Background:Timing of breeding season of temperate passerines has been considered to be adjusted to their food availability.There is little work to reveal the cell stress responses of the nestlings hatched asynchronize...Background:Timing of breeding season of temperate passerines has been considered to be adjusted to their food availability.There is little work to reveal the cell stress responses of the nestlings hatched asynchronized with the food abundance peak,which is important for understanding the physiological link between the timing of breeding and the fitness of offspring.Methods:Using gene expression level of blood HSP70 and HSP90 as indicators,we compared the cell stress response of Asian Short-toed Lark(Calandrella cheleensis)nestlings hatched under conditions of low,mid or high food(grasshopper nymph)availability in 2017.Results:Nymph biomass,sample time and interaction of these two factors significantly influenced the blood gene expression level of HSP70 and HSP90 of Asian Short-toed Lark nestlings.HSP70 and HSP90 gene expression levels of the nestlings at 14:00 were significantly higher than those at 5:00.At either 5:00 or 14:00,the gene expression levels of HSP70 and HSP90 increase with the decrease of nymph biomass.Conclusions:These results indicate that food availability is an important environment factor inducing cellular stress of Asian Short-toed Lark nestlings.The interactive effect of the nymph abundance and sample time on the HSPs response may be related with the daily temperature variation of the grassland.Over cell stress response may be one of physiological factor mediating the effect of food availability and the nestling’s fitness.展开更多
Purpose: Historically the classification of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) has been based on symptoms rather than the underlying pathology. Therefore, TOS has been classified into Neurogenic (NTOS), Venous (VTOS or Pa...Purpose: Historically the classification of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) has been based on symptoms rather than the underlying pathology. Therefore, TOS has been classified into Neurogenic (NTOS), Venous (VTOS or Paget Schroetter Syndrome) and Arterial (ATOS) subgroups. This classification has resulted in confusion among medical practitioners, difficulty in making the diagnosis, and the poor results with surgical intervention. Methods: The published papers from PubMed on the newer understanding of the pathogenesis and the surgical treatment of TOS were reviewed. Results: More recently TOS has been classified based on the underlying pathologic entity. Based on this classification, patients who are suspected of having TOS should be classified as having 1. Cervical Rib Disease (CRD), or 2. TOS as the result of “Subclavian Vein Compression Syndrome”. This classification has resulted in more accurate diagnosis, better patient selection for surgery, and excellent surgical results. This paper outlines the algorithm for making the appropriate diagnosis in patients who present with neurovascular symptoms of the upper extremity and the selection of the appropriate patients for surgery. Conclusion: Based on the algorithm for surgical decision making, patients with Cervical Rib Disease should undergo cervical exploration and resection of the pathologic entity which results in compression of the brachial plexus or the subclavian artery in the neck. Patients with Thoracic outlet Syndrome who are found to have extrinsic compression of the subclavian vein by a pathologic tubercle at the sternocostal joint on Multiphasic MRA should undergo robotic first rib resection.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31872246)
摘要Background:Timing of breeding season of temperate passerines has been considered to be adjusted to their food availability.There is little work to reveal the cell stress responses of the nestlings hatched asynchronized with the food abundance peak,which is important for understanding the physiological link between the timing of breeding and the fitness of offspring.Methods:Using gene expression level of blood HSP70 and HSP90 as indicators,we compared the cell stress response of Asian Short-toed Lark(Calandrella cheleensis)nestlings hatched under conditions of low,mid or high food(grasshopper nymph)availability in 2017.Results:Nymph biomass,sample time and interaction of these two factors significantly influenced the blood gene expression level of HSP70 and HSP90 of Asian Short-toed Lark nestlings.HSP70 and HSP90 gene expression levels of the nestlings at 14:00 were significantly higher than those at 5:00.At either 5:00 or 14:00,the gene expression levels of HSP70 and HSP90 increase with the decrease of nymph biomass.Conclusions:These results indicate that food availability is an important environment factor inducing cellular stress of Asian Short-toed Lark nestlings.The interactive effect of the nymph abundance and sample time on the HSPs response may be related with the daily temperature variation of the grassland.Over cell stress response may be one of physiological factor mediating the effect of food availability and the nestling’s fitness.
摘要Purpose: Historically the classification of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) has been based on symptoms rather than the underlying pathology. Therefore, TOS has been classified into Neurogenic (NTOS), Venous (VTOS or Paget Schroetter Syndrome) and Arterial (ATOS) subgroups. This classification has resulted in confusion among medical practitioners, difficulty in making the diagnosis, and the poor results with surgical intervention. Methods: The published papers from PubMed on the newer understanding of the pathogenesis and the surgical treatment of TOS were reviewed. Results: More recently TOS has been classified based on the underlying pathologic entity. Based on this classification, patients who are suspected of having TOS should be classified as having 1. Cervical Rib Disease (CRD), or 2. TOS as the result of “Subclavian Vein Compression Syndrome”. This classification has resulted in more accurate diagnosis, better patient selection for surgery, and excellent surgical results. This paper outlines the algorithm for making the appropriate diagnosis in patients who present with neurovascular symptoms of the upper extremity and the selection of the appropriate patients for surgery. Conclusion: Based on the algorithm for surgical decision making, patients with Cervical Rib Disease should undergo cervical exploration and resection of the pathologic entity which results in compression of the brachial plexus or the subclavian artery in the neck. Patients with Thoracic outlet Syndrome who are found to have extrinsic compression of the subclavian vein by a pathologic tubercle at the sternocostal joint on Multiphasic MRA should undergo robotic first rib resection.