep behavior as well as a degradation mechanism induced by cyclic loading.A numerical model was then developed that incorporates the nonlinear creep law with periodic parameter weakening.Comparative analyses of cavern dilatancy under cyclic versus constant pressure conditions were conducted,validating the necessity of integrating the periodic weakening mechanism into the numerical model.The results indicate that cyclic loading enhances the plastic deformation capacity while lowering its dilatancy threshold.For the cyclic gas pressure(CGP)mode,a minimum operational pressure of 9.6 MPa is infeasible due to excessive sidewall convergence and extensive spalling risk zones,with 12.0 MPa recommended as the lower limit.The constant brine pressure(CBP)mode exhibits superior performance in controlling deformation and damage.For the constant gas pressure(GP)mode,a constant pressure of 19.2 MPa results in no significant dilatancy damage zones in the salt layer.Critically,neglecting the dynamic weakening of parameters induced by cyclic loading leads to substantial underestimation of long-term deformation,by 20.2%in this study,primarily accumulated during the unloading(gas production)phase.The findings are expected to provide valuable insights into deep salt caverns with high-pressure fluctuations.