This paper solves the problem of model-free dual-arm space robot maneuvering after non-cooperative target capture under high control quality requirements.The explicit system model is unavailable,and the maneuvering mi...This paper solves the problem of model-free dual-arm space robot maneuvering after non-cooperative target capture under high control quality requirements.The explicit system model is unavailable,and the maneuvering mission is disturbed by the measurement noise and the target adversarial behavior.To address these problems,a model-free Combined Adaptive-length Datadriven Predictive Controller(CADPC)is proposed.It consists of a separated subsystem identification method and a combined predictive control strategy.The subsystem identification method is composed of an adaptive data length,thereby reducing sensitivity to undetermined measurement noises and disturbances.Based on the subsystem identification,the combined predictive controller is established,reducing calculating resource.The stability of the CADPC is rigorously proven using the Input-to-State Stable(ISS)theorem and the small-gain theorem.Simulations demonstrate that CADPC effectively handles the model-free space robot post operation in the presence of significant disturbances,state measurement noise,and control input errors.It achieves improved steady-state accuracy,reduced steady-state control consumption,and minimized control input chattering.展开更多
This study establishes a high-speed nano-positioning stage composed of a symmetrically driven structure with multiple parallel-bonded thin piezoelectric ceramic layers capable of performing micro-or nanoscale manipula...This study establishes a high-speed nano-positioning stage composed of a symmetrically driven structure with multiple parallel-bonded thin piezoelectric ceramic layers capable of performing micro-or nanoscale manipulations.Accordingly,a neural-network-based switching output regulation controller(NNSORC)was developed to compensate for the associated hysteresis nonlinearity.To address the challenges of slow floating-point computation speeds and low compilation efficiency,a closed-loop control system with a field-programmable gate array–central processing unit(FPGA–CPU)dual-layer data-processing framework was developed.A feedback linearization method was designed to linearize the hysteresis nonlinearity of the framework,resulting in a switching-tracking error system.With the assistance of Lyapunov theory and an average dwell time technique,sufficient conditions were derived to ensure the asymptotic stability of the NN-SORC governing closed-loop system using the switching reference signals often encountered in realistic micro-ano-scale detection and manufacturing processes.Finally,extensive comparative experiments were conducted to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed NN-SORC scheme.展开更多
Steady speed control of agricultural machinery can improve operating quality and efficiency.To address the impact of farmland slope variations on the speed stability of unmanned operation agricultural machinery,a hybr...Steady speed control of agricultural machinery can improve operating quality and efficiency.To address the impact of farmland slope variations on the speed stability of unmanned operation agricultural machinery,a hybrid control method was proposed.This method included a hybrid controller composed of a slope-based controller and a proportional-integral-derivative(PID)controller.The speed of agricultural machinery was influenced by longitudinal forces,which were divided into two parts:one part was slope-related forces and conventional resistance,and the other was hard-to-estimate forces,such as sliding friction.For the first part,a slope-based controller was designed;for the second part,a PID controller was implemented.By combining these two controllers,the system can dynamically adjust the throttle opening and the brake master cylinder pressure,ensuring steady speed travel on sloping farmland.Simulation tests at a target speed of 7 km/h demonstrated that the proposed controller maintained a stable speed,achieving a root mean square error of 0.13 km/h and a mean absolute percentage error of 1.6%.Field tests on a practical experimental platform validated the method’s effectiveness,with results showing consistent control performance across varying slope conditions.The proposed controller demonstrated superior control performance.Experimental data verified that this method can achieve precise control of the agricultural machinery’s movement speed,meeting the stability requirements for agricultural operations.展开更多
The high-aspect-ratio wing,which is widely utilized in aircraft to achieve superior aerodynamic efficiency,frequently experiences large deformations such as bending and torsion during its service life.This work focuse...The high-aspect-ratio wing,which is widely utilized in aircraft to achieve superior aerodynamic efficiency,frequently experiences large deformations such as bending and torsion during its service life.This work focuses on the topology optimization of the high-aspect-ratio wing using multiple materials with bending and torsion controls considering geometric nonlinearity.A novel approach is proposed for achieving a spar-ribs material layout by independently controlling the directional maximum length scale of the void phase.The bending control based on the wing-tip nodal displacement and torsion control based on the deformation difference of the wing-tip nodes are proposed,respectively.Afterwards,the optimization formulations are given and the sensitivity analysis of the optimization responses is derived based on the increment of nodal displacement.The optimized results reveal that the spar-ribs structural layout is successfully attained through directional length scale control.Moreover,the optimized configurations with bending and torsion precisely controlled can be achieved.It also has been demonstrated that considering bending and torsion controls is highly profitable when assessing the trade-off between end compliance in wing optimization.展开更多
The increasing interconnection of modern industrial control systems(ICSs)with the Internet has enhanced operational efficiency,but alsomade these systemsmore vulnerable to cyberattacks.This heightened exposure has dri...The increasing interconnection of modern industrial control systems(ICSs)with the Internet has enhanced operational efficiency,but alsomade these systemsmore vulnerable to cyberattacks.This heightened exposure has driven a growing need for robust ICS security measures.Among the key defences,intrusion detection technology is critical in identifying threats to ICS networks.This paper provides an overview of the distinctive characteristics of ICS network security,highlighting standard attack methods.It then examines various intrusion detection methods,including those based on misuse detection,anomaly detection,machine learning,and specialised requirements.This paper concludes by exploring future directions for developing intrusion detection systems to advance research and ensure the continued security and reliability of ICS operations.展开更多
Single-time fertilization(STF)with controlled release blended fertilizer(CRBF)improves grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)in rice production.However,the impact of soil nitrogen(N)distribution and root growth ...Single-time fertilization(STF)with controlled release blended fertilizer(CRBF)improves grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)in rice production.However,the impact of soil nitrogen(N)distribution and root growth on rice yield and NUE under STF with CRBF remains unclear.Here,a two-year field experiment investigated the effects of two fertilizer types(normal urea(U)and CRBF)and two single-time fertilization methods(broadcast and side-deep fertilization)on the soil N distribution,plant N uptake,root characteristics,grain yield,and NUE.The results showed that CRBF under STF increased the averages of plant dry matter accumulation,N uptake,grain yield,nitrogen recovery efficiency(NRE),and nitrogen agronomic efficiency(NAE)by 8.29,21.85,10.57,79.28,and 74.8%compared to the other treatments,respectively.Side-deep fertilization with CRBF further increased NUE by 12.78%compared to broadcast.Moreover,CRBF under STF increased the leaf SPAD value and glutamine synthetase(GS)/glutamine oxoglutarate aminotransferase(GOGAT)activity by 5.93 and 25.58%,respectively.CRBF under STF increased the soil inorganic N concentration and showed a“rising early and stabilizing later”pattern.In addition,CRBF under STF improved rice root growth and increased the averages of root biomass,total root number,root average diameter,total root length,total root surface area,and total root volume by 28.30,28.56,18.64,13.38,35.26,and 37.06%,respectively,at the tillering and heading stages.Partial least squares path modeling indicated that CRBF under STF increased the soil inorganic N concentration which improved root morphology,thereby increasing N uptake and improving the rice yield and NUE.Taken together,our findings show that CRBF with single-time fertilization is the preferred N fertilizer strategy for achieving high yield and efficiency in rice,and that side-deep fertilization is the optimal fertilization method.展开更多
The demand for 238Pu (nuclear battery heat source) drives the separation of its precursor,237Np,from spent nuclear fuel (SNF).However,the co-existence of multi-valence states (Ⅳ/Ⅴ/Ⅵ) of Np and similar redox b...The demand for 238Pu (nuclear battery heat source) drives the separation of its precursor,237Np,from spent nuclear fuel (SNF).However,the co-existence of multi-valence states (Ⅳ/Ⅴ/Ⅵ) of Np and similar redox behavior with Pu(Ⅳ) hinder the effective separation of Np.N-Butyraldehyde (n-C3H7CHO) selectively reduces Np(Ⅵ) to Np(Ⅴ) without reducing Pu(Ⅳ).Herein,we examined the reduction mechanisms of Np(Ⅵ) and Pu(Ⅳ) by n-C3H7CHO using relativistic density functional theory.Based on the results of the potential energy profiles,the reductions of both Np(Ⅵ) and Pu(Ⅳ) by n-C3H7CHO are thermodynamically feasible,whereas only the former is kinetically achievable.It uncovers that n-C3H7CHO can only reduce Np(Ⅵ) to Np(Ⅴ) owing to kinetically controlled selective reduction.The analyses of spin density and bond distance indicate that the reduction nature for the first Np(Ⅵ)/Pu(Ⅳ) belongs to hydrogen atom transfer,whereas that for the second one involves outer-sphere electron transfer.Localized molecular orbitals (LMOs) analysis discloses the bonding evolution during the reduction process of Np(Ⅵ)/Pu(Ⅳ).This study elucidates the reason behind the kinetically controlled selective reduction of Np(Ⅵ)/Pu(Ⅳ) by nC3H7CHO at the molecular level and offers in-depth perspectives on the isolation of specific metal ions from the view of kinetic control.展开更多
Dear Editor,This letter concerns the design of sliding mode control(SMC)for semi-Markov switching systems with time-varying transmission and impulse delay.The difficulties of this problem are:1)Time-varying transmissi...Dear Editor,This letter concerns the design of sliding mode control(SMC)for semi-Markov switching systems with time-varying transmission and impulse delay.The difficulties of this problem are:1)Time-varying transmission and impulse delay bring more nonlinear dynamic characteristics and lag effects;2)Semi-Markov mode switching introduces uncertainty;3)The reachable stage and sliding stage are affected by two types of impulses in the system,which increases the complexity of theoretical derivation.展开更多
Dear Editor,This letter addresses the challenge of achieving robust global coordination in multi-agent systems(MASs)subject to heterogeneous actuator saturation and additive input disturbances.We develop a novel distr...Dear Editor,This letter addresses the challenge of achieving robust global coordination in multi-agent systems(MASs)subject to heterogeneous actuator saturation and additive input disturbances.We develop a novel distributed control framework that strategically integrates a redesigned saturation function to handle the nonlinear actuator constraint and a high-gain feedback mechanism for effective disturbance rejection.展开更多
Intervention strategies to control non-point source nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)pollution in agriculture are expensive and there is a trade-off between engineering cost and treatment effectiveness.Implementing strateg...Intervention strategies to control non-point source nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)pollution in agriculture are expensive and there is a trade-off between engineering cost and treatment effectiveness.Implementing strategies often result in unsatisfactory outcomes and massive engineering costs when managing diffusive pollution in agricultural catchments.To address this issue,this paper proposes a robust,handy,catchment N&P decision support system(CNPDSS),an Android-based smartphone system integrated with a web-based geographic information system(GIS).The CNPDSS aims to provide artificial intelligence-driven decisions that minimize N&P loadings and engineering costs for mitigating pollution in agricultural catchments.It consists of four components:a general user interface(GUI),GIS,N&P pollution modeling(NPPM),and a DSS.The CNPDSS simplifies the GUI and integrates GIS modules to create a user-friendly interface,enabling non-professional users to operate the system easily through intuitive actions.The NPPM uses straightforward empirical models to predict N&P loadings,enhancing efficiency by avoiding excessive parameters.Taking into account the N&P movement pathway in the catchment,the DSS incorporates three control measures:source reduction in farmland(before migration stage),process retention by ecological ditch(midway transport stage),and down-end purification by constructed wetland(waterbody discharge stage),to formulate a comprehensive ternary controlling strategy.To optimize the cost-effectiveness of any proposed N&P control strategies for sub-catchments,a differential evolution algorithm(DEA)is employed in CNPDSS to carry out a dual-objective decision-making optimization computation.In this study,the CNPDSS is applied to a case study in an agricultural catchment in Central China to develop the most cost-effective ternary N&P control strategies that ensure the catchment water quality within Criterion Ⅲ of the Chinese Surface Water Quality Standard GB3838-2002 is met(total N concentration≤1.0 mg L-1and total P concentration≤0.2 mg L-1).Our results demonstrate that the CNPDSS is feasible and also possesses an adaptive design and flexible architecture to enable its generalization and extension to support strong hands-on applications in other catchments.展开更多
The dual alloy turbine disk can fully leverage the advantages of dissimilar materials and has broad application prospects.Multi-material topology optimization(MMTO)provides possibilities for its innovative design.Howe...The dual alloy turbine disk can fully leverage the advantages of dissimilar materials and has broad application prospects.Multi-material topology optimization(MMTO)provides possibilities for its innovative design.However,the coupling between multi-material design variables and centrifugal loads poses challenges,in-cluding insufficient stress prediction accuracy,ineffective stress control,and difficulties in optimization con-vergence.Therefore,a new MMTO method that considers accurate stress prediction and control under cen-trifugal loads is proposed herein.The core ideas are as follows.(1)Introducing the multi-material predicted density to reduce the number of gray elements,proposing a multi-material transition factor for flexible se-lection of stiffness matrix interpolation,and thus developing an innovative accurate multi-material stress prediction method.(2)By modifying the normalized global stress method and utilizing a fixed step size to update the multi-material global stress relaxation coefficient,the maximum stress of the design domain is effectively controlled.(3)Deriving the stress sensitivity of axisymmetric problems under the complex coupling of cen-trifugal loads and multi-material design variables to improve the optimization convergence of stresses.Then MMTO for a turbine disk is conducted using two popular alloys(GH4169 and K418B).The results show that the proposed MMTO method effectively controls maximum stress,fully utilizes the advantages of both alloys and achieves a novel dual-alloy turbine disk structure.展开更多
To uncover the decision-making mechanisms and evolutionary dynamics of multiple stakeholders in highway noise pollution control,a three-party evolutionary game model involving the government,operators,and the public i...To uncover the decision-making mechanisms and evolutionary dynamics of multiple stakeholders in highway noise pollution control,a three-party evolutionary game model involving the government,operators,and the public is constructed.The operation period is divided into different stages for differentiated analysis.A simulation analysis was performed on the Lituo sinking section of the Beijing-Hong Kong-Macao Highway to assess the impact of variations in critical elements on the system.The results indicate that the Lituo sinking section of the Beijing-Hong Kong-Macao Highway is currently in its early stage of development,with the corresponding strategies being active regulation,excessive emissions,and supervision.When the cost of the government’s active regulation decreases from 1×105 to 5×104 yuan,the system converges more rapidly toward the active regulation strategy.When the cost of the operator’s excessive emissions increases from 14.08×106 to 20.00×106 yuan,the system drives the operator toward the standardized emission strategy.In addition,when the cost of public supervision decreases from 15×104 to 5×104 yuan and the compensation paid by operators to the public increases from 1.288×106 to 2.576×106 yuan,the system converges more quickly toward the supervision strategy.The cost of the operator’s excessive emissions serves as the core decision variable for achieving the ideal equilibrium in the three-party game involving government active regulation,operator standardized emissions,and public supervision.展开更多
As a closed-loop learning control method,repetitive control has been widely used in a variety of areas from appliances to aviation.A repetitive control system features perfect reference tracking and disturbance reject...As a closed-loop learning control method,repetitive control has been widely used in a variety of areas from appliances to aviation.A repetitive control system features perfect reference tracking and disturbance rejection in the steady state for periodic signals with a fixed period.This characteristic is important not only for conventional technologies and conventional industries but also for advanced technologies and emerging industries.This paper first explains the concept of repetitive control from its original idea.Next,it describes the structure of a repetitive controller as an internal model and shows the respective points of continuous-and discrete-time repetitive control.It presents a categorized list of practical applications of repetitive control.Moreover,two concrete applications,namely the control of a robotic manipulator and a rotating system,demonstrate the validity of the method with experimental results.Several current studies in this field are also reviewed,and some challenges and future studies for repetitive control are provided.展开更多
The aircrafts have many structural components that withstand repeated impact loads,which may accumulate fatigue and potentially cause major accidents.To simulate repeated impact loads,it is imperative to design an imp...The aircrafts have many structural components that withstand repeated impact loads,which may accumulate fatigue and potentially cause major accidents.To simulate repeated impact loads,it is imperative to design an impact load cyclic fatigue simulator that applies repeated impact loads to structural components,such as landing gears.Furthermore,the impact load simulator must simulate various loads,and the identical set of parameters employed in conventional controllers are challenging to apply to varying operational conditions.Consequently,the controller must possess learning and adaptive capabilities.Based on the characteristics of repeated impact loads,an Adaptive Iterative Learning Control(AILC)based on the backstepping method is developed in this study.This AILC comprises backstepping control law,parameter adaptation law,iterative learning law,and robust dynamical control term.The adaptation law is not only utilized to estimate unknown system parameters,but also for online identification of system parameters.The iterative learning law can be utilized to learn the characteristics of the system under repeated operating conditions.The robust dynamical control term ensures the stability of the entire system.The experimental results indicate that the AILC can achieve tracking error convergence within a finite time and effectively achieve high-precision torque command tracking.展开更多
Mobile wheel-legged robots exhibiting mobility,stability and reliability have garnered heightened research attention in demanding real-world scenarios,especially in material transport,emergency response and space expl...Mobile wheel-legged robots exhibiting mobility,stability and reliability have garnered heightened research attention in demanding real-world scenarios,especially in material transport,emergency response and space exploration.The kinematics model merely delineates the geometric relationship of the controlled objective,disregarding force feedback.This study investigates model predictive trajectory tracking control utilising the robot dynamic model(DRMPC)in the context of unpredictable interactions.The predictive tracking controller for the wheel-legged robot is introduced in the context of position tracking.A dynamic approximator is employed to address the uncertain interactions in the tracking process.Ultimately,cosimulation and empirical tests are conducted to demonstrate the efficacy of the devised control methodology,which achieves high precision and dependable robustness.This work can elucidate the technical and practical oversight of autonomous movement in complicated environments and enhance the manoeuverability and flexibility.展开更多
The original intention of Model Predictive Control(MPC)was to bridge the gap between advanced control theories and the application of complex practical engineering systems.Since its emergence in the 1970s,it has been ...The original intention of Model Predictive Control(MPC)was to bridge the gap between advanced control theories and the application of complex practical engineering systems.Since its emergence in the 1970s,it has been one of the core technologies in the Advanced Process Control(APC)system.Owing to its receding horizon optimization mechanism and capability to handle constraints,MPC has consistently attracted attention from both academia and industry,and has been successfully applied in numerous industries such as petrochemicals,metallurgy,pharmaceuticals,electric power,water treatment,and power electronics.According to statistics from the International Federation of Automatic Control and industrial data,MPC has been deployed in some form in more than 50% of large-scale industrial control systems worldwide.展开更多
As an important resource in data link,time slots should be strategically allocated to enhance transmission efficiency and resist eavesdropping,especially considering the tremendous increase in the number of nodes and ...As an important resource in data link,time slots should be strategically allocated to enhance transmission efficiency and resist eavesdropping,especially considering the tremendous increase in the number of nodes and diverse communication needs.It is crucial to design control sequences with robust randomness and conflict-freeness to properly address differentiated access control in data link.In this paper,we propose a hierarchical access control scheme based on control sequences to achieve high utilization of time slots and differentiated access control.A theoretical bound of the hierarchical control sequence set is derived to characterize the constraints on the parameters of the sequence set.Moreover,two classes of optimal hierarchical control sequence sets satisfying the theoretical bound are constructed,both of which enable the scheme to achieve maximum utilization of time slots.Compared with the fixed time slot allocation scheme,our scheme reduces the symbol error rate by up to 9%,which indicates a significant improvement in anti-interference and eavesdropping capabilities.展开更多
We propose a robust self-triggered switching control scheme for four-wheel-steering autonomous ground vehicles(FAGVs)to enhance tracking precision in the face of significant parameter variations.First,using the polyto...We propose a robust self-triggered switching control scheme for four-wheel-steering autonomous ground vehicles(FAGVs)to enhance tracking precision in the face of significant parameter variations.First,using the polytopic mechanism,the nonlinear dynamics of an FAGV are formulated as a switched linear parameter-varying system to accommodate parametric perturbations.With suitable dwell time,a novel self-triggered switching law is designed using energy density in terms of the tracking accuracy and system robustness;this satisfies the required control criteria while also preventing the Zeno phenomenon caused by traditional high-frequency switching.Through the application of multiple parameter-correlated Lyapunov functions,the resultant closed-loop system is ensured to be asymptotically stable with suitable auto-tuned gains.Finally,the efficacy and superiority of the proposed method are verified through experiments with an FAGV system.展开更多
The hybrid series-parallel microgrid attracts more attention by combining the advantages of both the series-stacked voltage and parallel-expanded capacity.Low-voltage distributed generations(DGs)are connected in serie...The hybrid series-parallel microgrid attracts more attention by combining the advantages of both the series-stacked voltage and parallel-expanded capacity.Low-voltage distributed generations(DGs)are connected in series to form the intra-string,and then multiple strings are interconnected in parallel.For the existing control strategies,both intra-string and inter-string depend on the centralized or distributed control with high communication reliance.It has limited scalability and redundancy under abnormal conditions.Alternatively,in this study,an intra-string distributed and inter-string decentralized control framework is proposed.Within the string,a few DGs close to the AC bus are the leaders to get the string power information and the rest DGs are the followers to acquire the synchronization information through the droop-based distributed consistency.Specifically,the output of the entire string has the active power−angular frequency(ω-P)droop characteristic,and the decentralized control among strings can be autonomously guaranteed.Moreover,the secondary control is designed to realize multi-mode objectives,including on/off-grid mode switching,grid-connected power interactive management,and off-grid voltage quality regulation.As a result,the proposed method has the ability of plug-and-play capabilities,single-point failure redundancy,and seamless mode-switching.Experimental results are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed practical solution.展开更多
This paper presents a model-free adaptive fuzzy control(MFAFC)scheme for discrete-time Takagi-Sugeno(T-S)fuzzy systems with local nonlinear models.First,the T-S fuzzy system is transformed into a linearized model usin...This paper presents a model-free adaptive fuzzy control(MFAFC)scheme for discrete-time Takagi-Sugeno(T-S)fuzzy systems with local nonlinear models.First,the T-S fuzzy system is transformed into a linearized model using a dynamic linearization technique.Then,a model-free adaptive control scheme is developed for T-S fuzzy systems.Next,a rigorous convergence analysis of the tracking error is carried out using the contraction mapping theory.Finally,to validate the theoretical results,the scheme is tested by two numerical simulations and a mass-spring damper mechanical system.The results show that the proposed MFAFC strategy is effective in ensuring that the system output tracks the desired trajectory.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12372045)the National Key Research and the Development Program of China(Nos.2023YFC2205900,2023YFC2205901)。
摘要This paper solves the problem of model-free dual-arm space robot maneuvering after non-cooperative target capture under high control quality requirements.The explicit system model is unavailable,and the maneuvering mission is disturbed by the measurement noise and the target adversarial behavior.To address these problems,a model-free Combined Adaptive-length Datadriven Predictive Controller(CADPC)is proposed.It consists of a separated subsystem identification method and a combined predictive control strategy.The subsystem identification method is composed of an adaptive data length,thereby reducing sensitivity to undetermined measurement noises and disturbances.Based on the subsystem identification,the combined predictive controller is established,reducing calculating resource.The stability of the CADPC is rigorously proven using the Input-to-State Stable(ISS)theorem and the small-gain theorem.Simulations demonstrate that CADPC effectively handles the model-free space robot post operation in the presence of significant disturbances,state measurement noise,and control input errors.It achieves improved steady-state accuracy,reduced steady-state control consumption,and minimized control input chattering.
基金supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022ZD0119601)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52188102,62225306,and U2141235)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Research Foundation(2022B1515120069)。
摘要This study establishes a high-speed nano-positioning stage composed of a symmetrically driven structure with multiple parallel-bonded thin piezoelectric ceramic layers capable of performing micro-or nanoscale manipulations.Accordingly,a neural-network-based switching output regulation controller(NNSORC)was developed to compensate for the associated hysteresis nonlinearity.To address the challenges of slow floating-point computation speeds and low compilation efficiency,a closed-loop control system with a field-programmable gate array–central processing unit(FPGA–CPU)dual-layer data-processing framework was developed.A feedback linearization method was designed to linearize the hysteresis nonlinearity of the framework,resulting in a switching-tracking error system.With the assistance of Lyapunov theory and an average dwell time technique,sufficient conditions were derived to ensure the asymptotic stability of the NN-SORC governing closed-loop system using the switching reference signals often encountered in realistic micro-ano-scale detection and manufacturing processes.Finally,extensive comparative experiments were conducted to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed NN-SORC scheme.
摘要Steady speed control of agricultural machinery can improve operating quality and efficiency.To address the impact of farmland slope variations on the speed stability of unmanned operation agricultural machinery,a hybrid control method was proposed.This method included a hybrid controller composed of a slope-based controller and a proportional-integral-derivative(PID)controller.The speed of agricultural machinery was influenced by longitudinal forces,which were divided into two parts:one part was slope-related forces and conventional resistance,and the other was hard-to-estimate forces,such as sliding friction.For the first part,a slope-based controller was designed;for the second part,a PID controller was implemented.By combining these two controllers,the system can dynamically adjust the throttle opening and the brake master cylinder pressure,ensuring steady speed travel on sloping farmland.Simulation tests at a target speed of 7 km/h demonstrated that the proposed controller maintained a stable speed,achieving a root mean square error of 0.13 km/h and a mean absolute percentage error of 1.6%.Field tests on a practical experimental platform validated the method’s effectiveness,with results showing consistent control performance across varying slope conditions.The proposed controller demonstrated superior control performance.Experimental data verified that this method can achieve precise control of the agricultural machinery’s movement speed,meeting the stability requirements for agricultural operations.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12172294).
摘要The high-aspect-ratio wing,which is widely utilized in aircraft to achieve superior aerodynamic efficiency,frequently experiences large deformations such as bending and torsion during its service life.This work focuses on the topology optimization of the high-aspect-ratio wing using multiple materials with bending and torsion controls considering geometric nonlinearity.A novel approach is proposed for achieving a spar-ribs material layout by independently controlling the directional maximum length scale of the void phase.The bending control based on the wing-tip nodal displacement and torsion control based on the deformation difference of the wing-tip nodes are proposed,respectively.Afterwards,the optimization formulations are given and the sensitivity analysis of the optimization responses is derived based on the increment of nodal displacement.The optimized results reveal that the spar-ribs structural layout is successfully attained through directional length scale control.Moreover,the optimized configurations with bending and torsion precisely controlled can be achieved.It also has been demonstrated that considering bending and torsion controls is highly profitable when assessing the trade-off between end compliance in wing optimization.
摘要The increasing interconnection of modern industrial control systems(ICSs)with the Internet has enhanced operational efficiency,but alsomade these systemsmore vulnerable to cyberattacks.This heightened exposure has driven a growing need for robust ICS security measures.Among the key defences,intrusion detection technology is critical in identifying threats to ICS networks.This paper provides an overview of the distinctive characteristics of ICS network security,highlighting standard attack methods.It then examines various intrusion detection methods,including those based on misuse detection,anomaly detection,machine learning,and specialised requirements.This paper concludes by exploring future directions for developing intrusion detection systems to advance research and ensure the continued security and reliability of ICS operations.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD2301300 and 2022YFD2301404-4)the Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City Project,China(SKJC-2023-02-004)。
摘要Single-time fertilization(STF)with controlled release blended fertilizer(CRBF)improves grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)in rice production.However,the impact of soil nitrogen(N)distribution and root growth on rice yield and NUE under STF with CRBF remains unclear.Here,a two-year field experiment investigated the effects of two fertilizer types(normal urea(U)and CRBF)and two single-time fertilization methods(broadcast and side-deep fertilization)on the soil N distribution,plant N uptake,root characteristics,grain yield,and NUE.The results showed that CRBF under STF increased the averages of plant dry matter accumulation,N uptake,grain yield,nitrogen recovery efficiency(NRE),and nitrogen agronomic efficiency(NAE)by 8.29,21.85,10.57,79.28,and 74.8%compared to the other treatments,respectively.Side-deep fertilization with CRBF further increased NUE by 12.78%compared to broadcast.Moreover,CRBF under STF increased the leaf SPAD value and glutamine synthetase(GS)/glutamine oxoglutarate aminotransferase(GOGAT)activity by 5.93 and 25.58%,respectively.CRBF under STF increased the soil inorganic N concentration and showed a“rising early and stabilizing later”pattern.In addition,CRBF under STF improved rice root growth and increased the averages of root biomass,total root number,root average diameter,total root length,total root surface area,and total root volume by 28.30,28.56,18.64,13.38,35.26,and 37.06%,respectively,at the tillering and heading stages.Partial least squares path modeling indicated that CRBF under STF increased the soil inorganic N concentration which improved root morphology,thereby increasing N uptake and improving the rice yield and NUE.Taken together,our findings show that CRBF with single-time fertilization is the preferred N fertilizer strategy for achieving high yield and efficiency in rice,and that side-deep fertilization is the optimal fertilization method.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22376197,U2441225,22076188).
摘要The demand for 238Pu (nuclear battery heat source) drives the separation of its precursor,237Np,from spent nuclear fuel (SNF).However,the co-existence of multi-valence states (Ⅳ/Ⅴ/Ⅵ) of Np and similar redox behavior with Pu(Ⅳ) hinder the effective separation of Np.N-Butyraldehyde (n-C3H7CHO) selectively reduces Np(Ⅵ) to Np(Ⅴ) without reducing Pu(Ⅳ).Herein,we examined the reduction mechanisms of Np(Ⅵ) and Pu(Ⅳ) by n-C3H7CHO using relativistic density functional theory.Based on the results of the potential energy profiles,the reductions of both Np(Ⅵ) and Pu(Ⅳ) by n-C3H7CHO are thermodynamically feasible,whereas only the former is kinetically achievable.It uncovers that n-C3H7CHO can only reduce Np(Ⅵ) to Np(Ⅴ) owing to kinetically controlled selective reduction.The analyses of spin density and bond distance indicate that the reduction nature for the first Np(Ⅵ)/Pu(Ⅳ) belongs to hydrogen atom transfer,whereas that for the second one involves outer-sphere electron transfer.Localized molecular orbitals (LMOs) analysis discloses the bonding evolution during the reduction process of Np(Ⅵ)/Pu(Ⅳ).This study elucidates the reason behind the kinetically controlled selective reduction of Np(Ⅵ)/Pu(Ⅳ) by nC3H7CHO at the molecular level and offers in-depth perspectives on the isolation of specific metal ions from the view of kinetic control.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62236005,61936004)。
摘要Dear Editor,This letter concerns the design of sliding mode control(SMC)for semi-Markov switching systems with time-varying transmission and impulse delay.The difficulties of this problem are:1)Time-varying transmission and impulse delay bring more nonlinear dynamic characteristics and lag effects;2)Semi-Markov mode switching introduces uncertainty;3)The reachable stage and sliding stage are affected by two types of impulses in the system,which increases the complexity of theoretical derivation.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62522313,62473207,U25A20301)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2024SMECP03)。
摘要Dear Editor,This letter addresses the challenge of achieving robust global coordination in multi-agent systems(MASs)subject to heterogeneous actuator saturation and additive input disturbances.We develop a novel distributed control framework that strategically integrates a redesigned saturation function to handle the nonlinear actuator constraint and a high-gain feedback mechanism for effective disturbance rejection.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFD1700104 and 2022YFE0209200-03)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42161144002 and 41977156)+3 种基金the Guangxi Natural Science Foundation,China(2022GXNSFBA035625)the Guangxi Technology Base and Talent Subject,China(Guike AD22035927)the Shandong Key Research and Development Project,China(2022TZXD0045)the State Key Laboratory of Earth System Numerical Modeling and Application,Institute of Atmospheric Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences。
摘要Intervention strategies to control non-point source nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)pollution in agriculture are expensive and there is a trade-off between engineering cost and treatment effectiveness.Implementing strategies often result in unsatisfactory outcomes and massive engineering costs when managing diffusive pollution in agricultural catchments.To address this issue,this paper proposes a robust,handy,catchment N&P decision support system(CNPDSS),an Android-based smartphone system integrated with a web-based geographic information system(GIS).The CNPDSS aims to provide artificial intelligence-driven decisions that minimize N&P loadings and engineering costs for mitigating pollution in agricultural catchments.It consists of four components:a general user interface(GUI),GIS,N&P pollution modeling(NPPM),and a DSS.The CNPDSS simplifies the GUI and integrates GIS modules to create a user-friendly interface,enabling non-professional users to operate the system easily through intuitive actions.The NPPM uses straightforward empirical models to predict N&P loadings,enhancing efficiency by avoiding excessive parameters.Taking into account the N&P movement pathway in the catchment,the DSS incorporates three control measures:source reduction in farmland(before migration stage),process retention by ecological ditch(midway transport stage),and down-end purification by constructed wetland(waterbody discharge stage),to formulate a comprehensive ternary controlling strategy.To optimize the cost-effectiveness of any proposed N&P control strategies for sub-catchments,a differential evolution algorithm(DEA)is employed in CNPDSS to carry out a dual-objective decision-making optimization computation.In this study,the CNPDSS is applied to a case study in an agricultural catchment in Central China to develop the most cost-effective ternary N&P control strategies that ensure the catchment water quality within Criterion Ⅲ of the Chinese Surface Water Quality Standard GB3838-2002 is met(total N concentration≤1.0 mg L-1and total P concentration≤0.2 mg L-1).Our results demonstrate that the CNPDSS is feasible and also possesses an adaptive design and flexible architecture to enable its generalization and extension to support strong hands-on applications in other catchments.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52475285,52305162)Fujian Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.2025J09012)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(Grant Nos.20720240062,20720240033)。
摘要The dual alloy turbine disk can fully leverage the advantages of dissimilar materials and has broad application prospects.Multi-material topology optimization(MMTO)provides possibilities for its innovative design.However,the coupling between multi-material design variables and centrifugal loads poses challenges,in-cluding insufficient stress prediction accuracy,ineffective stress control,and difficulties in optimization con-vergence.Therefore,a new MMTO method that considers accurate stress prediction and control under cen-trifugal loads is proposed herein.The core ideas are as follows.(1)Introducing the multi-material predicted density to reduce the number of gray elements,proposing a multi-material transition factor for flexible se-lection of stiffness matrix interpolation,and thus developing an innovative accurate multi-material stress prediction method.(2)By modifying the normalized global stress method and utilizing a fixed step size to update the multi-material global stress relaxation coefficient,the maximum stress of the design domain is effectively controlled.(3)Deriving the stress sensitivity of axisymmetric problems under the complex coupling of cen-trifugal loads and multi-material design variables to improve the optimization convergence of stresses.Then MMTO for a turbine disk is conducted using two popular alloys(GH4169 and K418B).The results show that the proposed MMTO method effectively controls maximum stress,fully utilizes the advantages of both alloys and achieves a novel dual-alloy turbine disk structure.
基金The Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(No.LH2023E011)Open Fund of National Key Laboratory of Green and Long-Life Road Engineering in Extreme Environment in Changsha University of Science and Technology(No.kfj230105).
摘要To uncover the decision-making mechanisms and evolutionary dynamics of multiple stakeholders in highway noise pollution control,a three-party evolutionary game model involving the government,operators,and the public is constructed.The operation period is divided into different stages for differentiated analysis.A simulation analysis was performed on the Lituo sinking section of the Beijing-Hong Kong-Macao Highway to assess the impact of variations in critical elements on the system.The results indicate that the Lituo sinking section of the Beijing-Hong Kong-Macao Highway is currently in its early stage of development,with the corresponding strategies being active regulation,excessive emissions,and supervision.When the cost of the government’s active regulation decreases from 1×105 to 5×104 yuan,the system converges more rapidly toward the active regulation strategy.When the cost of the operator’s excessive emissions increases from 14.08×106 to 20.00×106 yuan,the system drives the operator toward the standardized emission strategy.In addition,when the cost of public supervision decreases from 15×104 to 5×104 yuan and the compensation paid by operators to the public increases from 1.288×106 to 2.576×106 yuan,the system converges more quickly toward the supervision strategy.The cost of the operator’s excessive emissions serves as the core decision variable for achieving the ideal equilibrium in the three-party game involving government active regulation,operator standardized emissions,and public supervision.
基金supported in part by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research(B)(23K25252,24K03325)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61873348)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province,China(2020CFA031)。
摘要As a closed-loop learning control method,repetitive control has been widely used in a variety of areas from appliances to aviation.A repetitive control system features perfect reference tracking and disturbance rejection in the steady state for periodic signals with a fixed period.This characteristic is important not only for conventional technologies and conventional industries but also for advanced technologies and emerging industries.This paper first explains the concept of repetitive control from its original idea.Next,it describes the structure of a repetitive controller as an internal model and shows the respective points of continuous-and discrete-time repetitive control.It presents a categorized list of practical applications of repetitive control.Moreover,two concrete applications,namely the control of a robotic manipulator and a rotating system,demonstrate the validity of the method with experimental results.Several current studies in this field are also reviewed,and some challenges and future studies for repetitive control are provided.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52275045)。
摘要The aircrafts have many structural components that withstand repeated impact loads,which may accumulate fatigue and potentially cause major accidents.To simulate repeated impact loads,it is imperative to design an impact load cyclic fatigue simulator that applies repeated impact loads to structural components,such as landing gears.Furthermore,the impact load simulator must simulate various loads,and the identical set of parameters employed in conventional controllers are challenging to apply to varying operational conditions.Consequently,the controller must possess learning and adaptive capabilities.Based on the characteristics of repeated impact loads,an Adaptive Iterative Learning Control(AILC)based on the backstepping method is developed in this study.This AILC comprises backstepping control law,parameter adaptation law,iterative learning law,and robust dynamical control term.The adaptation law is not only utilized to estimate unknown system parameters,but also for online identification of system parameters.The iterative learning law can be utilized to learn the characteristics of the system under repeated operating conditions.The robust dynamical control term ensures the stability of the entire system.The experimental results indicate that the AILC can achieve tracking error convergence within a finite time and effectively achieve high-precision torque command tracking.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62203176,62173038)Guangzhou Key Research and Development Program(2025B03J0072)+5 种基金Guangdong High-Level Talents Special Support Programme(2024TQ08Z107)Anhui Province Natural Science Funds for Distinguished Young Scholar(2308085J02)State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Vehicle Safety Technology(IVSTSKL-202402,IVSTSKL-202430,IVSTSKL-202508,IVSTSKL-202520)State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Green Vehicle and Mobility(KFY2417)State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body(32215010)Wuhu Major Scientific and Technological Achievements Engineering Project(2021zc04).
摘要Mobile wheel-legged robots exhibiting mobility,stability and reliability have garnered heightened research attention in demanding real-world scenarios,especially in material transport,emergency response and space exploration.The kinematics model merely delineates the geometric relationship of the controlled objective,disregarding force feedback.This study investigates model predictive trajectory tracking control utilising the robot dynamic model(DRMPC)in the context of unpredictable interactions.The predictive tracking controller for the wheel-legged robot is introduced in the context of position tracking.A dynamic approximator is employed to address the uncertain interactions in the tracking process.Ultimately,cosimulation and empirical tests are conducted to demonstrate the efficacy of the devised control methodology,which achieves high precision and dependable robustness.This work can elucidate the technical and practical oversight of autonomous movement in complicated environments and enhance the manoeuverability and flexibility.
摘要The original intention of Model Predictive Control(MPC)was to bridge the gap between advanced control theories and the application of complex practical engineering systems.Since its emergence in the 1970s,it has been one of the core technologies in the Advanced Process Control(APC)system.Owing to its receding horizon optimization mechanism and capability to handle constraints,MPC has consistently attracted attention from both academia and industry,and has been successfully applied in numerous industries such as petrochemicals,metallurgy,pharmaceuticals,electric power,water treatment,and power electronics.According to statistics from the International Federation of Automatic Control and industrial data,MPC has been deployed in some form in more than 50% of large-scale industrial control systems worldwide.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China(No.62171387)the Science and Technology Program of Sichuan Province(No.2024NSFSC0468)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2019M663475).
摘要As an important resource in data link,time slots should be strategically allocated to enhance transmission efficiency and resist eavesdropping,especially considering the tremendous increase in the number of nodes and diverse communication needs.It is crucial to design control sequences with robust randomness and conflict-freeness to properly address differentiated access control in data link.In this paper,we propose a hierarchical access control scheme based on control sequences to achieve high utilization of time slots and differentiated access control.A theoretical bound of the hierarchical control sequence set is derived to characterize the constraints on the parameters of the sequence set.Moreover,two classes of optimal hierarchical control sequence sets satisfying the theoretical bound are constructed,both of which enable the scheme to achieve maximum utilization of time slots.Compared with the fixed time slot allocation scheme,our scheme reduces the symbol error rate by up to 9%,which indicates a significant improvement in anti-interference and eavesdropping capabilities.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52105019,52275488,and 52405563)the Key Research and Development Program of Hubei Prov‐ince,China(No.2022 BAA 064)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Innovation Talent Plan of Hubei Province(No.2025 DJA 014)the Key Research and Development Program of Wuhan,China(No.2025061202030429).
摘要We propose a robust self-triggered switching control scheme for four-wheel-steering autonomous ground vehicles(FAGVs)to enhance tracking precision in the face of significant parameter variations.First,using the polytopic mechanism,the nonlinear dynamics of an FAGV are formulated as a switched linear parameter-varying system to accommodate parametric perturbations.With suitable dwell time,a novel self-triggered switching law is designed using energy density in terms of the tracking accuracy and system robustness;this satisfies the required control criteria while also preventing the Zeno phenomenon caused by traditional high-frequency switching.Through the application of multiple parameter-correlated Lyapunov functions,the resultant closed-loop system is ensured to be asymptotically stable with suitable auto-tuned gains.Finally,the efficacy and superiority of the proposed method are verified through experiments with an FAGV system.
基金supported by the Smart Grid-National Science and Technology Major Project(2025ZD0804500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 52307232the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 2024JJ4055.
摘要The hybrid series-parallel microgrid attracts more attention by combining the advantages of both the series-stacked voltage and parallel-expanded capacity.Low-voltage distributed generations(DGs)are connected in series to form the intra-string,and then multiple strings are interconnected in parallel.For the existing control strategies,both intra-string and inter-string depend on the centralized or distributed control with high communication reliance.It has limited scalability and redundancy under abnormal conditions.Alternatively,in this study,an intra-string distributed and inter-string decentralized control framework is proposed.Within the string,a few DGs close to the AC bus are the leaders to get the string power information and the rest DGs are the followers to acquire the synchronization information through the droop-based distributed consistency.Specifically,the output of the entire string has the active power−angular frequency(ω-P)droop characteristic,and the decentralized control among strings can be autonomously guaranteed.Moreover,the secondary control is designed to realize multi-mode objectives,including on/off-grid mode switching,grid-connected power interactive management,and off-grid voltage quality regulation.As a result,the proposed method has the ability of plug-and-play capabilities,single-point failure redundancy,and seamless mode-switching.Experimental results are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed practical solution.
基金supported in part by the Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation(4262063)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62363002)。
摘要This paper presents a model-free adaptive fuzzy control(MFAFC)scheme for discrete-time Takagi-Sugeno(T-S)fuzzy systems with local nonlinear models.First,the T-S fuzzy system is transformed into a linearized model using a dynamic linearization technique.Then,a model-free adaptive control scheme is developed for T-S fuzzy systems.Next,a rigorous convergence analysis of the tracking error is carried out using the contraction mapping theory.Finally,to validate the theoretical results,the scheme is tested by two numerical simulations and a mass-spring damper mechanical system.The results show that the proposed MFAFC strategy is effective in ensuring that the system output tracks the desired trajectory.