Physically unclonable functions have emerged as a pivotal research direction in the field of cryptography in recent years.It leverages the inherent physical variations within hardware for information encryption,posses...Physically unclonable functions have emerged as a pivotal research direction in the field of cryptography in recent years.It leverages the inherent physical variations within hardware for information encryption,possessing the unclonable characteristic that avoids the risks of electronic keys being replicated.Distributed feedback(DFB)lasers,with their rich nonlinear dynamic properties,are capable of generating broadband chaotic signals,thereby achieving highly secure encryption of injected signals.However,the synchronizability of different DFB lasers under chaotic conditions poses a challenge for achieving physical unclonability.Whispering gallery mode(WGM)microcavities have complex mode distributions and can bring distinctive scrambling effects for the input light.Here,we observe that a DFB laser can generate identical nonlinear responses under identical driving conditions,and the WGM cavity can offer a unique scrambling effect.We propose an optical physically unclonable function scheme,demonstrated through the cascaded use of a DFB laser and a WGM microcavity.By superimposing the nonlinear scrambling and unclonable characteristics of a WGM cavity onto a DFB laser,this scheme achieves enhanced security and an expanded challenge–response pair space.Our approach can effectively thwart both link and terminal attacks,signifying its pivotal role in future hardware-based authentication applications.展开更多
Physical unclonable functions(PUFs)offer a promising defensive measure against the escalating challenges posed by the increasingly rampant counterfeit products.Conventional PUF materials with a singular physical prope...Physical unclonable functions(PUFs)offer a promising defensive measure against the escalating challenges posed by the increasingly rampant counterfeit products.Conventional PUF materials with a singular physical property encounter limitations in encoding flexibility and capacity.Here,we propose a dual-color center diamond-based PUF(D-PUF)ink that exploits four diverse optical characteristics of dual-color center in diamond to design a concealable multi-level cryptographic authentication protocol.Through simple writing,stamping,or spraying,intricate covert random patterns can be directly generated on the objects,which are imperceptible under visible light.When challenged by a 532 nm laser,the D-PUF exhibits four distinct optical responses,including Raman,zero phonon line(ZPL)of germanium vacancies(GeV),ZPL of silicon vacancies(SiV),and the intensity ratios of these ZPLs.These responses were harvested simultaneously to construct the four-level separate encodable matrices.Furthermore,M-ary encoding algorithms were implemented to encrypt PUFs with flexibility.The resulting multi-level PUF system attains notable uniqueness,repeatability,extensive encoding capacity(>1048164/(100 pixels)2),and ultra-high information entropy(6 bits/pixel).This study inspires designing new generations of multi-level PUFs with enhanced coding flexibility and holds significant promise for applications in print security.展开更多
Confronting the escalating global challenge of counterfeit products,developing advanced anticounterfeiting materials and structures with physical unclonable functions(PUFs)has become imperative.All-optical PUFs,distin...Confronting the escalating global challenge of counterfeit products,developing advanced anticounterfeiting materials and structures with physical unclonable functions(PUFs)has become imperative.All-optical PUFs,distinguished by their high output complexity and expansive response space,offer a promising alternative to conventional electronic counterparts.For practical authentications,the expansion of optical PUF keys usually involves intricate spatial or spectral shaping of excitation light using bulky external apparatus,which largely hinders the applications of optical PUFs.Here,we report a plasmonic PUF system based on heterogeneous nanostructures.The template-assisted shadow deposition technique was employed to adjust the morphological diversity of densely packed metal nanoparticles in individual PUFs.Transmission images were processed via a hash algorithm,and the generated PUF keys with a scalable capacity from 2875 to 243401 exhibit excellent uniqueness,randomness,and reproducibility.Furthermore,the wavelength and the polarization state of the excitation light are harnessed as two distinct expanding strategies,offering the potential for multiscenario applications via a single PUF.Overall,our reported plasmonic PUFs operated with the multidimensional expanding strategy are envisaged to serve as easy-to-integrate,easy-to-use systems and promise efficacy across a broad spectrum of applications,from anticounterfeiting to data encryption and authentication.展开更多
In recent years,physical unclonable function(PUF)has emerged as a lightweight solution in the Internet of Things security.However,conventional PUFs based on complementary metal oxide semiconductor(CMOS)present challen...In recent years,physical unclonable function(PUF)has emerged as a lightweight solution in the Internet of Things security.However,conventional PUFs based on complementary metal oxide semiconductor(CMOS)present challenges such as insufficient randomness,significant power and area overhead,and vulnerability to environmental factors,leading to reduced reliability.In this study,we realize a strong,highly reliable and reconfigurable PUF with resistance against machine-learning attacks in a 1 kb spinorbit torque magnetic random access memory fabricated using a 180 nm CMOS process.This strong PUF achieves a challenge-response pair capacity of 109 through a computing-in-memory approach.The results demonstrate that the proposed PUF exhibits near-ideal performance metrics:50.07% uniformity,50% diffuseness,49.89% uniqueness,and a bit error rate of 0%,even in a 375 K environment.The reconfigurability of PUF is demonstrated by a reconfigurable Hamming distance of 49.31% and a correlation coefficient of less than 0.2,making it difficult to extract output keys through side-channel analysis.Furthermore,resistance to machine-learning modeling attacks is confirmed by achieving an ideal accuracy prediction of approximately 50% in the test set.展开更多
In the emerging Industrial Internet of Things(IIoT),authentication problems have become an urgent issue for massive resource-constrained devices because traditional costly security mechanisms are not suitable for them...In the emerging Industrial Internet of Things(IIoT),authentication problems have become an urgent issue for massive resource-constrained devices because traditional costly security mechanisms are not suitable for them.The security protocol designed for resource-constrained systems should not only be secure but also efficient in terms of usage of energy,storage,and processing.Although recently many lightweight schemes have been proposed,to the best of our knowledge,they are unable to address the problem of privacy preservation with the resistance of Denial of Service(DoS)attacks in a practical way.In this paper,we propose a lightweight authentication protocol based on the Physically Unclonable Function(PUF)to overcome the limitations of existing schemes.The protocol provides an ingenious authentication and synchronization mechanism to solve the contradictions amount forward secrecy,DoS attacks,and resource-constrained.The performance analysis and comparison show that the proposed scheme can better improve the authentication security and efficiency for resource-constrained systems in IIoT.展开更多
With the rapid development of the Internet of Things(IoT),the widespread adoption of applications such as smart homes and industrial IoT has raised the demand for secure authentication and key agreement among resource...With the rapid development of the Internet of Things(IoT),the widespread adoption of applications such as smart homes and industrial IoT has raised the demand for secure authentication and key agreement among resource-constrained devices over open communication channels.Traditional authentication protocols often rely on centralized servers for key distribution,which results in high communication overhead and exposes systems to single-point-of-failure risks.Moreover,IoT devices are typically constrained in computational resources and are vulnerable to hardware cloning.These limitations necessitate lightweight yet robust security mechanisms.To address these challenges,we propose a lightweight peer-to-peer authentication protocol based on Physically Unclonable Function(PUF)and Multiple Reference Fuzzy Extractor(MRFE).The proposed protocol enables direct mutual authentication and key agreement between IoT devices without the participation of a trusted third-party server.Formal security analysis,along with evaluations of computation and communication costs,demonstrates that the protocol achieves strong security guarantees while maintaining high efficiency.Therefore,the proposed protocol is well-suited for lightweight peer-to-peer authentication scenarios in IoT environments.展开更多
IoT devices rely on authentication mechanisms to render secure message exchange.During data transmission,scalability,data integrity,and processing time have been considered challenging aspects for a system constituted...IoT devices rely on authentication mechanisms to render secure message exchange.During data transmission,scalability,data integrity,and processing time have been considered challenging aspects for a system constituted by IoT devices.The application of physical unclonable functions(PUFs)ensures secure data transmission among the internet of things(IoT)devices in a simplified network with an efficient time-stamped agreement.This paper proposes a secure,lightweight,cost-efficient reinforcement machine learning framework(SLCR-MLF)to achieve decentralization and security,thus enabling scalability,data integrity,and optimized processing time in IoT devices.PUF has been integrated into SLCR-MLF to improve the security of the cluster head node in the IoT platform during transmission by providing the authentication service for device-to-device communication.An IoT network gathers information of interest from multiple cluster members selected by the proposed framework.In addition,the software-defined secured(SDS)technique is integrated with SLCR-MLF to improve data integrity and optimize processing time in the IoT platform.Simulation analysis shows that the proposed framework outperforms conventional methods regarding the network’s lifetime,energy,secured data retrieval rate,and performance ratio.By enabling the proposed framework,number of residual nodes is reduced to 16%,energy consumption is reduced by up to 50%,almost 30%improvement in data retrieval rate,and network lifetime is improved by up to 1000 msec.展开更多
In order to reduce physical unclonable fixnction (PUF) response instability and imbalance caused by the metastability and the bias of arbiter, this paper uses an improved balanced D flip-plop (DFF) based on the un...In order to reduce physical unclonable fixnction (PUF) response instability and imbalance caused by the metastability and the bias of arbiter, this paper uses an improved balanced D flip-plop (DFF) based on the unbalanced DFF to reduce the bias in response output and enhances the security of PUF by adopting two balanced DFFs in series. The experimental results show that two cascaded balanced DFFs improve the stability of the DFF, and the output of two balanced DFFs is more reliable. The entropy of output is fixed at 98.7%.展开更多
Physically unclonable functions(PUFs)are essential for anticounterfeiting.Creating high-stability,multimode,and secure labels remains challenging.Herein,we present a novel self-assembly method for modulating the optic...Physically unclonable functions(PUFs)are essential for anticounterfeiting.Creating high-stability,multimode,and secure labels remains challenging.Herein,we present a novel self-assembly method for modulating the optical signals of rare-earth(RE)complexes via interactions with Ag nanoparticles(Ag-NPs).Initially,we engineered a positively charged Eu3+complex([EuL3]3+),which promotes the self-assembly of negatively charged Ag-NPs to form Eu/Ag-NPs composites.The assembly of Ag-NPs induces a surface plasmon effect that boosts the luminescent quantum yield and Raman signal intensities,and modifies the luminescence lifetime of the[EuL3]3+.Crucially,these micron-scale Eu/Ag-NPs can be applied to substrates,facilitating high-resolution signal acquisition and diverse information encoding within limited space.Validation experiments reveal that PUF labels crafted using Eu/Ag-NPs exhibit inherent randomness and uniqueness,along with stable and repeatable signal output.The strategic self-assembly of Ag-NPs,mediated by[EuL3]3+,along with the effective modulation of material properties,paves the way for advancing high-resolution,high-information-density solutions in anticounterfeiting technologies.展开更多
Physical unclonable functions(PUFs),relying extensively on the random spatial distribution of block elements,are promising technology for generating unclonable cryptograph.Herein,we demonstrate time-dependent PUFs(TD-...Physical unclonable functions(PUFs),relying extensively on the random spatial distribution of block elements,are promising technology for generating unclonable cryptograph.Herein,we demonstrate time-dependent PUFs(TD-PUFs)by introducing carbon dots(CDs)with bright and long-lived triplet excitons as block elements.The constructed TD-PUFs evolve into multiple unclonable PUFs over time,effectively breaking the spatial limitation of transitional PUFs and increasing the complexity,making them much more difficult to be attacked.This temporal evolution introduces an additional layer of security,as the dynamic nature of TD-PUFs makes it increasingly challenging for adversaries to predict or replicate their states.We have developed pixel matrix function(PMF)to describe the evolution process of the TD-PUFs,enabling a detailed analysis of the dynamic behavior and unique security features.In addition,we exhibit a TD-PUFs painting(30×40 cm2)by an etching technology where the primary structures of the panting undergo a transformation over time,driven by the varying triplet exciton lifetimes of the CDs.The proposed concept of TD-PUFs overcome their spatial limitations and increase the complexity,making the PUF labels more difficulty to be cracked.展开更多
The advancement of 6G wireless communication technology has facilitated the integration of Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks(VANETs).However,the messages transmitted over the public channel in the open and dynamic VANETs are ...The advancement of 6G wireless communication technology has facilitated the integration of Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks(VANETs).However,the messages transmitted over the public channel in the open and dynamic VANETs are vulnerable to malicious attacks.Although numerous researchers have proposed authentication schemes to enhance the security of Vehicle-to-Vehicle(V2V)communication,most existing methodologies face two significant challenges:(1)the majority of the schemes are not lightweight enough to support realtime message interaction among vehicles;(2)the sensitive information like identity and position is at risk of being compromised.To tackle these issues,we propose a lightweight dual authentication protocol for V2V communication based on Physical Unclonable Function(PUF).The proposed scheme accomplishes dual authentication between vehicles by the combination of Zero-Knowledge Proof(ZKP)and MASK function.The security analysis proves that our scheme provides both anonymous authentication and information unlinkability.Additionally,the performance analysis demonstrates that the computation overhead of our scheme is approximately reduced 23.4% compared to the state-of-the-art schemes.The practical simulation conducted in a 6G network environment demonstrates the feasibility of 6G-based VANETs and their potential for future advancements.展开更多
With the rise of modern technology,counterfeit products have become widespread,increasing the demand for advanced anti-counterfeiting solutions.Inspired by the random wrinkles on peanut surfaces,this paper proposes a ...With the rise of modern technology,counterfeit products have become widespread,increasing the demand for advanced anti-counterfeiting solutions.Inspired by the random wrinkles on peanut surfaces,this paper proposes a biologically physical unclonable function(PUF)label with an alloptical anti-counterfeiting.Using spatially selective plasma etching technology,a single material random wrinkling strategy is designed.This overcomes the limitations of traditional double-layer wrinkling,such as low entropy and complex processes,enabling selective wrinkling in fixed areas.In addition,the innovative introduction of dual-modal luminescent micron defects in polydimethylsiloxane films enables orthogonal control and coordination of the frequency domain of unpredictable wrinkles at the mesoscopic scale,promoting the transition from long-range anisotropy to short-range isotropy.It is worth noting that the verification process only requires simple optical equipment,providing cost-effectiveness and ease of detection.This anti-counterfeiting system incorporates three collaborative security mechanisms:(i)highentropy PUF encoded wrinkle fingerprints,(ii)angle-sensitive Bragg-like structural colors,and(iii)spatially segmented dualmode fluorescence.The anti-counterfeiting label has wide applicability in secure packaging,high-value product labels,and smart encryption,and has the potential to be extended to flexible electronics and wearable security systems.展开更多
Physically unclonable crypto primitives have potential applications for anti-counterfeiting,identification,and authentication,which are clone proof and resistant to variously physical attack.Conventional physical uncl...Physically unclonable crypto primitives have potential applications for anti-counterfeiting,identification,and authentication,which are clone proof and resistant to variously physical attack.Conventional physical unclonable function(PUF)based on Si complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor(CMOS)technologies greatly suffers from entropy loss and bit instability due to noise sensitivity.Here we grow atomically thick MoS2 thin film and fabricate field-effect transistors(FETs).The inherently physical randomness of MoS2 transistors from materials growth and device fabrication process makes it appropriate for the application of PUF device.We perform electrical characterizations of MoS2 FETs,collect the data from 448 devices,and generate PUF keys by splitting drain current at specific levels to evaluate the response performance.Proper selection of splitting threshold enables to generate binary,ternary,and double binary keys.The generated PUF keys exhibit good randomness and uniqueness,providing a possibility for harvesting highly secured PUF devices with two-dimensional materials.展开更多
Physical Unclonable Functions(PUFs)can be seen as kind of hardware one-way functions,who are easily fabricated but difficult to clone,duplicate or predict.Therefore,PUFs with unclonable and unpredictable properties ar...Physical Unclonable Functions(PUFs)can be seen as kind of hardware one-way functions,who are easily fabricated but difficult to clone,duplicate or predict.Therefore,PUFs with unclonable and unpredictable properties are welcome to be applied in designing lightweight cryptography protocols.In this paper,a Basic Key Distribution Scheme(Basic-KDS)based on PUFs is firstly proposed.Then,by employing different deployment modes,a Random Deployment Key Distribution Scheme(RD-KDS)and a Grouping Deployment Key Distribution Scheme(GD-KDS)are further proposed based on the Basic-KDS for large scale wireless sensor networks.In our proposals,a sensor is not pre-distributed with any keys but will generate one by the embedded PUF when receiving a challenge from the gateway,which provides perfect resilience against sensor capture attacks.Besides,the unclonable and unpredictable properties of PUF guarantee the key uniqueness and two-way authentication.Analysis and experiment results show that our proposals have better performances in improving the resilience,secure-connectivity,and efficiency as compared to other schemes.展开更多
Due to the impact of voltage,temperature and device aging,the traditional ring oscillator-based physical unclonable functions(RO-PUF)suffers from a unreliability issue,i.e.,PUF output is subject to a constant change.T...Due to the impact of voltage,temperature and device aging,the traditional ring oscillator-based physical unclonable functions(RO-PUF)suffers from a unreliability issue,i.e.,PUF output is subject to a constant change.To improve the reliability of the PUF,a stability test scheme related to the PUF mapping unit is proposed.The scheme uses ring oscillators with multiple complexity and various frequencies as sources of interference,which are placed near the PUF prototype circuit to interfere with it.By identifying and discarding unstable slices whichlead to t e instability of PUF,PUF reliability can be effectively improved.Experimental results show that surrounding logic circuits with multiple complexity and multiple frequencies can identify different unstable slices,a d the higher the complexity,t e more unstable slices are detected.Moreover,compared with newly published PUF literature,t e PUF cicuit possesses better statistical characteristic of randomness and lower resource consumption.W it temperatures varying from 0 to 120 t and voltage fluctuating between 0.85 and 1.2 V,its uniqueness and stability can achieve 49.78%a d 98.00%,respectively,which makes it better for use in t e field of security.展开更多
With the exponential growth of intelligent Internet of Things(IoT)applications,Cloud-Edge(CE)paradigm is emerging as a solution that facilitates resource-efficient and timely services.However,it remains an underlying ...With the exponential growth of intelligent Internet of Things(IoT)applications,Cloud-Edge(CE)paradigm is emerging as a solution that facilitates resource-efficient and timely services.However,it remains an underlying issue that frequent end-edgecloud communication is over a public or adversarycontrolled channel.Additionally,with the presence of resource-constrained devices,it’s imperative to conduct the secure communication mechanism,while still guaranteeing efficiency.Physical unclonable functions(PUF)emerge as promising lightweight security primitives.Thus,we first construct a PUF-based security mechanism for vulnerable IoT devices.Further,a provably secure and PUF-based authentication key agreement scheme is proposed for establishing the secure channel in end-edge-cloud empowered IoT,without requiring pre-loaded master keys.The security of our scheme is rigorously proven through formal security analysis under the random oracle model,and security verification using AVISPA tool.The comprehensive security features are also elaborated.Moreover,the numerical results demonstrate that the proposed scheme outperforms existing related schemes in terms of computational and communication efficiency.展开更多
Due to the unique response mechanism, physical unclonable function(PUF) has been extensively studied as a hardware security primitive. And compared to other PUFs, the resistive random access memory(RRAM)based PUF has ...Due to the unique response mechanism, physical unclonable function(PUF) has been extensively studied as a hardware security primitive. And compared to other PUFs, the resistive random access memory(RRAM)based PUF has more flexibility with the change of conductive filaments. In this work, we propose an exclusive or(XOR) strong PUF based on the 1 Kbit 1-transistor-1-resistor(1 T1 R) arrays, and unlike the traditional RRAM based strong PUF, the XOR PUF has a stronger anti-machine learning attack ability in our experiments. The reliability of XOR RRAM PUF is determined by the read instability, thermal dependence of RRAM resistance,and aging. We used a split current distribution scheme to make the reliability of XOR PUF significantly improved.After baking for 50 h at a high temperature of 150?C, the intra-chip Hamming distance(Intra-HD) only increased from 0 to 4.5%. The inter-chip Hamming distance(Inter-HD) and uniformity are close to 50%(ideally). And it is proven through the NIST test that XOR PUF has a high uniqueness.展开更多
Physical unclonable function (PUF) makes use of the uncontrollable process variations during the production of IC to generate a unique signature for each IC. It has a wide application in security such as FPGA intell...Physical unclonable function (PUF) makes use of the uncontrollable process variations during the production of IC to generate a unique signature for each IC. It has a wide application in security such as FPGA intellectual property (IP) protection, key generation and digital rights management. Ring oscillator (RO) PUF and Arbiter PUF are the most popular PUFs, but they are not specially designed for FPGA. RO PUF incurs high resource overhead while obtaining less challenge-response pairs, and requires "hard macros" to implement on FPGAs. The arbiter PUF brings low resource overhead, but its structure has big bias when it is mapped on FPGAs. Anderson PUF can address these weaknesses of current Arbiter and RO PUFs implemented on FPGAs. However, it cannot be directly implemented on the new generation 28 nm FPGAs. In order to address these problems, this paper designs and implements a delay-based PUF that uses two LUTs in an SLICEM to implement two 16-bit shift registers of the PUF, 2-to-1 multiplexers in the carry chain to implement the multiplexers of the PUF, and any one of the 8 flip-flops to latch 1-bit PUF signatures. The proposed delay-based PUF is completely realized on 28 nm commercial FPGAs, and the experimental results show its high uniqueness, reliability and reconfigurability. Moreover, we test the impact of aging on it, and the results show that the effect of aging on the proposed PUF is insignificant, with only 6% bit-flips. Finally, the prospects of the proposed PUF in the FPGA binding and volatile key generation are discussed.展开更多
This paper describes a new silicon physical unclonable function (PUF) architecture that can be fabri- cated on a standard CMOS process. Our proposed architecture is built using process sensors, difference amplifier,...This paper describes a new silicon physical unclonable function (PUF) architecture that can be fabri- cated on a standard CMOS process. Our proposed architecture is built using process sensors, difference amplifier, comparator, voting mechanism and diffusion algorithm circuit. Multiple identical process sensors are fabricated on the same chip. Due to manufacturing process variations, each sensor produces slightly different physical charac- teristic values that can be compared in order to create a digital identification for the chip. The diffusion algorithm circuit ensures further that the PUF based on the proposed architecture is able to effectively identify a population of ICs. We also improve the stability of PUF design with respect to temporary environmental variations like temperature and supply voltage with the introduction of difference amplifier and voting mechanism. The PUF built on the proposed architecture is fabricated in 0.18 μm CMOS technology. Experimental results show that the PUF has a good output statistical characteristic of uniform distribution and a high stability of 98.1% with respect to temperature variation from -40 to 100 ℃, and supply voltage variation from 1.7 to 1.9 V.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Grant Nos.62105233 and 62035009)the Development Fund in Science and Technology of Shanxi Province(Grant No.YDZJSX2022A010)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province(Grant Nos.202203021221079 and 202403021211159)the Major Key Project of PCL(Grant No.PCL2021A14)。
摘要Physically unclonable functions have emerged as a pivotal research direction in the field of cryptography in recent years.It leverages the inherent physical variations within hardware for information encryption,possessing the unclonable characteristic that avoids the risks of electronic keys being replicated.Distributed feedback(DFB)lasers,with their rich nonlinear dynamic properties,are capable of generating broadband chaotic signals,thereby achieving highly secure encryption of injected signals.However,the synchronizability of different DFB lasers under chaotic conditions poses a challenge for achieving physical unclonability.Whispering gallery mode(WGM)microcavities have complex mode distributions and can bring distinctive scrambling effects for the input light.Here,we observe that a DFB laser can generate identical nonlinear responses under identical driving conditions,and the WGM cavity can offer a unique scrambling effect.We propose an optical physically unclonable function scheme,demonstrated through the cascaded use of a DFB laser and a WGM microcavity.By superimposing the nonlinear scrambling and unclonable characteristics of a WGM cavity onto a DFB laser,this scheme achieves enhanced security and an expanded challenge–response pair space.Our approach can effectively thwart both link and terminal attacks,signifying its pivotal role in future hardware-based authentication applications.
基金the support of the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFB3608604)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U22A2077 and U21A2070)+5 种基金Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.ZR2022MH280)Medical Science and Technology Project of Shandong Province(No.202307020692)Natural Science Foundation of Henan(Nos.212300410020 and 222300420297)Science and Technology Major Project of Henan Province(No.221100230300)the Fundamental Research Fund of Henan Academy of Sciences(No.20250627005)Henan Postdoctoral Foundation(No.202101007).
摘要Physical unclonable functions(PUFs)offer a promising defensive measure against the escalating challenges posed by the increasingly rampant counterfeit products.Conventional PUF materials with a singular physical property encounter limitations in encoding flexibility and capacity.Here,we propose a dual-color center diamond-based PUF(D-PUF)ink that exploits four diverse optical characteristics of dual-color center in diamond to design a concealable multi-level cryptographic authentication protocol.Through simple writing,stamping,or spraying,intricate covert random patterns can be directly generated on the objects,which are imperceptible under visible light.When challenged by a 532 nm laser,the D-PUF exhibits four distinct optical responses,including Raman,zero phonon line(ZPL)of germanium vacancies(GeV),ZPL of silicon vacancies(SiV),and the intensity ratios of these ZPLs.These responses were harvested simultaneously to construct the four-level separate encodable matrices.Furthermore,M-ary encoding algorithms were implemented to encrypt PUFs with flexibility.The resulting multi-level PUF system attains notable uniqueness,repeatability,extensive encoding capacity(>1048164/(100 pixels)2),and ultra-high information entropy(6 bits/pixel).This study inspires designing new generations of multi-level PUFs with enhanced coding flexibility and holds significant promise for applications in print security.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62422503,62105080,22004016,and U22A2093)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation Regional Joint Fund(Grant Nos.2023A1515011944,2020B1515130006,and 2021B515120056)+1 种基金the Talent Recruitment Project of Guangdong(Grant No.2021QN02X179)the Science and Technology Innovation Commission of Shenzhen(Grant Nos.JCYJ20220531095604009 and RCYX20221008092907027).
摘要Confronting the escalating global challenge of counterfeit products,developing advanced anticounterfeiting materials and structures with physical unclonable functions(PUFs)has become imperative.All-optical PUFs,distinguished by their high output complexity and expansive response space,offer a promising alternative to conventional electronic counterparts.For practical authentications,the expansion of optical PUF keys usually involves intricate spatial or spectral shaping of excitation light using bulky external apparatus,which largely hinders the applications of optical PUFs.Here,we report a plasmonic PUF system based on heterogeneous nanostructures.The template-assisted shadow deposition technique was employed to adjust the morphological diversity of densely packed metal nanoparticles in individual PUFs.Transmission images were processed via a hash algorithm,and the generated PUF keys with a scalable capacity from 2875 to 243401 exhibit excellent uniqueness,randomness,and reproducibility.Furthermore,the wavelength and the polarization state of the excitation light are harnessed as two distinct expanding strategies,offering the potential for multiscenario applications via a single PUF.Overall,our reported plasmonic PUFs operated with the multidimensional expanding strategy are envisaged to serve as easy-to-integrate,easy-to-use systems and promise efficacy across a broad spectrum of applications,from anticounterfeiting to data encryption and authentication.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(92164206,52261145694,T2394474,T2394470,623B2015,62271026,62401026,and 62404013)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB4400200)+1 种基金the New Cornerstone Science Foundation through the XPLORER PRIZE,the National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(BX20220374 and BX20240455)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Funded Project(2023M740177 and 2022M720345).
摘要In recent years,physical unclonable function(PUF)has emerged as a lightweight solution in the Internet of Things security.However,conventional PUFs based on complementary metal oxide semiconductor(CMOS)present challenges such as insufficient randomness,significant power and area overhead,and vulnerability to environmental factors,leading to reduced reliability.In this study,we realize a strong,highly reliable and reconfigurable PUF with resistance against machine-learning attacks in a 1 kb spinorbit torque magnetic random access memory fabricated using a 180 nm CMOS process.This strong PUF achieves a challenge-response pair capacity of 109 through a computing-in-memory approach.The results demonstrate that the proposed PUF exhibits near-ideal performance metrics:50.07% uniformity,50% diffuseness,49.89% uniqueness,and a bit error rate of 0%,even in a 375 K environment.The reconfigurability of PUF is demonstrated by a reconfigurable Hamming distance of 49.31% and a correlation coefficient of less than 0.2,making it difficult to extract output keys through side-channel analysis.Furthermore,resistance to machine-learning modeling attacks is confirmed by achieving an ideal accuracy prediction of approximately 50% in the test set.
基金This work was supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation under Grant Nos.2020M681959 and 2020TQ0291in part by the national key R&D project under Grant No.2018YFB2100401in part by the National Key Research and Development Project No.2018YFB2100400.
摘要In the emerging Industrial Internet of Things(IIoT),authentication problems have become an urgent issue for massive resource-constrained devices because traditional costly security mechanisms are not suitable for them.The security protocol designed for resource-constrained systems should not only be secure but also efficient in terms of usage of energy,storage,and processing.Although recently many lightweight schemes have been proposed,to the best of our knowledge,they are unable to address the problem of privacy preservation with the resistance of Denial of Service(DoS)attacks in a practical way.In this paper,we propose a lightweight authentication protocol based on the Physically Unclonable Function(PUF)to overcome the limitations of existing schemes.The protocol provides an ingenious authentication and synchronization mechanism to solve the contradictions amount forward secrecy,DoS attacks,and resource-constrained.The performance analysis and comparison show that the proposed scheme can better improve the authentication security and efficiency for resource-constrained systems in IIoT.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62572121,U22B2026)Natural Science Foundation of Xizang(XZ202501ZY0094)+1 种基金Frontier Technology R&D Program of Jiangsu(BF2025067)Open Foundation of Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security,Ministry of Education of China and Henan Key Laboratory of Network Cryptography(No.KLCS20240301).
摘要With the rapid development of the Internet of Things(IoT),the widespread adoption of applications such as smart homes and industrial IoT has raised the demand for secure authentication and key agreement among resource-constrained devices over open communication channels.Traditional authentication protocols often rely on centralized servers for key distribution,which results in high communication overhead and exposes systems to single-point-of-failure risks.Moreover,IoT devices are typically constrained in computational resources and are vulnerable to hardware cloning.These limitations necessitate lightweight yet robust security mechanisms.To address these challenges,we propose a lightweight peer-to-peer authentication protocol based on Physically Unclonable Function(PUF)and Multiple Reference Fuzzy Extractor(MRFE).The proposed protocol enables direct mutual authentication and key agreement between IoT devices without the participation of a trusted third-party server.Formal security analysis,along with evaluations of computation and communication costs,demonstrates that the protocol achieves strong security guarantees while maintaining high efficiency.Therefore,the proposed protocol is well-suited for lightweight peer-to-peer authentication scenarios in IoT environments.
摘要IoT devices rely on authentication mechanisms to render secure message exchange.During data transmission,scalability,data integrity,and processing time have been considered challenging aspects for a system constituted by IoT devices.The application of physical unclonable functions(PUFs)ensures secure data transmission among the internet of things(IoT)devices in a simplified network with an efficient time-stamped agreement.This paper proposes a secure,lightweight,cost-efficient reinforcement machine learning framework(SLCR-MLF)to achieve decentralization and security,thus enabling scalability,data integrity,and optimized processing time in IoT devices.PUF has been integrated into SLCR-MLF to improve the security of the cluster head node in the IoT platform during transmission by providing the authentication service for device-to-device communication.An IoT network gathers information of interest from multiple cluster members selected by the proposed framework.In addition,the software-defined secured(SDS)technique is integrated with SLCR-MLF to improve data integrity and optimize processing time in the IoT platform.Simulation analysis shows that the proposed framework outperforms conventional methods regarding the network’s lifetime,energy,secured data retrieval rate,and performance ratio.By enabling the proposed framework,number of residual nodes is reduced to 16%,energy consumption is reduced by up to 50%,almost 30%improvement in data retrieval rate,and network lifetime is improved by up to 1000 msec.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41371402)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2015211020201)
摘要In order to reduce physical unclonable fixnction (PUF) response instability and imbalance caused by the metastability and the bias of arbiter, this paper uses an improved balanced D flip-plop (DFF) based on the unbalanced DFF to reduce the bias in response output and enhances the security of PUF by adopting two balanced DFFs in series. The experimental results show that two cascaded balanced DFFs improve the stability of the DFF, and the output of two balanced DFFs is more reliable. The entropy of output is fixed at 98.7%.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Projects 22221001,22131007,22401119)the 111 project(B20027)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Major Plan of Gansu Province(23ZDGA012,24JRRA435)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(lzujbky-2024-jdzx13).
摘要Physically unclonable functions(PUFs)are essential for anticounterfeiting.Creating high-stability,multimode,and secure labels remains challenging.Herein,we present a novel self-assembly method for modulating the optical signals of rare-earth(RE)complexes via interactions with Ag nanoparticles(Ag-NPs).Initially,we engineered a positively charged Eu3+complex([EuL3]3+),which promotes the self-assembly of negatively charged Ag-NPs to form Eu/Ag-NPs composites.The assembly of Ag-NPs induces a surface plasmon effect that boosts the luminescent quantum yield and Raman signal intensities,and modifies the luminescence lifetime of the[EuL3]3+.Crucially,these micron-scale Eu/Ag-NPs can be applied to substrates,facilitating high-resolution signal acquisition and diverse information encoding within limited space.Validation experiments reveal that PUF labels crafted using Eu/Ag-NPs exhibit inherent randomness and uniqueness,along with stable and repeatable signal output.The strategic self-assembly of Ag-NPs,mediated by[EuL3]3+,along with the effective modulation of material properties,paves the way for advancing high-resolution,high-information-density solutions in anticounterfeiting technologies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62075198,11974317,12274378)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation under Grant(Grant No.BX20240337)Key Research and Promotion Projects in Henan Province(Grant No.252102231055).
摘要Physical unclonable functions(PUFs),relying extensively on the random spatial distribution of block elements,are promising technology for generating unclonable cryptograph.Herein,we demonstrate time-dependent PUFs(TD-PUFs)by introducing carbon dots(CDs)with bright and long-lived triplet excitons as block elements.The constructed TD-PUFs evolve into multiple unclonable PUFs over time,effectively breaking the spatial limitation of transitional PUFs and increasing the complexity,making them much more difficult to be attacked.This temporal evolution introduces an additional layer of security,as the dynamic nature of TD-PUFs makes it increasingly challenging for adversaries to predict or replicate their states.We have developed pixel matrix function(PMF)to describe the evolution process of the TD-PUFs,enabling a detailed analysis of the dynamic behavior and unique security features.In addition,we exhibit a TD-PUFs painting(30×40 cm2)by an etching technology where the primary structures of the panting undergo a transformation over time,driven by the varying triplet exciton lifetimes of the CDs.The proposed concept of TD-PUFs overcome their spatial limitations and increase the complexity,making the PUF labels more difficulty to be cracked.
摘要The advancement of 6G wireless communication technology has facilitated the integration of Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks(VANETs).However,the messages transmitted over the public channel in the open and dynamic VANETs are vulnerable to malicious attacks.Although numerous researchers have proposed authentication schemes to enhance the security of Vehicle-to-Vehicle(V2V)communication,most existing methodologies face two significant challenges:(1)the majority of the schemes are not lightweight enough to support realtime message interaction among vehicles;(2)the sensitive information like identity and position is at risk of being compromised.To tackle these issues,we propose a lightweight dual authentication protocol for V2V communication based on Physical Unclonable Function(PUF).The proposed scheme accomplishes dual authentication between vehicles by the combination of Zero-Knowledge Proof(ZKP)and MASK function.The security analysis proves that our scheme provides both anonymous authentication and information unlinkability.Additionally,the performance analysis demonstrates that the computation overhead of our scheme is approximately reduced 23.4% compared to the state-of-the-art schemes.The practical simulation conducted in a 6G network environment demonstrates the feasibility of 6G-based VANETs and their potential for future advancements.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(12174206)Open Foundation of Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics,Ministry of Education(OS24-3)+1 种基金Scientific Research Fund of Zhejiang Provincial Education Department(Y202454889)Natural Science Foundation of Huzhou(2024YZ44)。
摘要With the rise of modern technology,counterfeit products have become widespread,increasing the demand for advanced anti-counterfeiting solutions.Inspired by the random wrinkles on peanut surfaces,this paper proposes a biologically physical unclonable function(PUF)label with an alloptical anti-counterfeiting.Using spatially selective plasma etching technology,a single material random wrinkling strategy is designed.This overcomes the limitations of traditional double-layer wrinkling,such as low entropy and complex processes,enabling selective wrinkling in fixed areas.In addition,the innovative introduction of dual-modal luminescent micron defects in polydimethylsiloxane films enables orthogonal control and coordination of the frequency domain of unpredictable wrinkles at the mesoscopic scale,promoting the transition from long-range anisotropy to short-range isotropy.It is worth noting that the verification process only requires simple optical equipment,providing cost-effectiveness and ease of detection.This anti-counterfeiting system incorporates three collaborative security mechanisms:(i)highentropy PUF encoded wrinkle fingerprints,(ii)angle-sensitive Bragg-like structural colors,and(iii)spatially segmented dualmode fluorescence.The anti-counterfeiting label has wide applicability in secure packaging,high-value product labels,and smart encryption,and has the potential to be extended to flexible electronics and wearable security systems.
基金Research Grant Council of Hong Kong(PolyU 152016/17E)the Hong Kong Polytechnic University(G-SB79)J.-H.A.acknowledges the support from the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF-2015R1A3A2066337).
摘要Physically unclonable crypto primitives have potential applications for anti-counterfeiting,identification,and authentication,which are clone proof and resistant to variously physical attack.Conventional physical unclonable function(PUF)based on Si complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor(CMOS)technologies greatly suffers from entropy loss and bit instability due to noise sensitivity.Here we grow atomically thick MoS2 thin film and fabricate field-effect transistors(FETs).The inherently physical randomness of MoS2 transistors from materials growth and device fabrication process makes it appropriate for the application of PUF device.We perform electrical characterizations of MoS2 FETs,collect the data from 448 devices,and generate PUF keys by splitting drain current at specific levels to evaluate the response performance.Proper selection of splitting threshold enables to generate binary,ternary,and double binary keys.The generated PUF keys exhibit good randomness and uniqueness,providing a possibility for harvesting highly secured PUF devices with two-dimensional materials.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(under grant 61902163)the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China(under grant 17KJD520003,19KJB520033)the Research Startup Foundation of Jinling Institute of Technology(under grant JIT-B-201639,JIT-B-201726,JIT-B-202001).
摘要Physical Unclonable Functions(PUFs)can be seen as kind of hardware one-way functions,who are easily fabricated but difficult to clone,duplicate or predict.Therefore,PUFs with unclonable and unpredictable properties are welcome to be applied in designing lightweight cryptography protocols.In this paper,a Basic Key Distribution Scheme(Basic-KDS)based on PUFs is firstly proposed.Then,by employing different deployment modes,a Random Deployment Key Distribution Scheme(RD-KDS)and a Grouping Deployment Key Distribution Scheme(GD-KDS)are further proposed based on the Basic-KDS for large scale wireless sensor networks.In our proposals,a sensor is not pre-distributed with any keys but will generate one by the embedded PUF when receiving a challenge from the gateway,which provides perfect resilience against sensor capture attacks.Besides,the unclonable and unpredictable properties of PUF guarantee the key uniqueness and two-way authentication.Analysis and experiment results show that our proposals have better performances in improving the resilience,secure-connectivity,and efficiency as compared to other schemes.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61674048,61371025,61574052,61604001)
摘要Due to the impact of voltage,temperature and device aging,the traditional ring oscillator-based physical unclonable functions(RO-PUF)suffers from a unreliability issue,i.e.,PUF output is subject to a constant change.To improve the reliability of the PUF,a stability test scheme related to the PUF mapping unit is proposed.The scheme uses ring oscillators with multiple complexity and various frequencies as sources of interference,which are placed near the PUF prototype circuit to interfere with it.By identifying and discarding unstable slices whichlead to t e instability of PUF,PUF reliability can be effectively improved.Experimental results show that surrounding logic circuits with multiple complexity and multiple frequencies can identify different unstable slices,a d the higher the complexity,t e more unstable slices are detected.Moreover,compared with newly published PUF literature,t e PUF cicuit possesses better statistical characteristic of randomness and lower resource consumption.W it temperatures varying from 0 to 120 t and voltage fluctuating between 0.85 and 1.2 V,its uniqueness and stability can achieve 49.78%a d 98.00%,respectively,which makes it better for use in t e field of security.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China,“Joint Research of IoT Security System and Key Technologies Based on Quantum Key,”under project number 2020YFE0200600.
摘要With the exponential growth of intelligent Internet of Things(IoT)applications,Cloud-Edge(CE)paradigm is emerging as a solution that facilitates resource-efficient and timely services.However,it remains an underlying issue that frequent end-edgecloud communication is over a public or adversarycontrolled channel.Additionally,with the presence of resource-constrained devices,it’s imperative to conduct the secure communication mechanism,while still guaranteeing efficiency.Physical unclonable functions(PUF)emerge as promising lightweight security primitives.Thus,we first construct a PUF-based security mechanism for vulnerable IoT devices.Further,a provably secure and PUF-based authentication key agreement scheme is proposed for establishing the secure channel in end-edge-cloud empowered IoT,without requiring pre-loaded master keys.The security of our scheme is rigorously proven through formal security analysis under the random oracle model,and security verification using AVISPA tool.The comprehensive security features are also elaborated.Moreover,the numerical results demonstrate that the proposed scheme outperforms existing related schemes in terms of computational and communication efficiency.
基金the Special Research Fund for the National Science Foundation of China(Nos.61674087 and61674092)the Foundation of Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chip(No.KYJJ2016007)
摘要Due to the unique response mechanism, physical unclonable function(PUF) has been extensively studied as a hardware security primitive. And compared to other PUFs, the resistive random access memory(RRAM)based PUF has more flexibility with the change of conductive filaments. In this work, we propose an exclusive or(XOR) strong PUF based on the 1 Kbit 1-transistor-1-resistor(1 T1 R) arrays, and unlike the traditional RRAM based strong PUF, the XOR PUF has a stronger anti-machine learning attack ability in our experiments. The reliability of XOR RRAM PUF is determined by the read instability, thermal dependence of RRAM resistance,and aging. We used a split current distribution scheme to make the reliability of XOR PUF significantly improved.After baking for 50 h at a high temperature of 150?C, the intra-chip Hamming distance(Intra-HD) only increased from 0 to 4.5%. The inter-chip Hamming distance(Inter-HD) and uniformity are close to 50%(ideally). And it is proven through the NIST test that XOR PUF has a high uniqueness.
基金This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China under Grant No. 61225012, the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 61572123, 61501525, 61402162, 61232016, and U1405254, Hunan Province Science and Technology Project under Grant No. 2014RS4033, and the PAPD fund.
摘要Physical unclonable function (PUF) makes use of the uncontrollable process variations during the production of IC to generate a unique signature for each IC. It has a wide application in security such as FPGA intellectual property (IP) protection, key generation and digital rights management. Ring oscillator (RO) PUF and Arbiter PUF are the most popular PUFs, but they are not specially designed for FPGA. RO PUF incurs high resource overhead while obtaining less challenge-response pairs, and requires "hard macros" to implement on FPGAs. The arbiter PUF brings low resource overhead, but its structure has big bias when it is mapped on FPGAs. Anderson PUF can address these weaknesses of current Arbiter and RO PUFs implemented on FPGAs. However, it cannot be directly implemented on the new generation 28 nm FPGAs. In order to address these problems, this paper designs and implements a delay-based PUF that uses two LUTs in an SLICEM to implement two 16-bit shift registers of the PUF, 2-to-1 multiplexers in the carry chain to implement the multiplexers of the PUF, and any one of the 8 flip-flops to latch 1-bit PUF signatures. The proposed delay-based PUF is completely realized on 28 nm commercial FPGAs, and the experimental results show its high uniqueness, reliability and reconfigurability. Moreover, we test the impact of aging on it, and the results show that the effect of aging on the proposed PUF is insignificant, with only 6% bit-flips. Finally, the prospects of the proposed PUF in the FPGA binding and volatile key generation are discussed.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61376031)
摘要This paper describes a new silicon physical unclonable function (PUF) architecture that can be fabri- cated on a standard CMOS process. Our proposed architecture is built using process sensors, difference amplifier, comparator, voting mechanism and diffusion algorithm circuit. Multiple identical process sensors are fabricated on the same chip. Due to manufacturing process variations, each sensor produces slightly different physical charac- teristic values that can be compared in order to create a digital identification for the chip. The diffusion algorithm circuit ensures further that the PUF based on the proposed architecture is able to effectively identify a population of ICs. We also improve the stability of PUF design with respect to temporary environmental variations like temperature and supply voltage with the introduction of difference amplifier and voting mechanism. The PUF built on the proposed architecture is fabricated in 0.18 μm CMOS technology. Experimental results show that the PUF has a good output statistical characteristic of uniform distribution and a high stability of 98.1% with respect to temperature variation from -40 to 100 ℃, and supply voltage variation from 1.7 to 1.9 V.