Acupuncture therapy has demonstrated therapeutic effects on various systemic diseases through the use of specific acupoints along meridians.However,due to the multi-target effect of acupuncture and the complexity of m...Acupuncture therapy has demonstrated therapeutic effects on various systemic diseases through the use of specific acupoints along meridians.However,due to the multi-target effect of acupuncture and the complexity of meridian pathways,the underlying mechanisms of acupuncture have not been well understood.Tissue clearing and three-dimensional(3D)imaging is an emerging medical technology that provides high-resolution 3D molecular information while preserving the structural integrity of tissues.In relevant research articles,tissue-clearing and 3D imaging techniques stood out for their ability to visualize the structural characteristics of meridians and acupoints of intact tissues,in order to reveal their intricate connections by means of topological principles.Specifically,this technology has managed to show that acupuncture points like Guilai(ST29)and Sanyinjiao(SP6),which are commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine for treating gynecological disorders,promote angiogenesis in the ovaries and thus improve follicle numbers in polycystic ovary syndrome-like ovaries.This article summarizes recent progress on tissue-clearing and 3D imaging technologies and anticipates the prospects of utilizing this technology to further explore the effects of acupuncture.展开更多
BACKGROUND Accurate preoperative assessment of tumor burden and the distance from the tumor’s lowest border to the anal verge(DTAV)is essential for planning treatment in rectosigmoid cancer.Conventional imaging modal...BACKGROUND Accurate preoperative assessment of tumor burden and the distance from the tumor’s lowest border to the anal verge(DTAV)is essential for planning treatment in rectosigmoid cancer.Conventional imaging modalities offer limited quantitative evaluation of these parameters.Artificial intelligence-driven digital three-dimensional imaging(AI-3D digital imaging)may address this limitation.AIM To study the application of AI-3D digital imaging for the preoperative assessment of tumor burden and DTAV.METHODS We analyzed patients with rectosigmoid cancer treated in our Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery between July 2024 and January 2026 and collected their clinical data.Tumor burden and DTAV were assessed via AI-3D digital imaging and computed tomography(CT),and compared with the reference standard from pathological specimens.We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of these modalities for tumor parameters using Bland-Altman plots,scatter plots,receiver operating characteristic curves,and intraclass correlation coefficients(ICC).RESULTS We found that the MD in maximum tumor diameter and cross-sectional area between pathological specimens and AI-3D digital imaging were 0.602 cm and 0.150 cm2,respectively,indicating high agreement(ICC=0.921 and ICC=0.846).This agreement was higher than that achieved with CT.For DTAV measurement,the MD between AI-3D digital imaging and colonoscopy was 2.079 cm,also demonstrating high agreement(R2=0.8227,ICC=0.907).Bland-Altman and scatter plot analyses confirmed superior agreement between AI-3D digital imaging and pathological specimens(R2=0.8482 and R2=0.7149)compared to CT.In predicting lymph node invasion,AI-3D digital imaging showed a sensitivity of 80%and a specificity of 62.5%,both significantly higher than the corresponding values for CT(60%and 29.2%).The area under the curve(AUC)for AI-3D was 0.713,markedly exceeding that of CT(AUC=0.446).CONCLUSION AI-3D digital imaging demonstrates good efficacy for quantitatively assessing tumor burden and DTAV in rectosigmoid cancer and shows particular utility in predicting lymph node metastasis.This technology can improve the accuracy of preoperative assessment,thereby facilitating individualized surgical planning.展开更多
BACKGROUND Hepatobiliary surgery is complex and requires a thorough understanding of the liver’s anatomy,biliary system,and vasculature.Traditional imaging methods such as computed tomography(CT)and magnetic resonanc...BACKGROUND Hepatobiliary surgery is complex and requires a thorough understanding of the liver’s anatomy,biliary system,and vasculature.Traditional imaging methods such as computed tomography(CT)and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),although helpful,fail to provide three-dimensional(3D)relationships of these structures,which are critical for planning and executing complicated surgeries.AIM To explore the use of 3D imaging and virtual surgical planning(VSP)technologies to improve surgical accuracy,reduce complications,and enhance patient recovery in hepatobiliary surgeries.METHODS A comprehensive review of studies published between 2017 and 2024 was conducted through PubMed,Scopus,Google Scholar,and Web of Science.Studies selected focused on 3D imaging and VSP applications in hepatobiliary surgery,assessing surgical precision,complications,and patient outcomes.Thirty studies,including randomized controlled trials,cohort studies,and case reports,were included in the final analysis.RESULTS Various 3D imaging modalities,including multidetector CT,MRI,and 3D rotational angiography,provide high-resolution views of the liver’s vascular and biliary anatomy.VSP allows surgeons to simulate complex surgeries,improving preoperative planning and reducing complications like bleeding and bile leaks.Several studies have demonstrated improved surgical precision,reduced complications,and faster recovery times when 3D imaging and VSP were used in complex surgeries.CONCLUSION 3D imaging and VSP technologies significantly enhance the accuracy and outcomes of hepatobiliary surgeries by providing individualized preoperative planning.While promising,further research,particularly randomized controlled trials,is needed to standardize protocols and evaluate long-term efficacy.展开更多
Computed tomography has been proven to be useful for non-destructive inspection of structures and materials. We build a three-dimensional imaging system with the photonically generated incoherent noise source and the ...Computed tomography has been proven to be useful for non-destructive inspection of structures and materials. We build a three-dimensional imaging system with the photonically generated incoherent noise source and the Schottky barrier diode detector in the terahertz frequency band (90–140GHz). Based on the computed tomography technique, the three-dimensional image of a ceramic sample is reconstructed successfully by stacking the slices at different heights. The imaging results not only indicate the ability of terahertz wave in the non-invasive sensing and non-destructive inspection applications, but also prove the effectiveness and superiority of the uni-traveling-carrier photodiode as a terahertz source in the imaging applications.展开更多
For forward-looking array synthetic aperture radar(FASAR),the scattering intensity of ground scatterers fluctuates greatly since there are kinds of vegetations and topography on the surface of the ground,and thus the ...For forward-looking array synthetic aperture radar(FASAR),the scattering intensity of ground scatterers fluctuates greatly since there are kinds of vegetations and topography on the surface of the ground,and thus the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)of its echo signals corresponding to different vegetations and topography also varies obviously.Owing to the reason known to all,the performance of the sparse reconstruction of compressed sensing(CS)becomes worse in the case of lower SNR,and the quality of the sparse three-dimensional imaging for FASAR would be affected significantly in the practical application.In this paper,the spatial continuity of the ground scatterers is introduced to the sparse recovery algorithm of CS in the threedimensional imaging for FASAR,in which the weighted least square method of the cubic interpolation is used to filter out the bad and isolated scatterer.The simulation results show that the proposed method can realize the sparse three-dimensional imaging of FASAR more effectively in the case of low SNR.展开更多
With regard to problems in conventional synthetic aperture radar(SAR),such as imaging distortion,beam limitation and failure in acquiring three-dimensional(3-D)information,a downward-looking 3-D imaging method based o...With regard to problems in conventional synthetic aperture radar(SAR),such as imaging distortion,beam limitation and failure in acquiring three-dimensional(3-D)information,a downward-looking 3-D imaging method based on frequency modulated continuous wave(FMCW)and digital beamforming(DBF)technology for airborne SAR is presented in this study.Downward-looking 3-D SAR signal model is established first,followed by introduction of virtual antenna optimization factor and discussion of equivalent-phase-center compensation.Then,compensation method is provided according to reside video phase(RVP)and slope term for FMCW SAR.As multiple receiving antennas are applied to downward-looking 3-D imaging SAR,range cell migration correction(RCMC)turns to be more complex,and corrective measures are proposed.In addition,DBF technology is applied in realizing cross-track resolution.Finally,to validate the proposed method,magnitude of slice,peak sidelobe ratio(PSLR),integrated sidelobe ratio(ISLR)and two-dimensional(2-D)contour plot of impulse response function(IRF)of point target in three dimensions are demonstrated.Satisfactory performances are shown by simulation results.展开更多
Objective: To evaluate three-dimensional bronchial artery imaging charactersin central lung cancer and applied values with multi-slice spiral CT (MSCT) to provide theoreticalevidence on blood supply and intervention t...Objective: To evaluate three-dimensional bronchial artery imaging charactersin central lung cancer and applied values with multi-slice spiral CT (MSCT) to provide theoreticalevidence on blood supply and intervention therapy. Methods: Eighteen patients with central lungcancer underwent MSCT with real time helical thin-slice CT scanning. Three-dimensional bronchialartery reconstruction was done at the console work-station. The space anatomical characters ofbronchial artery were observed through different rotations. Results: For 6 cases, thethree-dimensional images of bronchial artery (33.33%) could exactly show the origins, the routes(lung inner segment and mediatism segment) and the diameters of bronchial arteries. Vision rate ofbronchial arteries was the highest in pulmonary artery stricture and truncation groups, and thevessels' diameter became larger apparently. These characters demonstrated blood supply of this kindof central lung cancer come from bronchial artery. Volume rendering images were the best ones amongthree-dimensional images. Conclusion: Three-dimensional imaging with MSCT in bronchial artery canreveal the anatomical characters of bronchial artery and provide theoretical evidence on bloodsupply and intervention therapy of central lung cancer.展开更多
AIM: To discuss the clinical value of CT three-dimensional (3-D) imaging in diagnosing gastrointestinal tract diseases.METHODS: Three-D imaging findings of 52 patients were retrospectively analyzed. Three-D imagin...AIM: To discuss the clinical value of CT three-dimensional (3-D) imaging in diagnosing gastrointestinal tract diseases.METHODS: Three-D imaging findings of 52 patients were retrospectively analyzed. Three-D imaging methods included shaded surface display (SSD), volume rendering (VR), virtual endoscopy (VE) and multiplanar reformatting (MPR). The diagnosis results of CT 3-D were evaluated by comparison with those of endoscopy and/or surgical finding.RESULTS: Fifty-two patients with gastrointestinal tract diseases were diagnosed by CT 3-D imaging, of whom 50 cases were correctly diagnosed and 2 were misdiagnosed. There were 33 cases of gastric diseases (27 with carcinoma, 5 with peptic ulcer and 1 with leiomyoma) and 19 large intestinal diseases (10 with colon carcinoma, 2 with carcinoma of the rectum, 5 with colon polypus and 2 with tuberculosis of the ileocecal junction). Twenty-two cases with prominent lesions (9 with subsequent hollow lesions), 20 with stenosis of cavity (8 with concomitant prominent lesions) and 10 with hollow lesions (5 with concomitant prominent lesions) were shown in 3-D images. The minimal lesion shown was 1.0 cm × 0.8 cm × 0.5 cm.CONCLUSION: CT 3-D imaging, a non-invasive examination without pain, can display clearly and directly the lesions of gastrointestinal tract with accurate location and high diagnosis accuracy. It is an important complementary technique to endoscopy.展开更多
The development of diagnostic imaging technology, such as multidetector computed tomography(MDCT) and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography(MRCP), has made it possible to obtain detailed images of the bile duct....The development of diagnostic imaging technology, such as multidetector computed tomography(MDCT) and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography(MRCP), has made it possible to obtain detailed images of the bile duct. Recent reports have indicated that a 3-dimensional(3D) reconstructed imaging system would be useful for understanding the liver anatomy before surgery. We have investigated a novel method that fuses MDCT and MRCP images. This novel system easily made it possible to detect the anatomical relationship between the vessels and bile duct in the portal hepatis. In this report, we describe a very rare case of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma associated with an accessory bile duct from the caudate lobe connecting with the intrapancreatic bile duct. We were unable to preoperatively detect this accessory bile duct using MDCT and MRCP. However, prior to the second operation, we were able to clearly visualise the injured accessory bile duct using our novel 3D imaging modality. In thisreport, we suggest that this imaging technique can be considered a novel and useful modality for understanding the anatomy of the portal hepatis, including the hilar bile duct.展开更多
Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia and in symptomatic patients with a drug-refractory form,catheter ablation aimed at electrically disconnecting the pulmonary veins(PVs) has proved more effective than u...Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia and in symptomatic patients with a drug-refractory form,catheter ablation aimed at electrically disconnecting the pulmonary veins(PVs) has proved more effective than use of antiarrhythmic drugs in maintaining sinus rhythm during follow-up.On the other hand,this ablation procedure is complex,requires specific training and adequate clinical experience.A main challenge is represented by the need for accurate sequential positioning of the ablation catheter around each veno-atrial junction to deliver point-by-point radiofrequency energy applications in order to achieve complete and persistent electrical disconnection of the PVs.Imaging integration is a new technology that enables guidance during this procedure by showing a three-dimensional,pre-acquired computed tomography or magnetic resonance image and the relative real-time position of the ablation catheter on the screen of the electroanatomic system.Reports in the literature suggest that imaging integration provides accurate visual information with improvement in the procedure parameters and/or clinical outcomes of the procedure.展开更多
A single-image passive ranging and three-dimensional(3 D)imaging system with chiral phase encoding was proposed in 2011[Opt.Lett.36,115(2011)].A new theoretical analysis of the system in space domain is presented in t...A single-image passive ranging and three-dimensional(3 D)imaging system with chiral phase encoding was proposed in 2011[Opt.Lett.36,115(2011)].A new theoretical analysis of the system in space domain is presented in this paper.We deduce the analytic relationships between the object distance and the point spread function,and between the object distance and the encoded image,respectively.Both the point spread function and the processed spectrum of the encoded image have two spots,which will rotate with the variation of the object distance.Then the depth map is extracted from the encoded image and it can be used to set up 3 D images.The theoretical analysis is verified by a wavefront coding system with a chiral phase which is generated by a phase-only liquid-crystal spatial light modulator.The phase generated by the liquid-crystal spatial light modulator is more flexible than the fixed phase mask and can be adjusted in real time.It is especially suitable for observing the object with a large depth of field.展开更多
Objective: to analyze the application value of 64-slice spiral CT in the diagnosis of colon cancer. Methods: 68 cases of colon cancer patients admitted to our hospital from January 2021 to January 2022 were taken as e...Objective: to analyze the application value of 64-slice spiral CT in the diagnosis of colon cancer. Methods: 68 cases of colon cancer patients admitted to our hospital from January 2021 to January 2022 were taken as experimental objects, and all were confirmed by pathological examination. It was examined by 64-slice spiral CT, and three-dimensional imaging technology was used to observe the lesion status of patients. Through the analysis of imaging data, the pathological characteristics of colon cancer were discussed and the disease was diagnosed. Results: sixty-eight patients with colon cancer were examined by 64-slice spiral CT three-dimensional imaging, and all of them were completely diagnosed. In pathological examination, 19 cases were located in ascending colon, 13 cases in transverse colon, 16 cases in descending colon and 20 cases in sigmoid colon. In CT examination, the accurate rate of lesion location was 97.06% (66/68), basically the same. However, under the imaging examination, the intestinal wall of the lesion site is unevenly thickened, and some of them form a bulge-like mass, which presents a localized ulcer depression. During the enhanced scanning, the lesion site is enhanced in a diversified way, showing uniform enhancement or uneven enhancement. Conclusion: the application of 64-slice spiral CT three-dimensional imaging technology in the diagnosis of colon cancer can carefully observe the lesion site, lesion size, etc. It provides reliable information for diagnosis and classification, is helpful for the development of treatment and prognosis, and has high clinical value.展开更多
The airborne cross-track three apertures MilliMeter Wave (MMW) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) side-looking three-Dimensional (3D) imaging is investigated in this paper. Three apertures are distributed along the cross-...The airborne cross-track three apertures MilliMeter Wave (MMW) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) side-looking three-Dimensional (3D) imaging is investigated in this paper. Three apertures are distributed along the cross-track direction, and three virtual phase centers will be obtained through one-input and three-output. These three virtual phase centers form a sparse array which can be used to obtain the cross-track resolution. Because the cross-track array is short, the cross-track resolution is low. When the system works in side-looking mode, the cross-track resolution and height resolution will be coupling, and the low cross-track resolution will partly be transformed into the height uncertainty. The beam pattern of the real aperture is used as a weight to improve the Peak to SideLobe Ratio (PSLR) and Integrated SideLobe Ratio (ISLR) of the cross-track sparse array. In order to suppress the high cross-track sidelobes, a weighting preprocessing method is proposed. The 3D images of a point target and a simulation scene are achieved to verify the feasibility of the proposed method. And the imaging result of the real data obtained by the cross-track three-baseline MMW InSAR prototype is presented as a beneficial attempt.展开更多
Objective:The aim of the study was to evaluate three-dimensional virtual models(3DVMs)usefulness in the intraoperative assistance of minimally-invasive partial nephrectomy in highly complex renal tumors.Methods:At our...Objective:The aim of the study was to evaluate three-dimensional virtual models(3DVMs)usefulness in the intraoperative assistance of minimally-invasive partial nephrectomy in highly complex renal tumors.Methods:At our institution cT1-2N0M0 all renal masses with Preoperative Aspects and Dimensions Used for an Anatomical classification score≥10 treated with minimally-invasive partial nephrectomy were considered for the present study.For inclusion a baseline contrast-enhanced computed tomography in order to obtain 3DVMs,the baseline and postoperative serum creatinine as well as estimated glomerular filtration rate values were needed.These patients,in which 3DVMs were used to assist the surgeon in the planning and intraoperative guidance,were then compared with a control group of patients who underwent minimally-invasive partial nephrectomy with the same renal function assessments,but without 3DVMs.Multivariable logistic regression models were used to predict the margin,ischemia,and complication score achievement.Results:Overall,79 patients met the inclusion criteria and were compared with 143 complex renal masses without 3DVM assistance.The 3DVM group showed better postoperative outcomes in terms of baseline-weighted differential estimated glomerular filtration rate(-17.7%vs.-22.2%,p=0.03),postoperative complications(16.5%vs.23.1%,p=0.03),and major complications(Clavien Dindo>III,2.5%vs.5.6%,p=0.03).At multivariable logistic regression 3DVM assistance independently predicted higher rates of successful partial nephrectomy(odds ratio:1.42,p=0.03).Conclusion:3DVMs represent a useful tool to plan a tailored surgical approach in case of surgically complex masses.They can be used in different ways,matching the surgeon's needs from the planning phase to the demolitive and reconstructive phase,leading towards maximum safety and efficacy outcomes.展开更多
Understanding laser induced ultrafast processes with complex three-dimensional(3D)geometries and extreme property evolution offers a unique opportunity to explore novel physical phenomena and to overcome the manufactu...Understanding laser induced ultrafast processes with complex three-dimensional(3D)geometries and extreme property evolution offers a unique opportunity to explore novel physical phenomena and to overcome the manufacturing limitations.Ultrafast imaging offers exceptional spatiotemporal resolution and thus has been considered an effective tool.However,in conventional single-view imaging techniques,3D information is projected on a two-dimensional plane,which leads to significant information loss that is detrimental to understanding the full ultrafast process.Here,we propose a quasi-3D imaging method to describe the ultrafast process and further analyze spatial asymmetries of laser induced plasma.Orthogonally polarized laser pulses are adopted to illuminate reflection-transmission views,and binarization techniques are employed to extract contours,forming the corresponding two-dimensional matrix.By rotating and multiplying the two-dimensional contour matrices obtained from the dual views,a quasi-3D image can be reconstructed.This successfully reveals dual-phase transition mechanisms and elucidates the diffraction phenomena occurring outside the plasma.Furthermore,the quasi-3D image confirms the spatial asymmetries of the picosecond plasma,which is difficult to achieve with two-dimensional images.Our findings demonstrate that quasi-3D imaging not only offers a more comprehensive understanding of plasma dynamics than previous imaging methods,but also has wide potential in revealing various complex ultrafast phenomena in related fields including strong-field physics,fluid dynamics,and cutting-edge manufacturing.展开更多
Advent in three-dimensional(3D) imaging technology has seen 3D ultrasound establish itself as a useful adjunct complementary to traditional two-dimensional imaging of the female pelvis. This advantage largely arises f...Advent in three-dimensional(3D) imaging technology has seen 3D ultrasound establish itself as a useful adjunct complementary to traditional two-dimensional imaging of the female pelvis. This advantage largely arises from its ability to reconstruct the coronal plane of the uterus, which allows further delineation of many gynecological disorders. 3D imaging of the uterus is now the preferred imaging modality for assessing congenital uterine anomalies and intrauterine device localization. Newer indications include the diagnosis of adenomyosis. It can also add invaluable information to delineate other endometrial and myometrial pathology such as fibroids and endometrial polyps.展开更多
This study describes a case of antral septum with alveolar process extension that is identified using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Periapical radiolucency was observed in the maxillary sinus, and clinical and...This study describes a case of antral septum with alveolar process extension that is identified using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Periapical radiolucency was observed in the maxillary sinus, and clinical and radiographic examinations ruled out the possibility of odontogenic lesions. CBCT was performed to elucidate the radiolucency identified using periapical radiography. A 3-D image indicated that the maxillary sinus extended into the alveolar process toward the palatal cortical bone in the region of the maxillary right first molar, as well as an antral septum extending from the inferior and lateral wall of the right maxillary sinus. CBCT is an important tool for use in dental practice because CBCT images reveal the entire volume of the maxillary sinus and allow for identification of patient anatomy and anatomical variations, which is essential for planning appropriate surgical interventions.展开更多
Moirézoom metalenses have recently emerged as a promising platform for realizing highly robust,integrated,and compact continuous optical zoom systems.While significant progress has been made at visible and near-i...Moirézoom metalenses have recently emerged as a promising platform for realizing highly robust,integrated,and compact continuous optical zoom systems.While significant progress has been made at visible and near-infrared wavelengths,experimental validation in the long-wave infrared(LWIR)band remains scarce,with existing studies primarily confined to numerical simulations.Here,we bridge this gap by demonstrating a moirézoom metalens based on chalcogenide glass that enables both continuous zoom and depth-resolved three-dimensional(3D)imaging in the LWIR regime.The metalens consists of two complementary metasurfaces and achieves continuous focal length tuning from 1 mm to 2 mm through simple relative rotation,eliminating the need for mechanical translation or external field control.Experimental results show good agreement with numerical simulations and confirm consistent high-quality focusing across the entire zoom range.By exploiting this continuous focal tuning,we further demonstrate 3D imaging capability,simultaneously resolving objects at different axial positions.This work establishes,to our knowledge,a new paradigm for fully integrated,non-mechanical LWIR imaging systems,with promising applications in thermal sensing,machine vision,and augmented reality.展开更多
This study proposes a deep learning-based method termed frequency-flexible chemical exchange saturation transfer(CEST)imaging network(FlexCENT),which enables robust CEST quantification across variable frequency offset...This study proposes a deep learning-based method termed frequency-flexible chemical exchange saturation transfer(CEST)imaging network(FlexCENT),which enables robust CEST quantification across variable frequency offset schemes without requiring retraining.FlexCENT integrates frequency offset encoding with a three-dimensional(3D)U-Net to process CEST images and frequency offsets as inputs and predict Lorentzian parameters of the 4-pool model(water,MT,APT,rNOE),including B0 inhomogeneity.By transforming frequency offsets into a continuous spectral feature representation,the frequency offset encoding allows FlexCENT to generalize to unseen frequency offset schemes.Trained on synthetic data generated from the 4-pool Lorentzian model,FlexCENT was validated through numerical simulations,tumor-bearing mouse experiments,and a human brain experiment,alongside comparisons with 4-pool Lorentzian fitting,DeepCEST,and LKAN networks.The results demonstrate that FlexCENT successfully quantified CEST parameters across all experiments,maintaining consistent performance under varying frequency offset conditions without retraining.It exhibited superior noise robustness in numerical simulations and enhanced anatomical delineation in vivo parametric mapping compared to other methods.In conclusion,by combining spectral information with spatial information,FlexCENT provides an efficient,flexible,and robust quantitative approach for CEST imaging.It significantly enhance the quantification capability and clinical potential of CEST imaging.展开更多
Dear Editor,Understanding early human brain development is crucial for uncovering the origins of neurodevelopmental disorders[1].Traditional methods,such as histological staining and sectioning,provide only two-dimens...Dear Editor,Understanding early human brain development is crucial for uncovering the origins of neurodevelopmental disorders[1].Traditional methods,such as histological staining and sectioning,provide only two-dimensional views,which fail to display the complete structure and often damage delicate tissue structures[2].These approaches face limitations in visualizing complex three-dimensional(3D)networks,particularly the developing vascular system.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82174497,82305386 and 81973945)Innovative Research Team of High-level Local Universities in Shanghai+1 种基金Shanghai Key Laboratory for Acupuncture Mechanism and Acupoint Function(No.21DZ2271800)Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(No.2018SHZDZX01)。
摘要Acupuncture therapy has demonstrated therapeutic effects on various systemic diseases through the use of specific acupoints along meridians.However,due to the multi-target effect of acupuncture and the complexity of meridian pathways,the underlying mechanisms of acupuncture have not been well understood.Tissue clearing and three-dimensional(3D)imaging is an emerging medical technology that provides high-resolution 3D molecular information while preserving the structural integrity of tissues.In relevant research articles,tissue-clearing and 3D imaging techniques stood out for their ability to visualize the structural characteristics of meridians and acupoints of intact tissues,in order to reveal their intricate connections by means of topological principles.Specifically,this technology has managed to show that acupuncture points like Guilai(ST29)and Sanyinjiao(SP6),which are commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine for treating gynecological disorders,promote angiogenesis in the ovaries and thus improve follicle numbers in polycystic ovary syndrome-like ovaries.This article summarizes recent progress on tissue-clearing and 3D imaging technologies and anticipates the prospects of utilizing this technology to further explore the effects of acupuncture.
基金Supported by Nanchang University First Affiliated Hospital Clinical Research Cultivation Fund Project,No.YFYLCYJPY202424the Chronic Disease Management Research Project of National Health Commission Capacity Building and Continuing Education Center,No.GWJJMB202510022033.
摘要BACKGROUND Accurate preoperative assessment of tumor burden and the distance from the tumor’s lowest border to the anal verge(DTAV)is essential for planning treatment in rectosigmoid cancer.Conventional imaging modalities offer limited quantitative evaluation of these parameters.Artificial intelligence-driven digital three-dimensional imaging(AI-3D digital imaging)may address this limitation.AIM To study the application of AI-3D digital imaging for the preoperative assessment of tumor burden and DTAV.METHODS We analyzed patients with rectosigmoid cancer treated in our Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery between July 2024 and January 2026 and collected their clinical data.Tumor burden and DTAV were assessed via AI-3D digital imaging and computed tomography(CT),and compared with the reference standard from pathological specimens.We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of these modalities for tumor parameters using Bland-Altman plots,scatter plots,receiver operating characteristic curves,and intraclass correlation coefficients(ICC).RESULTS We found that the MD in maximum tumor diameter and cross-sectional area between pathological specimens and AI-3D digital imaging were 0.602 cm and 0.150 cm2,respectively,indicating high agreement(ICC=0.921 and ICC=0.846).This agreement was higher than that achieved with CT.For DTAV measurement,the MD between AI-3D digital imaging and colonoscopy was 2.079 cm,also demonstrating high agreement(R2=0.8227,ICC=0.907).Bland-Altman and scatter plot analyses confirmed superior agreement between AI-3D digital imaging and pathological specimens(R2=0.8482 and R2=0.7149)compared to CT.In predicting lymph node invasion,AI-3D digital imaging showed a sensitivity of 80%and a specificity of 62.5%,both significantly higher than the corresponding values for CT(60%and 29.2%).The area under the curve(AUC)for AI-3D was 0.713,markedly exceeding that of CT(AUC=0.446).CONCLUSION AI-3D digital imaging demonstrates good efficacy for quantitatively assessing tumor burden and DTAV in rectosigmoid cancer and shows particular utility in predicting lymph node metastasis.This technology can improve the accuracy of preoperative assessment,thereby facilitating individualized surgical planning.
摘要BACKGROUND Hepatobiliary surgery is complex and requires a thorough understanding of the liver’s anatomy,biliary system,and vasculature.Traditional imaging methods such as computed tomography(CT)and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),although helpful,fail to provide three-dimensional(3D)relationships of these structures,which are critical for planning and executing complicated surgeries.AIM To explore the use of 3D imaging and virtual surgical planning(VSP)technologies to improve surgical accuracy,reduce complications,and enhance patient recovery in hepatobiliary surgeries.METHODS A comprehensive review of studies published between 2017 and 2024 was conducted through PubMed,Scopus,Google Scholar,and Web of Science.Studies selected focused on 3D imaging and VSP applications in hepatobiliary surgery,assessing surgical precision,complications,and patient outcomes.Thirty studies,including randomized controlled trials,cohort studies,and case reports,were included in the final analysis.RESULTS Various 3D imaging modalities,including multidetector CT,MRI,and 3D rotational angiography,provide high-resolution views of the liver’s vascular and biliary anatomy.VSP allows surgeons to simulate complex surgeries,improving preoperative planning and reducing complications like bleeding and bile leaks.Several studies have demonstrated improved surgical precision,reduced complications,and faster recovery times when 3D imaging and VSP were used in complex surgeries.CONCLUSION 3D imaging and VSP technologies significantly enhance the accuracy and outcomes of hepatobiliary surgeries by providing individualized preoperative planning.While promising,further research,particularly randomized controlled trials,is needed to standardize protocols and evaluate long-term efficacy.
基金Supported by the Hundred Talents Program of Chinese Academy of Sciencesthe National Basic Research Program of China under Grant No 2014CB339803+2 种基金the Major National Development Project of Scientific Instrument and Equipment under Grant No2011YQ150021the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos 61575214,61574155,61404149 and 61404150the Shanghai Municipal Commission of Science and Technology under Grant Nos 14530711300,15560722000 and 15ZR1447500
摘要Computed tomography has been proven to be useful for non-destructive inspection of structures and materials. We build a three-dimensional imaging system with the photonically generated incoherent noise source and the Schottky barrier diode detector in the terahertz frequency band (90–140GHz). Based on the computed tomography technique, the three-dimensional image of a ceramic sample is reconstructed successfully by stacking the slices at different heights. The imaging results not only indicate the ability of terahertz wave in the non-invasive sensing and non-destructive inspection applications, but also prove the effectiveness and superiority of the uni-traveling-carrier photodiode as a terahertz source in the imaging applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61640006)the Natural Science Foundation of Shannxi Province,China(2019JM-386).
摘要For forward-looking array synthetic aperture radar(FASAR),the scattering intensity of ground scatterers fluctuates greatly since there are kinds of vegetations and topography on the surface of the ground,and thus the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)of its echo signals corresponding to different vegetations and topography also varies obviously.Owing to the reason known to all,the performance of the sparse reconstruction of compressed sensing(CS)becomes worse in the case of lower SNR,and the quality of the sparse three-dimensional imaging for FASAR would be affected significantly in the practical application.In this paper,the spatial continuity of the ground scatterers is introduced to the sparse recovery algorithm of CS in the threedimensional imaging for FASAR,in which the weighted least square method of the cubic interpolation is used to filter out the bad and isolated scatterer.The simulation results show that the proposed method can realize the sparse three-dimensional imaging of FASAR more effectively in the case of low SNR.
摘要With regard to problems in conventional synthetic aperture radar(SAR),such as imaging distortion,beam limitation and failure in acquiring three-dimensional(3-D)information,a downward-looking 3-D imaging method based on frequency modulated continuous wave(FMCW)and digital beamforming(DBF)technology for airborne SAR is presented in this study.Downward-looking 3-D SAR signal model is established first,followed by introduction of virtual antenna optimization factor and discussion of equivalent-phase-center compensation.Then,compensation method is provided according to reside video phase(RVP)and slope term for FMCW SAR.As multiple receiving antennas are applied to downward-looking 3-D imaging SAR,range cell migration correction(RCMC)turns to be more complex,and corrective measures are proposed.In addition,DBF technology is applied in realizing cross-track resolution.Finally,to validate the proposed method,magnitude of slice,peak sidelobe ratio(PSLR),integrated sidelobe ratio(ISLR)and two-dimensional(2-D)contour plot of impulse response function(IRF)of point target in three dimensions are demonstrated.Satisfactory performances are shown by simulation results.
摘要Objective: To evaluate three-dimensional bronchial artery imaging charactersin central lung cancer and applied values with multi-slice spiral CT (MSCT) to provide theoreticalevidence on blood supply and intervention therapy. Methods: Eighteen patients with central lungcancer underwent MSCT with real time helical thin-slice CT scanning. Three-dimensional bronchialartery reconstruction was done at the console work-station. The space anatomical characters ofbronchial artery were observed through different rotations. Results: For 6 cases, thethree-dimensional images of bronchial artery (33.33%) could exactly show the origins, the routes(lung inner segment and mediatism segment) and the diameters of bronchial arteries. Vision rate ofbronchial arteries was the highest in pulmonary artery stricture and truncation groups, and thevessels' diameter became larger apparently. These characters demonstrated blood supply of this kindof central lung cancer come from bronchial artery. Volume rendering images were the best ones amongthree-dimensional images. Conclusion: Three-dimensional imaging with MSCT in bronchial artery canreveal the anatomical characters of bronchial artery and provide theoretical evidence on bloodsupply and intervention therapy of central lung cancer.
基金Supported by the Social Development Program of Xiamen City, No. 3502Z20034018
摘要AIM: To discuss the clinical value of CT three-dimensional (3-D) imaging in diagnosing gastrointestinal tract diseases.METHODS: Three-D imaging findings of 52 patients were retrospectively analyzed. Three-D imaging methods included shaded surface display (SSD), volume rendering (VR), virtual endoscopy (VE) and multiplanar reformatting (MPR). The diagnosis results of CT 3-D were evaluated by comparison with those of endoscopy and/or surgical finding.RESULTS: Fifty-two patients with gastrointestinal tract diseases were diagnosed by CT 3-D imaging, of whom 50 cases were correctly diagnosed and 2 were misdiagnosed. There were 33 cases of gastric diseases (27 with carcinoma, 5 with peptic ulcer and 1 with leiomyoma) and 19 large intestinal diseases (10 with colon carcinoma, 2 with carcinoma of the rectum, 5 with colon polypus and 2 with tuberculosis of the ileocecal junction). Twenty-two cases with prominent lesions (9 with subsequent hollow lesions), 20 with stenosis of cavity (8 with concomitant prominent lesions) and 10 with hollow lesions (5 with concomitant prominent lesions) were shown in 3-D images. The minimal lesion shown was 1.0 cm × 0.8 cm × 0.5 cm.CONCLUSION: CT 3-D imaging, a non-invasive examination without pain, can display clearly and directly the lesions of gastrointestinal tract with accurate location and high diagnosis accuracy. It is an important complementary technique to endoscopy.
摘要The development of diagnostic imaging technology, such as multidetector computed tomography(MDCT) and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography(MRCP), has made it possible to obtain detailed images of the bile duct. Recent reports have indicated that a 3-dimensional(3D) reconstructed imaging system would be useful for understanding the liver anatomy before surgery. We have investigated a novel method that fuses MDCT and MRCP images. This novel system easily made it possible to detect the anatomical relationship between the vessels and bile duct in the portal hepatis. In this report, we describe a very rare case of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma associated with an accessory bile duct from the caudate lobe connecting with the intrapancreatic bile duct. We were unable to preoperatively detect this accessory bile duct using MDCT and MRCP. However, prior to the second operation, we were able to clearly visualise the injured accessory bile duct using our novel 3D imaging modality. In thisreport, we suggest that this imaging technique can be considered a novel and useful modality for understanding the anatomy of the portal hepatis, including the hilar bile duct.
摘要Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia and in symptomatic patients with a drug-refractory form,catheter ablation aimed at electrically disconnecting the pulmonary veins(PVs) has proved more effective than use of antiarrhythmic drugs in maintaining sinus rhythm during follow-up.On the other hand,this ablation procedure is complex,requires specific training and adequate clinical experience.A main challenge is represented by the need for accurate sequential positioning of the ablation catheter around each veno-atrial junction to deliver point-by-point radiofrequency energy applications in order to achieve complete and persistent electrical disconnection of the PVs.Imaging integration is a new technology that enables guidance during this procedure by showing a three-dimensional,pre-acquired computed tomography or magnetic resonance image and the relative real-time position of the ablation catheter on the screen of the electroanatomic system.Reports in the literature suggest that imaging integration provides accurate visual information with improvement in the procedure parameters and/or clinical outcomes of the procedure.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61205158)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province,China(Grant No.LY15F050013)
摘要A single-image passive ranging and three-dimensional(3 D)imaging system with chiral phase encoding was proposed in 2011[Opt.Lett.36,115(2011)].A new theoretical analysis of the system in space domain is presented in this paper.We deduce the analytic relationships between the object distance and the point spread function,and between the object distance and the encoded image,respectively.Both the point spread function and the processed spectrum of the encoded image have two spots,which will rotate with the variation of the object distance.Then the depth map is extracted from the encoded image and it can be used to set up 3 D images.The theoretical analysis is verified by a wavefront coding system with a chiral phase which is generated by a phase-only liquid-crystal spatial light modulator.The phase generated by the liquid-crystal spatial light modulator is more flexible than the fixed phase mask and can be adjusted in real time.It is especially suitable for observing the object with a large depth of field.
摘要Objective: to analyze the application value of 64-slice spiral CT in the diagnosis of colon cancer. Methods: 68 cases of colon cancer patients admitted to our hospital from January 2021 to January 2022 were taken as experimental objects, and all were confirmed by pathological examination. It was examined by 64-slice spiral CT, and three-dimensional imaging technology was used to observe the lesion status of patients. Through the analysis of imaging data, the pathological characteristics of colon cancer were discussed and the disease was diagnosed. Results: sixty-eight patients with colon cancer were examined by 64-slice spiral CT three-dimensional imaging, and all of them were completely diagnosed. In pathological examination, 19 cases were located in ascending colon, 13 cases in transverse colon, 16 cases in descending colon and 20 cases in sigmoid colon. In CT examination, the accurate rate of lesion location was 97.06% (66/68), basically the same. However, under the imaging examination, the intestinal wall of the lesion site is unevenly thickened, and some of them form a bulge-like mass, which presents a localized ulcer depression. During the enhanced scanning, the lesion site is enhanced in a diversified way, showing uniform enhancement or uneven enhancement. Conclusion: the application of 64-slice spiral CT three-dimensional imaging technology in the diagnosis of colon cancer can carefully observe the lesion site, lesion size, etc. It provides reliable information for diagnosis and classification, is helpful for the development of treatment and prognosis, and has high clinical value.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program (973) of China (No. 2009CB72400)
摘要The airborne cross-track three apertures MilliMeter Wave (MMW) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) side-looking three-Dimensional (3D) imaging is investigated in this paper. Three apertures are distributed along the cross-track direction, and three virtual phase centers will be obtained through one-input and three-output. These three virtual phase centers form a sparse array which can be used to obtain the cross-track resolution. Because the cross-track array is short, the cross-track resolution is low. When the system works in side-looking mode, the cross-track resolution and height resolution will be coupling, and the low cross-track resolution will partly be transformed into the height uncertainty. The beam pattern of the real aperture is used as a weight to improve the Peak to SideLobe Ratio (PSLR) and Integrated SideLobe Ratio (ISLR) of the cross-track sparse array. In order to suppress the high cross-track sidelobes, a weighting preprocessing method is proposed. The 3D images of a point target and a simulation scene are achieved to verify the feasibility of the proposed method. And the imaging result of the real data obtained by the cross-track three-baseline MMW InSAR prototype is presented as a beneficial attempt.
摘要Objective:The aim of the study was to evaluate three-dimensional virtual models(3DVMs)usefulness in the intraoperative assistance of minimally-invasive partial nephrectomy in highly complex renal tumors.Methods:At our institution cT1-2N0M0 all renal masses with Preoperative Aspects and Dimensions Used for an Anatomical classification score≥10 treated with minimally-invasive partial nephrectomy were considered for the present study.For inclusion a baseline contrast-enhanced computed tomography in order to obtain 3DVMs,the baseline and postoperative serum creatinine as well as estimated glomerular filtration rate values were needed.These patients,in which 3DVMs were used to assist the surgeon in the planning and intraoperative guidance,were then compared with a control group of patients who underwent minimally-invasive partial nephrectomy with the same renal function assessments,but without 3DVMs.Multivariable logistic regression models were used to predict the margin,ischemia,and complication score achievement.Results:Overall,79 patients met the inclusion criteria and were compared with 143 complex renal masses without 3DVM assistance.The 3DVM group showed better postoperative outcomes in terms of baseline-weighted differential estimated glomerular filtration rate(-17.7%vs.-22.2%,p=0.03),postoperative complications(16.5%vs.23.1%,p=0.03),and major complications(Clavien Dindo>III,2.5%vs.5.6%,p=0.03).At multivariable logistic regression 3DVM assistance independently predicted higher rates of successful partial nephrectomy(odds ratio:1.42,p=0.03).Conclusion:3DVMs represent a useful tool to plan a tailored surgical approach in case of surgically complex masses.They can be used in different ways,matching the surgeon's needs from the planning phase to the demolitive and reconstructive phase,leading towards maximum safety and efficacy outcomes.
摘要Understanding laser induced ultrafast processes with complex three-dimensional(3D)geometries and extreme property evolution offers a unique opportunity to explore novel physical phenomena and to overcome the manufacturing limitations.Ultrafast imaging offers exceptional spatiotemporal resolution and thus has been considered an effective tool.However,in conventional single-view imaging techniques,3D information is projected on a two-dimensional plane,which leads to significant information loss that is detrimental to understanding the full ultrafast process.Here,we propose a quasi-3D imaging method to describe the ultrafast process and further analyze spatial asymmetries of laser induced plasma.Orthogonally polarized laser pulses are adopted to illuminate reflection-transmission views,and binarization techniques are employed to extract contours,forming the corresponding two-dimensional matrix.By rotating and multiplying the two-dimensional contour matrices obtained from the dual views,a quasi-3D image can be reconstructed.This successfully reveals dual-phase transition mechanisms and elucidates the diffraction phenomena occurring outside the plasma.Furthermore,the quasi-3D image confirms the spatial asymmetries of the picosecond plasma,which is difficult to achieve with two-dimensional images.Our findings demonstrate that quasi-3D imaging not only offers a more comprehensive understanding of plasma dynamics than previous imaging methods,but also has wide potential in revealing various complex ultrafast phenomena in related fields including strong-field physics,fluid dynamics,and cutting-edge manufacturing.
摘要Advent in three-dimensional(3D) imaging technology has seen 3D ultrasound establish itself as a useful adjunct complementary to traditional two-dimensional imaging of the female pelvis. This advantage largely arises from its ability to reconstruct the coronal plane of the uterus, which allows further delineation of many gynecological disorders. 3D imaging of the uterus is now the preferred imaging modality for assessing congenital uterine anomalies and intrauterine device localization. Newer indications include the diagnosis of adenomyosis. It can also add invaluable information to delineate other endometrial and myometrial pathology such as fibroids and endometrial polyps.
摘要This study describes a case of antral septum with alveolar process extension that is identified using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Periapical radiolucency was observed in the maxillary sinus, and clinical and radiographic examinations ruled out the possibility of odontogenic lesions. CBCT was performed to elucidate the radiolucency identified using periapical radiography. A 3-D image indicated that the maxillary sinus extended into the alveolar process toward the palatal cortical bone in the region of the maxillary right first molar, as well as an antral septum extending from the inferior and lateral wall of the right maxillary sinus. CBCT is an important tool for use in dental practice because CBCT images reveal the entire volume of the maxillary sinus and allow for identification of patient anatomy and anatomical variations, which is essential for planning appropriate surgical interventions.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2024YFB3815900)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.LY24F050001)+1 种基金the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U24A20313)the Ningbo Natural Science Foundation(No.2025J104)。
摘要Moirézoom metalenses have recently emerged as a promising platform for realizing highly robust,integrated,and compact continuous optical zoom systems.While significant progress has been made at visible and near-infrared wavelengths,experimental validation in the long-wave infrared(LWIR)band remains scarce,with existing studies primarily confined to numerical simulations.Here,we bridge this gap by demonstrating a moirézoom metalens based on chalcogenide glass that enables both continuous zoom and depth-resolved three-dimensional(3D)imaging in the LWIR regime.The metalens consists of two complementary metasurfaces and achieves continuous focal length tuning from 1 mm to 2 mm through simple relative rotation,eliminating the need for mechanical translation or external field control.Experimental results show good agreement with numerical simulations and confirm consistent high-quality focusing across the entire zoom range.By exploiting this continuous focal tuning,we further demonstrate 3D imaging capability,simultaneously resolving objects at different axial positions.This work establishes,to our knowledge,a new paradigm for fully integrated,non-mechanical LWIR imaging systems,with promising applications in thermal sensing,machine vision,and augmented reality.
基金supported by National Key R&D Program of China[grant number 2023YFA1607502]National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant numbers 12375291,82071913]Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation[grant number 2024A1515011262].
摘要This study proposes a deep learning-based method termed frequency-flexible chemical exchange saturation transfer(CEST)imaging network(FlexCENT),which enables robust CEST quantification across variable frequency offset schemes without requiring retraining.FlexCENT integrates frequency offset encoding with a three-dimensional(3D)U-Net to process CEST images and frequency offsets as inputs and predict Lorentzian parameters of the 4-pool model(water,MT,APT,rNOE),including B0 inhomogeneity.By transforming frequency offsets into a continuous spectral feature representation,the frequency offset encoding allows FlexCENT to generalize to unseen frequency offset schemes.Trained on synthetic data generated from the 4-pool Lorentzian model,FlexCENT was validated through numerical simulations,tumor-bearing mouse experiments,and a human brain experiment,alongside comparisons with 4-pool Lorentzian fitting,DeepCEST,and LKAN networks.The results demonstrate that FlexCENT successfully quantified CEST parameters across all experiments,maintaining consistent performance under varying frequency offset conditions without retraining.It exhibited superior noise robustness in numerical simulations and enhanced anatomical delineation in vivo parametric mapping compared to other methods.In conclusion,by combining spectral information with spatial information,FlexCENT provides an efficient,flexible,and robust quantitative approach for CEST imaging.It significantly enhance the quantification capability and clinical potential of CEST imaging.
基金supported by grants from the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFA1603604)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82571494,82271320,82371307,32301146)+1 种基金Shanghai Sailing Program(23YF1420700)Shanghai Rising-Star program(21QA1405200).
摘要Dear Editor,Understanding early human brain development is crucial for uncovering the origins of neurodevelopmental disorders[1].Traditional methods,such as histological staining and sectioning,provide only two-dimensional views,which fail to display the complete structure and often damage delicate tissue structures[2].These approaches face limitations in visualizing complex three-dimensional(3D)networks,particularly the developing vascular system.