This paper proposes a systematic solution to address issues with fixedquota paper reimbursement vouchers and handwritten reimbursement vouchers in railway passenger ticket refund and change services,such as the inabil...This paper proposes a systematic solution to address issues with fixedquota paper reimbursement vouchers and handwritten reimbursement vouchers in railway passenger ticket refund and change services,such as the inability to associate information and the inconvenient reimbursement.By categorizing service processes and voucher types,we designed standardized voucher layouts and clarified the data generation requirements.A voucher data system was established to unify data standards and achieve information integration across all channels.Additionally,measures such as transaction integrity assurance,continuous service handling,and convenient and flexible controls were implemented to ensure the reliability and flexibility of the data system.Practical applications have demonstrated that this solution enables the electronic management of ticket refund and change vouchers,significantly increasing service data volume.It provides data and technical support for the full implementation of electronic invoices,effectively enhancing the passenger service experience and improving the informatization level of railway passenger transport management.展开更多
The increasing complexity of China’s electricity market creates substantial challenges for settlement automation,data consistency,and operational scalability.Existing provincial settlement systems are fragmented,lack...The increasing complexity of China’s electricity market creates substantial challenges for settlement automation,data consistency,and operational scalability.Existing provincial settlement systems are fragmented,lack a unified data structure,and depend heavily on manual intervention to process high-frequency and retroactive transactions.To address these limitations,a graph-based unified settlement framework is proposed to enhance automation,flexibility,and adaptability in electricity market settlements.A flexible attribute-graph model is employed to represent heterogeneousmulti-market data,enabling standardized integration,rapid querying,and seamless adaptation to evolving business requirements.An extensible operator library is designed to support configurable settlement rules,and a suite of modular tools—including dataset generation,formula configuration,billing templates,and task scheduling—facilitates end-to-end automated settlement processing.A robust refund-clearing mechanism is further incorporated,utilizing sandbox execution,data-version snapshots,dynamic lineage tracing,and real-time changecapture technologies to enable rapid and accurate recalculations under dynamic policy and data revisions.Case studies based on real-world data from regional Chinese markets validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach,demonstrating marked improvements in computational efficiency,system robustness,and automation.Moreover,enhanced settlement accuracy and high temporal granularity improve price-signal fidelity,promote cost-reflective tariffs,and incentivize energy-efficient and demand-responsive behavior among market participants.The method not only supports equitable and transparent market operations but also provides a generalizable,scalable foundation for modern electricity settlement platforms in increasingly complex and dynamic market environments.展开更多
“This trip to China has been an absolute steal,”exclaimed Keiko,a Japanese tourist purchasing cosmetics through Shanghai International Finance Center’s immediate tax refund service.Her experience mirrors a broader ...“This trip to China has been an absolute steal,”exclaimed Keiko,a Japanese tourist purchasing cosmetics through Shanghai International Finance Center’s immediate tax refund service.Her experience mirrors a broader trend:Visitors from overseas are flocking to China’s retail scene,lured by its growing shopping convenience.On April 26,six government agencies,including the Ministry of Commerce,jointly issued the refined departure tax refund policy,slashing the minimum refund threshold from 500 yuan(US$69)to 200 yuan(US$28),doubling the cash refund limit from 10,000 yuan(US$1,376)to 20,000 yuan(US$2,752),and encouraging shopping districts,tourist attractions and hotels to increase the number of tax refund stores.展开更多
Taking China’s 2018 value-added tax(VAT)credit refund reform as an exogenous shock to improve VAT neutrality,we use a difference-in-differences approach to explore how the reform affected corporate social responsibil...Taking China’s 2018 value-added tax(VAT)credit refund reform as an exogenous shock to improve VAT neutrality,we use a difference-in-differences approach to explore how the reform affected corporate social responsibility(CSR).We find that the reform motivated firms to improve CSR performance.The reform has a“resource”effect,increasing internal funds and reducing financing costs,thereby enhancing firms’ability to undertake CSR.The reform also has a“reputation”effect,stimulating firms’willingness to engage in CSR to improve their reputations.CSR following the reform increases firm values and reduces bankruptcy risk.Our study provides fresh insights into VAT neutrality theory and is a reference for tax reform in emerging economies.展开更多
In this paper, a mathematical model about the optimal booking level problem in airline overbooking rnanageanent is proposed. Firstly, the normal distribution is employed to approximate Poisson requests and binomial go...In this paper, a mathematical model about the optimal booking level problem in airline overbooking rnanageanent is proposed. Firstly, the normal distribution is employed to approximate Poisson requests and binomial goshows. By calculating the mean loss, a model to describe the relationship between booking level and flight revenue is established. Then, an equation is deduced to decide the optimal booking level. Finally, a numerical example is utilized to illustrate the proposed model and discuss the impact of refund rate on the optimal booking level and the mean loss.展开更多
Mr and Mrs Jones went to see a film. They couldn't leave their two-year-old son at home alone, so they took him with them. When they walked into the cinema, an attendant said to them, "You'll have to go o...Mr and Mrs Jones went to see a film. They couldn't leave their two-year-old son at home alone, so they took him with them. When they walked into the cinema, an attendant said to them, "You'll have to go out if your little son cries, but you can go to the ticket window for full refund."展开更多
This paper regards the uncredited value-added tax(VAT)refund policy promulgated in 2018 as an exogenous shock to improve the neutrality for VAT.Based on the statistics of listed companies in the non-financial sectors ...This paper regards the uncredited value-added tax(VAT)refund policy promulgated in 2018 as an exogenous shock to improve the neutrality for VAT.Based on the statistics of listed companies in the non-financial sectors from 2013 to 2020,this paper applies the difference-in-differences(DID)approach to study the impact of the uncredited VAT refund policy on corporate cash holdings.The study finds that the policy has eased the impact of non-tax-neutral impact of non-refundable tax credits and lowered the level of corporate cash holdings.Furthermore,the analysis of capital sources verified that the policy has optimized the corporate capital conditions.These findings have proved to be robust after a series of tests.At the level of cross-sectional differences,the uncredited VAT refund policy exerts both"resource effect"and"signal effect",enabling companies to reduce cash holdings in the dimensions of both tax endowment and market expectation.At the level of policy effects,the policy improved the corporate behavior of high cash holdings for the production and operation cycle,with more notable impact on enterprises with higher tax credit rating.At the level of economic consequences,the adjustment of corporate cash holdings induced by uncredited VAT refund policy has significantly improved operating performance and reduced performance volatility,with a greater impact on enterprises with high capital intensity.The research findings evaluate the uncredited VAT refund policy from the perspective of tax neutrality,laying a theoretical foundation for further optimizing the uncredited VAT refund policy and the modern fiscal,tax and financial systems.展开更多
摘要This paper proposes a systematic solution to address issues with fixedquota paper reimbursement vouchers and handwritten reimbursement vouchers in railway passenger ticket refund and change services,such as the inability to associate information and the inconvenient reimbursement.By categorizing service processes and voucher types,we designed standardized voucher layouts and clarified the data generation requirements.A voucher data system was established to unify data standards and achieve information integration across all channels.Additionally,measures such as transaction integrity assurance,continuous service handling,and convenient and flexible controls were implemented to ensure the reliability and flexibility of the data system.Practical applications have demonstrated that this solution enables the electronic management of ticket refund and change vouchers,significantly increasing service data volume.It provides data and technical support for the full implementation of electronic invoices,effectively enhancing the passenger service experience and improving the informatization level of railway passenger transport management.
基金funded by the Science and Technology Project of State Grid Corporation of China(5108-202355437A-3-2-ZN).
摘要The increasing complexity of China’s electricity market creates substantial challenges for settlement automation,data consistency,and operational scalability.Existing provincial settlement systems are fragmented,lack a unified data structure,and depend heavily on manual intervention to process high-frequency and retroactive transactions.To address these limitations,a graph-based unified settlement framework is proposed to enhance automation,flexibility,and adaptability in electricity market settlements.A flexible attribute-graph model is employed to represent heterogeneousmulti-market data,enabling standardized integration,rapid querying,and seamless adaptation to evolving business requirements.An extensible operator library is designed to support configurable settlement rules,and a suite of modular tools—including dataset generation,formula configuration,billing templates,and task scheduling—facilitates end-to-end automated settlement processing.A robust refund-clearing mechanism is further incorporated,utilizing sandbox execution,data-version snapshots,dynamic lineage tracing,and real-time changecapture technologies to enable rapid and accurate recalculations under dynamic policy and data revisions.Case studies based on real-world data from regional Chinese markets validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach,demonstrating marked improvements in computational efficiency,system robustness,and automation.Moreover,enhanced settlement accuracy and high temporal granularity improve price-signal fidelity,promote cost-reflective tariffs,and incentivize energy-efficient and demand-responsive behavior among market participants.The method not only supports equitable and transparent market operations but also provides a generalizable,scalable foundation for modern electricity settlement platforms in increasingly complex and dynamic market environments.
摘要“This trip to China has been an absolute steal,”exclaimed Keiko,a Japanese tourist purchasing cosmetics through Shanghai International Finance Center’s immediate tax refund service.Her experience mirrors a broader trend:Visitors from overseas are flocking to China’s retail scene,lured by its growing shopping convenience.On April 26,six government agencies,including the Ministry of Commerce,jointly issued the refined departure tax refund policy,slashing the minimum refund threshold from 500 yuan(US$69)to 200 yuan(US$28),doubling the cash refund limit from 10,000 yuan(US$1,376)to 20,000 yuan(US$2,752),and encouraging shopping districts,tourist attractions and hotels to increase the number of tax refund stores.
基金Scientific Research Project of Higher Education Institutions in Hebei Province in 2025“Research on Government Procurement-Driven Green Governance of Hebei’s Manufacturing Industry”(Project No.:QN2025662)Social Science Fund of Hebei Province in 2024“Research on Informal Environmental Regulation Promoting Green Development of Hebei’s Manufacturing Industry”(Project No.:HB24GL036)Hebei Provincial Social Science Development Research Project,“Study on the Constraints and Implementation Paths of the Transformation from Dual Control of Energy Consumption to Dual Control of Carbon Emissions in Hebei Province”(Project No.:HBSKFZ25QN199)。
摘要Taking China’s 2018 value-added tax(VAT)credit refund reform as an exogenous shock to improve VAT neutrality,we use a difference-in-differences approach to explore how the reform affected corporate social responsibility(CSR).We find that the reform motivated firms to improve CSR performance.The reform has a“resource”effect,increasing internal funds and reducing financing costs,thereby enhancing firms’ability to undertake CSR.The reform also has a“reputation”effect,stimulating firms’willingness to engage in CSR to improve their reputations.CSR following the reform increases firm values and reduces bankruptcy risk.Our study provides fresh insights into VAT neutrality theory and is a reference for tax reform in emerging economies.
摘要In this paper, a mathematical model about the optimal booking level problem in airline overbooking rnanageanent is proposed. Firstly, the normal distribution is employed to approximate Poisson requests and binomial goshows. By calculating the mean loss, a model to describe the relationship between booking level and flight revenue is established. Then, an equation is deduced to decide the optimal booking level. Finally, a numerical example is utilized to illustrate the proposed model and discuss the impact of refund rate on the optimal booking level and the mean loss.
摘要Mr and Mrs Jones went to see a film. They couldn't leave their two-year-old son at home alone, so they took him with them. When they walked into the cinema, an attendant said to them, "You'll have to go out if your little son cries, but you can go to the ticket window for full refund."
基金General Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China"Bank Development,Debt Capital and Corporate Innovation-Mystery of Macro-Micro Contradictions and Its Explanation"(71772091)Tianjin Research Innovation Project for Postgraduate Students"Research into the Corporate Cash Holdings and Corporate Value amid Digital Financial Development"(2021YJSB079).The authors would like to express appreciation for the valuable suggestions from anonymous reviewers,as well as from associate professor Cheng Cheng of Hunan University and Dr.Yuchen Yang of Nankai University at the 19th Chinese Finance Annual Meeting.The authors take sole responsibility for the paper.
摘要This paper regards the uncredited value-added tax(VAT)refund policy promulgated in 2018 as an exogenous shock to improve the neutrality for VAT.Based on the statistics of listed companies in the non-financial sectors from 2013 to 2020,this paper applies the difference-in-differences(DID)approach to study the impact of the uncredited VAT refund policy on corporate cash holdings.The study finds that the policy has eased the impact of non-tax-neutral impact of non-refundable tax credits and lowered the level of corporate cash holdings.Furthermore,the analysis of capital sources verified that the policy has optimized the corporate capital conditions.These findings have proved to be robust after a series of tests.At the level of cross-sectional differences,the uncredited VAT refund policy exerts both"resource effect"and"signal effect",enabling companies to reduce cash holdings in the dimensions of both tax endowment and market expectation.At the level of policy effects,the policy improved the corporate behavior of high cash holdings for the production and operation cycle,with more notable impact on enterprises with higher tax credit rating.At the level of economic consequences,the adjustment of corporate cash holdings induced by uncredited VAT refund policy has significantly improved operating performance and reduced performance volatility,with a greater impact on enterprises with high capital intensity.The research findings evaluate the uncredited VAT refund policy from the perspective of tax neutrality,laying a theoretical foundation for further optimizing the uncredited VAT refund policy and the modern fiscal,tax and financial systems.