Under the combination of currents and waves, seabed scour occurs around offshore wind turbine foundations, which affects the stability and safe operation of offshore wind turbines. In this study, physical model experi...Under the combination of currents and waves, seabed scour occurs around offshore wind turbine foundations, which affects the stability and safe operation of offshore wind turbines. In this study, physical model experiments under unidirectional flow, bidirectional flow, and wave-current interactions with different flow directions around the pile group foundation were first conducted to investigate the development of scour around the pile group foundation.Additionally, a three-dimensional scour numerical model was established via the open-source software REEF3D to simulate the flow field and scour around the prototype-scale foundation. The impact of flow on scour was discussed.Under unidirectional flow, scour equilibrium was reached more quickly, with the maximum scour depth reaching approximately 1.2 times the pile diameter and the extent of the scour hole spanning about 4.9 times the pile diameter.Compared with those under unidirectional flow, the scour depths under combinations of currents and waves, as well as bidirectional flow, were slightly smaller. However, the morphology of scour holes was more uniform and symmetrical. The numerical simulation results show good agreement with the experimental data, demonstrating the impact of varying flow directions on the velocity distribution around the foundation, the morphology of scour holes, and the location of the maximum scour depth.展开更多
Wave-current interaction and its effects on the hydrodynamic environment in the Beibu Gulf(BG) have been investigated via employing the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere–Wave–Sediment Transport(COAWST) modeling system. The ...Wave-current interaction and its effects on the hydrodynamic environment in the Beibu Gulf(BG) have been investigated via employing the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere–Wave–Sediment Transport(COAWST) modeling system. The model could simulate reasonable hydrodynamics in the BG when validated by various observations.Vigorous tidal currents refract the waves efficiently and make the seas off the west coast of Hainan Island be the hot spot where currents modulate the significant wave height dramatically. During summer, wave-enhanced bottom stress could weaken the near-shore component of the gulf-scale cyclonic-circulation in the BG remarkably, inducing two major corresponding adjustments: Model results reveal that the deep-layer cold water from the southern BG makes critical contribution to maintaining the cold-water mass in the northern BG Basin.However, the weakened background circulation leads to less cold water transported from the southern gulf to the northern gulf, which finally triggers a 0.2℃ warming in the cold-water mass area;In the top areas of the BG, the suppressed background circulation reduces the transport of the diluted water to the central gulf. Therefore, more freshwater could be trapped locally, which then triggers lower sea surface salinity(SSS) in the near-field and higher SSS in the far-field.展开更多
We examined the influences of the wind fi eld and wave-current interaction(WCI)on the numerical simulation results of typhoon-induced wind waves in the northern East China Sea(NECS)using the coupled Simulating Waves N...We examined the influences of the wind fi eld and wave-current interaction(WCI)on the numerical simulation results of typhoon-induced wind waves in the northern East China Sea(NECS)using the coupled Simulating Waves Nearshore+Advanced Circulation(SWAN+ADCIRC)model.The simulations were performed during two typhoon events(Lekima and Muifa),and two widely used reanalysis wind fields,the Climate Forecast System Version 2(CFSv2)from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP)and the fifth-generation European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)Reanalysis(ERA5),were compared.The results indicate that the ERA5 and CFSv2 wind fields both reliably reproduced the wind variations measured by in-situ buoys,and the accuracy of the winds from ERA5 were generally better than those from CFSv2 because CFSv2 tended to overestimate the wind speed and the simulated significant wave height(SWH),particularly the peak SWH.The WCI effects between the two wind field simulations were similar;these effects enhanced the SWH throughout the nearshore NECS during both typhoons but suppressed the SWH on the right side of the Typhoon Muifa track in the deep and off shore sea areas.In summary,variations in the water depth and current propagation direction dominate the modulation of wave height.展开更多
The northern South China Sea(SCS) is frequently affected by typhoons. During severe storm events, wave-current interactions produce storm surges causing enormous damage in the path of the typhoon. To evaluate the infl...The northern South China Sea(SCS) is frequently affected by typhoons. During severe storm events, wave-current interactions produce storm surges causing enormous damage in the path of the typhoon. To evaluate the influence of wave-current interactions on storm surge, we used a coupled ocean-atmospherewave-sediment transport(COAWST) modeling system with radiation-stress and vortex-force formulations to simulate two typically intense tropical storms that invaded the SCS, namely Typhoons Nuri(2008) and Hagupit(2008), and compared results with observations from the Hong Kong Observatory. Both radiationstress and vortex-force formulations significantly improved the accuracy of the simulation. Depending on which typhoon and the topography encountered, the influence of surface waves on the oceanic circulation showed different characteristics, including the differences of range and intensity of storm surge between vortex-force and radiation-stress experiments. During typhoon landing, strong sea-surface elevation in concert with wave set-up/set-down caused the adjustment of the momentum balance. In the direction perpendicular to the current, but especially in the cross-shore direction, the pressure gradient and wave effects on the current dominated the momentum balance.展开更多
The nonlinear dynamic response induced by the wave-current interaction on a deepwater steep wave riser(SWR)is numerically investigated based on a three-dimensional(3 D)time-domain finite element method(FEM).The govern...The nonlinear dynamic response induced by the wave-current interaction on a deepwater steep wave riser(SWR)is numerically investigated based on a three-dimensional(3 D)time-domain finite element method(FEM).The governing equation considering internal flow is established in the global coordinate system.The whole SWR consists of three segments:the decline segment,buoyancy segment and hang-off segment,in which the buoyancy segment is wrapped by several buoyancy modules in the middle section,leading to the arch bend and sag bend.A Newmark-β iterative scheme is adopted for the accurate analysis to solve the governing equation and update the dynamic response at each time step.The proposed method is verified through the published results for the dynamic response of steel catenary riser(SCR)and static configuration of steel lazy wave riser(SLWR).Simulations are executed to study the influence of wave height,current velocity/direction,internal flow density/velocity and top-end pressure on the tension,configuration and bending moment of the SWR.The results indicate that the influence of the current on the configuration and mechanical behavior of the SWR is greater than that of the wave,especially in the middle section.With increasing current velocity,the suspending height of the middle section drops,meanwhile,its bending moment decreases accordingly,but the tension increases significantly.For a fixed external load,the increasing internal flow density induces the amplification of the tension at the hang-off segment and the mitigation at the decline segment,while the opposite trend occurs at the bending moment.展开更多
The movement of sediment in estuary and on coast is directly restricted by the bed shear stress. Therefore, the research on the basic problem of sediment movement by the bed shear stress is an important way to researc...The movement of sediment in estuary and on coast is directly restricted by the bed shear stress. Therefore, the research on the basic problem of sediment movement by the bed shear stress is an important way to research the theory of sediment movement. However, there is not a measuring and computing method to measure the bed shear stress under a complicated dynamic effect like wave and current. This paper describes the measurement and test research on the bed shear stress in a long launder of direct current by the new instrument named thermal shearometer based on micro-nanotechnology. As shown by the research results, the thermal shearometer has a high response frequency and strong stability. The measured results can reflect the basic change of the bed shear stress under wave and wave-current effect, and confirm that the method of measuring bed shear stress under wave-current effect with thermal shearometer is feasible. Meanwhile, a preliminary method to compute the shear stress compounded by wave-current is put forward according to the tested and measured results, and then a reference for further study on the basic theory of sediment movement under a complicated dynamic effect is provided.展开更多
Large eddy simulation is performed to study three-dimensional wave-current interaction with a square cylinder at different Reynolds numbers, ranging from 1,000 to 600,000. The Keulegan-Carpenter number is relevantly a...Large eddy simulation is performed to study three-dimensional wave-current interaction with a square cylinder at different Reynolds numbers, ranging from 1,000 to 600,000. The Keulegan-Carpenter number is relevantly a constant of 0.6 for all cases. The Strouhal number, the mean and the RMS values of the effective drag coefficient in the streamwise and transverse directions are computed for various Reynolds numbers, and the velocity of a rep- resentative point in the turbulent zone is simulated to find the turbulent feature. It is found that the wave-current interaction should be considered as three-dimensional flow when the Reynolds number is high; under wave-current effect, there exists a critical Reynolds number, and when the Reynolds number is smaller than the critical one, current effect on wave can be nearly neglected; conversely, with the Reynolds number increasing, wave-currentstructure interaction is sensitive to the Reynolds number.展开更多
In recent years,a methodology for doing global engineering analysis of floating bridges has been established.Commercial engineering tools based on slender marine elements with single point hydrodynamics for each float...In recent years,a methodology for doing global engineering analysis of floating bridges has been established.Commercial engineering tools based on slender marine elements with single point hydrodynamics for each floater have been adapted for the purpose.The wave kinematics for the wave field is typically established using Airy wave theory,together with a wave spectrum(i.e.,JONSWAP).Both the single point hydrodynamics and the wave field assumptions are questionable when currents influence the wave field.In reality,the wavelength increases when current aligns with the wave’s propagation direction.For waves opposing the current,the wavelengths are reduced.In both cases,the wave frequencies in an Earth-fixed reference frame are kept.These changes are reflected by the current modification of the linear dispersion relationship.This has significant influence on the response of the floating bridge,as the pattern of the wave loads is different and might coincide with the modal form of the bridge,causing higher response at resonance.In this work,we discuss how to account for the wave-current interaction in an efficient manner in standard engineering tools.展开更多
Studies of wave-current interactions are vital for the safe design of structures.Regular waves in the presence of uniform,linear shear,and quadratic shear currents are explored by the High-Level Green-Naghdi model in ...Studies of wave-current interactions are vital for the safe design of structures.Regular waves in the presence of uniform,linear shear,and quadratic shear currents are explored by the High-Level Green-Naghdi model in this paper.The five-point central difference method is used for spatial discretization,and the fourth-order Adams predictor-corrector scheme is employed for marching in time.The domain-decomposition method is applied for the wave-current generation and absorption.The effects of currents on the wave profile and velocity field are examined under two conditions:the same velocity of currents at the still-water level and the constant flow volume of currents.Wave profiles and velocity fields demonstrate substantial differences in three types of currents owing to the diverse vertical distribution of current velocity and vorticity.Then,loads on small-scale vertical cylinders subjected to regular waves and three types of background currents with the same flow volume are investigated.The maximum load intensity and load fluctuation amplitude in uniform,linear shear,and quadratic shear currents increase sequentially.The stretched superposition method overestimates the maximum load intensity and load fluctuation amplitude in opposing currents and underestimates these values in following currents.The stretched superposition method obtains a poor approximation for strong nonlinear waves,particularly in the case of the opposing quadratic shear current.展开更多
A Time-domain Higher-Order Boundary Element Method(THOBEM) is developed for simulating wave-current interactions with 3-D floating bodies.Through a Taylor series expansion and a perturbation procedure,the model is f...A Time-domain Higher-Order Boundary Element Method(THOBEM) is developed for simulating wave-current interactions with 3-D floating bodies.Through a Taylor series expansion and a perturbation procedure,the model is formulated to the first-order in the wave steepness and in the current velocity,respectively.The boundary value problem is decomposed into a steady double-body flow problem and an unsteady wave problem.Higher-order boundary integral equation methods are then used to solve the proposed problems with a fourth-order Runge-Kutta method for the time marching.An artificial damping layer is adopted to dissipate the scattering waves.Different from the other time-domain numerical models,which are often focused on the wave-current interaction with restrained bodies,the present model deals with a floating hemisphere.The numerical results of wave forces,wave run-up and body response are all in a close agreement with those obtained by frequency-domain methods.The proposed numerical model is further applied to investigate wave-current interactions with a floating body of complicated geometry.In this work,the regular and focused wave combined with current interacting with a truss-spar platform is investigated.展开更多
The present work adopts the COHERENS-SWAN model developed by the first author through coupling three-dimensional hydrodynamic model (COHERENS) and third-generation wave model (SWAN). Inside the COHERENS-SWAN, the ...The present work adopts the COHERENS-SWAN model developed by the first author through coupling three-dimensional hydrodynamic model (COHERENS) and third-generation wave model (SWAN). Inside the COHERENS-SWAN, the SWAN is regarded as a subroutine and the time- and space-varying current velocity and surface elevation are obtained from the COHERENS. Wave-enhanced bottom shear stress, wave induced surface mixing length and wave dependent surface drag coefficient have been introduced into the COHERENS. Secondly, as wave-enhanced bottom shear stress ("bottom shear stress" described as BSS sometimes in this article) is concerned, a modified bottom shear stress Grant and Madsen model which introduces random wave field is given and introduced to COHERENS-SWAN. COHERENS-SWAN is also adopted to simulate three-dimensional flow in the Yellow River Delta with wave-current co-existing. Four numerical experiments were given to study the effects of wave-current interaction on enhancing bottom shear stress. The simulated current velocities, wave height and wave period match well with field measurement data. The simulated significant wave height and wave period for the case with considering the effects of current can give better agreement with measurement data than the case without involving the effects of current. The introduction of random wave generates lower the bottom shear stress than the case without introducing it. There are obvious differences between bottom shear stress of two way interaction and one way interaction. Velocity field obtained by the COHERENS-SWAN is reasonable according to previous studies and measurements.展开更多
In this paper, the smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH) method is used to build a numerical wave-current tank(NWCT). The wave is generated by using a piston-type wave generator and is absorbed by using a sponge la...In this paper, the smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH) method is used to build a numerical wave-current tank(NWCT). The wave is generated by using a piston-type wave generator and is absorbed by using a sponge layer. The uniform current field is generated by simultaneously imposing the directional velocity and hydrostatic pressure in both inflow and outflow regions set below the NWCT. Particle cyclic boundaries are also implemented for recycling the Lagrangian fluid particles. Furthermore, to shorten the time to reach a steady state, a temporary rigid-lid treatment for the water surface is proposed. It turns out to be very effective for weakening the undesired oscillatory flow at the beginning stage of the current generation. The calculated water surface elevation and horizontal-velocity profile are validated against the available experimental data. Satisfactory agreements are obtained, demonstrating the good capability of the NWCT.展开更多
As a multidisciplinary phenomenon,panel aeroelasticity in shock-dominated flow is featured by two primary interactions:Fluid-Structure Interactions(FSIs)and Shock-Boundary Layer Interactions(SBLIs).The former raises s...As a multidisciplinary phenomenon,panel aeroelasticity in shock-dominated flow is featured by two primary interactions:Fluid-Structure Interactions(FSIs)and Shock-Boundary Layer Interactions(SBLIs).The former raises structural concerns,and the latter is of aerodynamic interest.Thus,panel aeroelasticity in shock-dominated flow represents a vital topic for the development and optimization of supersonic vehicles and propulsion systems.This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the methodologies applied to capture structural and fluid dynamics,including theoretical models,numerical simulations,and wind tunnel experiments.The application of data-driven modal decomposition,an advanced technique to extract physically crucial features,on the topic is introduced.From the perspective of FSIs,the distinctive aeroelastic behaviors in shock-dominated flow,including hysteresis phenomena and nonlinear responses,are highlighted.From the perspective of SBLIs,the modifications in their spatial and temporal characteristics imposed by the aeroelastic responses are emphasized.Motivated by the interaction between the shock waves and structural response,different strategies have been proposed to implement aeroelastic suppression and shock control,which have the potential to enhance structural safety and aerodynamic performance in the next generation of high-speed flight vehicles.展开更多
The characterization of drug-target interactions is a key component of drug discovery,testing,and development.Affinity chromatography is one approach that can be used for this type of analysis.For instance,this may be...The characterization of drug-target interactions is a key component of drug discovery,testing,and development.Affinity chromatography is one approach that can be used for this type of analysis.For instance,this may be done by using an immobilized target as a stationary phase and a drug as the applied solute.This review will discuss the various ways in which affinity chromatographic methods have been used to examine drug-target interactions,with an emphasis on high-performance methods.The general principles of this approach and factors to consider in its use for drug-target interaction analysis will first be examined.Methods based on zonal elution or frontal analysis for binding and competition studies will then be discussed.Various techniques for kinetic studies will next be considered,along with approaches that employ secondary binding agents and hybrid techniques.In each case,the general principles and theory of an approach will be given along with examples of its use in drug-target interaction studies.Advantages or limitations of each approach will be provided as well.This information should make it possible in the future to extend these techniques to other drug-target systems of interest in biomedical research and drug testing or development.展开更多
Affinity selection mass spectrometry(AS-MS)has emerged as a powerful label-free technique for identifying and characterizing ligand-target interactions.This review explores the diverse applications of AS-MS in drug di...Affinity selection mass spectrometry(AS-MS)has emerged as a powerful label-free technique for identifying and characterizing ligand-target interactions.This review explores the diverse applications of AS-MS in drug discovery,including its role in selective screening,binding site characterization,and quantitative affinity determination.We discuss the use of AS-MS for determining equilibrium dissociation constants(KD)and competitive binding parameters(affinity competition experiment 50%(ACE50)),highlighting its ability to rank ligand affinities efficiently.The review also examines AS-MS applications in fragment-based drug discovery(FBDD),screening for molecular glues,and investigating interactions with membrane proteins.Moreover,we address key technical challenges,including competitive binding effects,protein stability,and ligand dissociation kinetics,along with recent advancements in automation and artificial intelligence(AI)integration.Rather than providing a comprehensive literature review,this work aims to broaden the applicability of AS-MS assays and encourage researchers to explore its use in underutilized contexts.By providing rapid and high-sensitivity affinity measurements,AS-MS continues to expand its role in drug discovery and structural biology,complementing conventional biophysical techniques.展开更多
Research in human‑robot Interaction(HRI)has increasingly demonstrated how Augmented Reality(AR)enables better interactions between humans and robots.However,the design of HRI remains less understood.Through a systemat...Research in human‑robot Interaction(HRI)has increasingly demonstrated how Augmented Reality(AR)enables better interactions between humans and robots.However,the design of HRI remains less understood.Through a systematic literature review of 53 related papers,this research provides an overview of the emerging applications and trends for AR and identifies three types of AR interfaces as follows:1)remote modular interface,2)proximal modular interface,and 3)proximal integral interface.The review indicates potential future directions of construction‑oriented and human‑centric interaction design studies,leading to four pairs of subsystems,which are frequently modularised or integrated,and three conceptual frameworks for HRI interfaces are proposed.Moreover,this research contributes to the theoretical exploration of interaction design.Future applications can adapt to various tasks by using the proposed three conceptual frameworks for interfaces,as well as combining the four proposed subsystem pairs to suit specific task requirements in the construction sector.展开更多
Structure-ice interaction problems have attracted increasing attention,yet accurately predicting the loads exerted by sea ice on ship hulls remains a significant challenge.Over the past few decades,various numerical m...Structure-ice interaction problems have attracted increasing attention,yet accurately predicting the loads exerted by sea ice on ship hulls remains a significant challenge.Over the past few decades,various numerical methods have been employed to simulate ice resistance on ships and evaluate their manoeuvrability during ice-structure interaction.Among these approaches,the circumferential crack method has demonstrated both high efficiency and accuracy.This paper provides a detailed introduction to the fundamental theory of this method,including the numerical modeling of different failure modes and the dynamic ice motion responses.Furthermore,it reviews existing studies on predicting ice resistance and assessing the manoeuvrability of icebreakers navigating through ice-covered regions using the circumferential crack method.Several recommendations for future research in this field are also presented.展开更多
As a common electronic adhesive,ultraviolet(UV)curing polyurethane acrylate adhesive has both flexibility and wear resistance of polyurethane,excellent weather resistance and optical properties of acrylate.Despite the...As a common electronic adhesive,ultraviolet(UV)curing polyurethane acrylate adhesive has both flexibility and wear resistance of polyurethane,excellent weather resistance and optical properties of acrylate.Despite the extensive applications,it is still difficult to solve the problems caused by the shrinkage of adhesive.Here,a new type of photosensitive adhesive for bonding electronic components based on supramolecular interaction was designed and synthesized.The supramolecular interaction of cyclodextrin and adamantane moieties introduced into the adhesive polymer entitles the viscosity of the adhesive to rise rapidly during use,thereby preventing adhesive loss and dislocation of electronic components.UV light could further cure the adhesive and position the electronic components.The adhesive shrunk<2%when cured by UV light,so it can be used for electronic packaging and high-resolution,defect-free lithography.展开更多
This study aimed to gain insight into the interaction and metabolic mechanism between Aspergillus flavus U-16 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae HJ during co-fermentation.Despite the suppressed transcriptional activity of S...This study aimed to gain insight into the interaction and metabolic mechanism between Aspergillus flavus U-16 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae HJ during co-fermentation.Despite the suppressed transcriptional activity of SU-16,its metabolites exerted a pivotal regulatory influence.The metabolites produced by SU-16 significantly increased the ethanol content to 17.0%.They also significantly increased the contents of crucial flavor substances,including amino acids(at least 5 times)and esters(up to 1100 mg/L).SU-16 produced 130 metabolites that may affect flavor compounds,while HJ mainly controlled the synthesis of 161 compounds.Metabolites of SU-16 with different molecular weights were observed to exert differential regulatory effects on the fermentation process and the metabolic pathway of HJ.The small molecule metabolites of SU-16 promoted the growth of HJ significantly.In contrast,its macromolecular metabolites were found to mainly affect the expression of genes related to carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism in the HJ genome.展开更多
Objectives:Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC)is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality and mainly affects older adults,who frequently experience polypharmacy.While systemic therapy may improve outcomes in sel...Objectives:Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC)is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality and mainly affects older adults,who frequently experience polypharmacy.While systemic therapy may improve outcomes in selected older patients,the use of multiple drugs increases the risk of potential drug–drug interactions(pDDIs).This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of pDDIs in older patients with PDAC receiving first-line systemic therapy and their potential impact on clinical outcomes.Methods:We conducted a retrospective single-center study including patients aged≥75 years with PDAC who initiated first-line systemic therapy between December 2011 and January 2023.Prescription data were retrieved from institutional and outpatient pharmacy databases,and all concomitant medications were recorded.pDDIs were assessed using Intercheck Web and classified as A(minor),B(moderate),C(major but manageable),or D(contraindicated).Patients(n=140)were stratified according to the number of active pharmaceutical ingredients(APIs)at treatment initiation:20(n=44).Results:A higher number of APIs was significantly associated with an increased burden of pDDIs,including A,B,C,and D interactions(all p20 APIs showing the highest prevalence of clinically relevant interactions.Overall,70%of patients had at least one pDDI,but no significant differences were observed in 1-year overall survival,access to second-line therapy,or chemotherapy type across API groups.Conclusion:Polypharmacy significantly increases the risk of pDDIs in older patients with PDAC,but this did not translate into differences in 1-year survival or access to subsequent therapy.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2021YFB2601100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51979190)。
摘要Under the combination of currents and waves, seabed scour occurs around offshore wind turbine foundations, which affects the stability and safe operation of offshore wind turbines. In this study, physical model experiments under unidirectional flow, bidirectional flow, and wave-current interactions with different flow directions around the pile group foundation were first conducted to investigate the development of scour around the pile group foundation.Additionally, a three-dimensional scour numerical model was established via the open-source software REEF3D to simulate the flow field and scour around the prototype-scale foundation. The impact of flow on scour was discussed.Under unidirectional flow, scour equilibrium was reached more quickly, with the maximum scour depth reaching approximately 1.2 times the pile diameter and the extent of the scour hole spanning about 4.9 times the pile diameter.Compared with those under unidirectional flow, the scour depths under combinations of currents and waves, as well as bidirectional flow, were slightly smaller. However, the morphology of scour holes was more uniform and symmetrical. The numerical simulation results show good agreement with the experimental data, demonstrating the impact of varying flow directions on the velocity distribution around the foundation, the morphology of scour holes, and the location of the maximum scour depth.
基金The Program for Scientific Research Start-up Funds of Guangdong Ocean University under contract No.101302/R18001the Fund of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhanjiang)under contract No.ZJW-2019-08+1 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China under contract No.2016YFC1401403the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41476009 and 41776034
摘要Wave-current interaction and its effects on the hydrodynamic environment in the Beibu Gulf(BG) have been investigated via employing the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere–Wave–Sediment Transport(COAWST) modeling system. The model could simulate reasonable hydrodynamics in the BG when validated by various observations.Vigorous tidal currents refract the waves efficiently and make the seas off the west coast of Hainan Island be the hot spot where currents modulate the significant wave height dramatically. During summer, wave-enhanced bottom stress could weaken the near-shore component of the gulf-scale cyclonic-circulation in the BG remarkably, inducing two major corresponding adjustments: Model results reveal that the deep-layer cold water from the southern BG makes critical contribution to maintaining the cold-water mass in the northern BG Basin.However, the weakened background circulation leads to less cold water transported from the southern gulf to the northern gulf, which finally triggers a 0.2℃ warming in the cold-water mass area;In the top areas of the BG, the suppressed background circulation reduces the transport of the diluted water to the central gulf. Therefore, more freshwater could be trapped locally, which then triggers lower sea surface salinity(SSS) in the near-field and higher SSS in the far-field.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U1706216,41976010,42006027,U1806227)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,China(No.ZR2016DQ16)+2 种基金the Key Deployment Project of Center for Ocean Mega-Science,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Nos.COMS2019J02,COMS2019J05)the Chinese Academy of Sciences Strategic Priority Project(Nos.XDA19060202,XDA19060502)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFC1402000)。
摘要We examined the influences of the wind fi eld and wave-current interaction(WCI)on the numerical simulation results of typhoon-induced wind waves in the northern East China Sea(NECS)using the coupled Simulating Waves Nearshore+Advanced Circulation(SWAN+ADCIRC)model.The simulations were performed during two typhoon events(Lekima and Muifa),and two widely used reanalysis wind fields,the Climate Forecast System Version 2(CFSv2)from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP)and the fifth-generation European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)Reanalysis(ERA5),were compared.The results indicate that the ERA5 and CFSv2 wind fields both reliably reproduced the wind variations measured by in-situ buoys,and the accuracy of the winds from ERA5 were generally better than those from CFSv2 because CFSv2 tended to overestimate the wind speed and the simulated significant wave height(SWH),particularly the peak SWH.The WCI effects between the two wind field simulations were similar;these effects enhanced the SWH throughout the nearshore NECS during both typhoons but suppressed the SWH on the right side of the Typhoon Muifa track in the deep and off shore sea areas.In summary,variations in the water depth and current propagation direction dominate the modulation of wave height.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFC1402000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41376027,U1133001,41606024)+3 种基金the National Program on Global Change and Air-Sea Interaction(No.GASI-IPOVAI-01-06)the NSFC-Shandong Joint Fund for Marine Science Research Centers(No.U1406401)the NSFC Innovative Group Grant Project(No.41421005)the High Performance Computing Environment Qingdao Branch of Chinese Academy of Science(CAS)
摘要The northern South China Sea(SCS) is frequently affected by typhoons. During severe storm events, wave-current interactions produce storm surges causing enormous damage in the path of the typhoon. To evaluate the influence of wave-current interactions on storm surge, we used a coupled ocean-atmospherewave-sediment transport(COAWST) modeling system with radiation-stress and vortex-force formulations to simulate two typically intense tropical storms that invaded the SCS, namely Typhoons Nuri(2008) and Hagupit(2008), and compared results with observations from the Hong Kong Observatory. Both radiationstress and vortex-force formulations significantly improved the accuracy of the simulation. Depending on which typhoon and the topography encountered, the influence of surface waves on the oceanic circulation showed different characteristics, including the differences of range and intensity of storm surge between vortex-force and radiation-stress experiments. During typhoon landing, strong sea-surface elevation in concert with wave set-up/set-down caused the adjustment of the momentum balance. In the direction perpendicular to the current, but especially in the cross-shore direction, the pressure gradient and wave effects on the current dominated the momentum balance.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51861130358,51609109)the State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering,China(Shanghai Jiao Tong University)(Grant No.1905)+1 种基金the Newton Advanced Fellowships of the Royal Societythe Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.KYCX20_3153)。
摘要The nonlinear dynamic response induced by the wave-current interaction on a deepwater steep wave riser(SWR)is numerically investigated based on a three-dimensional(3 D)time-domain finite element method(FEM).The governing equation considering internal flow is established in the global coordinate system.The whole SWR consists of three segments:the decline segment,buoyancy segment and hang-off segment,in which the buoyancy segment is wrapped by several buoyancy modules in the middle section,leading to the arch bend and sag bend.A Newmark-β iterative scheme is adopted for the accurate analysis to solve the governing equation and update the dynamic response at each time step.The proposed method is verified through the published results for the dynamic response of steel catenary riser(SCR)and static configuration of steel lazy wave riser(SLWR).Simulations are executed to study the influence of wave height,current velocity/direction,internal flow density/velocity and top-end pressure on the tension,configuration and bending moment of the SWR.The results indicate that the influence of the current on the configuration and mechanical behavior of the SWR is greater than that of the wave,especially in the middle section.With increasing current velocity,the suspending height of the middle section drops,meanwhile,its bending moment decreases accordingly,but the tension increases significantly.For a fixed external load,the increasing internal flow density induces the amplification of the tension at the hang-off segment and the mitigation at the decline segment,while the opposite trend occurs at the bending moment.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51309158)funds from the National Key Scientific Instrument and Equipment Development Project(Grant No.2013YQ04091108)Important and Large Scientific and Technical Project of the Ministry of Communications(Grant No.201132874640)
摘要The movement of sediment in estuary and on coast is directly restricted by the bed shear stress. Therefore, the research on the basic problem of sediment movement by the bed shear stress is an important way to research the theory of sediment movement. However, there is not a measuring and computing method to measure the bed shear stress under a complicated dynamic effect like wave and current. This paper describes the measurement and test research on the bed shear stress in a long launder of direct current by the new instrument named thermal shearometer based on micro-nanotechnology. As shown by the research results, the thermal shearometer has a high response frequency and strong stability. The measured results can reflect the basic change of the bed shear stress under wave and wave-current effect, and confirm that the method of measuring bed shear stress under wave-current effect with thermal shearometer is feasible. Meanwhile, a preliminary method to compute the shear stress compounded by wave-current is put forward according to the tested and measured results, and then a reference for further study on the basic theory of sediment movement under a complicated dynamic effect is provided.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51178397)Technological Research and Development Programs of the Ministry of Railways (No. 2010G004-L)
摘要Large eddy simulation is performed to study three-dimensional wave-current interaction with a square cylinder at different Reynolds numbers, ranging from 1,000 to 600,000. The Keulegan-Carpenter number is relevantly a constant of 0.6 for all cases. The Strouhal number, the mean and the RMS values of the effective drag coefficient in the streamwise and transverse directions are computed for various Reynolds numbers, and the velocity of a rep- resentative point in the turbulent zone is simulated to find the turbulent feature. It is found that the wave-current interaction should be considered as three-dimensional flow when the Reynolds number is high; under wave-current effect, there exists a critical Reynolds number, and when the Reynolds number is smaller than the critical one, current effect on wave can be nearly neglected; conversely, with the Reynolds number increasing, wave-currentstructure interaction is sensitive to the Reynolds number.
摘要In recent years,a methodology for doing global engineering analysis of floating bridges has been established.Commercial engineering tools based on slender marine elements with single point hydrodynamics for each floater have been adapted for the purpose.The wave kinematics for the wave field is typically established using Airy wave theory,together with a wave spectrum(i.e.,JONSWAP).Both the single point hydrodynamics and the wave field assumptions are questionable when currents influence the wave field.In reality,the wavelength increases when current aligns with the wave’s propagation direction.For waves opposing the current,the wavelengths are reduced.In both cases,the wave frequencies in an Earth-fixed reference frame are kept.These changes are reflected by the current modification of the linear dispersion relationship.This has significant influence on the response of the floating bridge,as the pattern of the wave loads is different and might coincide with the modal form of the bridge,causing higher response at resonance.In this work,we discuss how to account for the wave-current interaction in an efficient manner in standard engineering tools.
基金Supported by the Development and Application Project of Ship CAE Software.
摘要Studies of wave-current interactions are vital for the safe design of structures.Regular waves in the presence of uniform,linear shear,and quadratic shear currents are explored by the High-Level Green-Naghdi model in this paper.The five-point central difference method is used for spatial discretization,and the fourth-order Adams predictor-corrector scheme is employed for marching in time.The domain-decomposition method is applied for the wave-current generation and absorption.The effects of currents on the wave profile and velocity field are examined under two conditions:the same velocity of currents at the still-water level and the constant flow volume of currents.Wave profiles and velocity fields demonstrate substantial differences in three types of currents owing to the diverse vertical distribution of current velocity and vorticity.Then,loads on small-scale vertical cylinders subjected to regular waves and three types of background currents with the same flow volume are investigated.The maximum load intensity and load fluctuation amplitude in uniform,linear shear,and quadratic shear currents increase sequentially.The stretched superposition method overestimates the maximum load intensity and load fluctuation amplitude in opposing currents and underestimates these values in following currents.The stretched superposition method obtains a poor approximation for strong nonlinear waves,particularly in the case of the opposing quadratic shear current.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 10772040, 50709005 and 5092100)the Important National Science and Technology Specific Projects of China (Grant No. 2008ZX05026-02)the Open Fund of Stabe Key Laboratory of Sabllite Ocean Environment Dynamics (Grant No. SOED1002)
摘要A Time-domain Higher-Order Boundary Element Method(THOBEM) is developed for simulating wave-current interactions with 3-D floating bodies.Through a Taylor series expansion and a perturbation procedure,the model is formulated to the first-order in the wave steepness and in the current velocity,respectively.The boundary value problem is decomposed into a steady double-body flow problem and an unsteady wave problem.Higher-order boundary integral equation methods are then used to solve the proposed problems with a fourth-order Runge-Kutta method for the time marching.An artificial damping layer is adopted to dissipate the scattering waves.Different from the other time-domain numerical models,which are often focused on the wave-current interaction with restrained bodies,the present model deals with a floating hemisphere.The numerical results of wave forces,wave run-up and body response are all in a close agreement with those obtained by frequency-domain methods.The proposed numerical model is further applied to investigate wave-current interactions with a floating body of complicated geometry.In this work,the regular and focused wave combined with current interacting with a truss-spar platform is investigated.
基金the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program Grant No. 2002CB412408)the National Science Foundation of Shangdong Province (Grant No. Q2007E05).
摘要The present work adopts the COHERENS-SWAN model developed by the first author through coupling three-dimensional hydrodynamic model (COHERENS) and third-generation wave model (SWAN). Inside the COHERENS-SWAN, the SWAN is regarded as a subroutine and the time- and space-varying current velocity and surface elevation are obtained from the COHERENS. Wave-enhanced bottom shear stress, wave induced surface mixing length and wave dependent surface drag coefficient have been introduced into the COHERENS. Secondly, as wave-enhanced bottom shear stress ("bottom shear stress" described as BSS sometimes in this article) is concerned, a modified bottom shear stress Grant and Madsen model which introduces random wave field is given and introduced to COHERENS-SWAN. COHERENS-SWAN is also adopted to simulate three-dimensional flow in the Yellow River Delta with wave-current co-existing. Four numerical experiments were given to study the effects of wave-current interaction on enhancing bottom shear stress. The simulated current velocities, wave height and wave period match well with field measurement data. The simulated significant wave height and wave period for the case with considering the effects of current can give better agreement with measurement data than the case without involving the effects of current. The introduction of random wave generates lower the bottom shear stress than the case without introducing it. There are obvious differences between bottom shear stress of two way interaction and one way interaction. Velocity field obtained by the COHERENS-SWAN is reasonable according to previous studies and measurements.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China(Grant Nos.51379144,51479135,51679167 and 51709201)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2017M621074)
摘要In this paper, the smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH) method is used to build a numerical wave-current tank(NWCT). The wave is generated by using a piston-type wave generator and is absorbed by using a sponge layer. The uniform current field is generated by simultaneously imposing the directional velocity and hydrostatic pressure in both inflow and outflow regions set below the NWCT. Particle cyclic boundaries are also implemented for recycling the Lagrangian fluid particles. Furthermore, to shorten the time to reach a steady state, a temporary rigid-lid treatment for the water surface is proposed. It turns out to be very effective for weakening the undesired oscillatory flow at the beginning stage of the current generation. The calculated water surface elevation and horizontal-velocity profile are validated against the available experimental data. Satisfactory agreements are obtained, demonstrating the good capability of the NWCT.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12372233)the Innovation Foundation for Doctor Dissertation of Northwestern Polytechnical University,China(No.25GH01020005)the“111 Project”of China(No.B17037)。
摘要As a multidisciplinary phenomenon,panel aeroelasticity in shock-dominated flow is featured by two primary interactions:Fluid-Structure Interactions(FSIs)and Shock-Boundary Layer Interactions(SBLIs).The former raises structural concerns,and the latter is of aerodynamic interest.Thus,panel aeroelasticity in shock-dominated flow represents a vital topic for the development and optimization of supersonic vehicles and propulsion systems.This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the methodologies applied to capture structural and fluid dynamics,including theoretical models,numerical simulations,and wind tunnel experiments.The application of data-driven modal decomposition,an advanced technique to extract physically crucial features,on the topic is introduced.From the perspective of FSIs,the distinctive aeroelastic behaviors in shock-dominated flow,including hysteresis phenomena and nonlinear responses,are highlighted.From the perspective of SBLIs,the modifications in their spatial and temporal characteristics imposed by the aeroelastic responses are emphasized.Motivated by the interaction between the shock waves and structural response,different strategies have been proposed to implement aeroelastic suppression and shock control,which have the potential to enhance structural safety and aerodynamic performance in the next generation of high-speed flight vehicles.
基金supported,in part,by the National Science Foundation under grants CHE 2404209 and CHE 2320239.
摘要The characterization of drug-target interactions is a key component of drug discovery,testing,and development.Affinity chromatography is one approach that can be used for this type of analysis.For instance,this may be done by using an immobilized target as a stationary phase and a drug as the applied solute.This review will discuss the various ways in which affinity chromatographic methods have been used to examine drug-target interactions,with an emphasis on high-performance methods.The general principles of this approach and factors to consider in its use for drug-target interaction analysis will first be examined.Methods based on zonal elution or frontal analysis for binding and competition studies will then be discussed.Various techniques for kinetic studies will next be considered,along with approaches that employ secondary binding agents and hybrid techniques.In each case,the general principles and theory of an approach will be given along with examples of its use in drug-target interaction studies.Advantages or limitations of each approach will be provided as well.This information should make it possible in the future to extend these techniques to other drug-target systems of interest in biomedical research and drug testing or development.
基金Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro(FAPERJ),Brazil(Grant Nos.:E-26/210.017/2024,E-200.172/2023,E-26/200.165/2024,E-26/200.164/2024,and E-26/210.547/2025)the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel(CAPES),Brazil(Finance Code 001)National Council for Scientific and Technological Development(CNPq),Brazil(Grant Nos.:307108/2021-0 and 302464/2022-0)for their support.
摘要Affinity selection mass spectrometry(AS-MS)has emerged as a powerful label-free technique for identifying and characterizing ligand-target interactions.This review explores the diverse applications of AS-MS in drug discovery,including its role in selective screening,binding site characterization,and quantitative affinity determination.We discuss the use of AS-MS for determining equilibrium dissociation constants(KD)and competitive binding parameters(affinity competition experiment 50%(ACE50)),highlighting its ability to rank ligand affinities efficiently.The review also examines AS-MS applications in fragment-based drug discovery(FBDD),screening for molecular glues,and investigating interactions with membrane proteins.Moreover,we address key technical challenges,including competitive binding effects,protein stability,and ligand dissociation kinetics,along with recent advancements in automation and artificial intelligence(AI)integration.Rather than providing a comprehensive literature review,this work aims to broaden the applicability of AS-MS assays and encourage researchers to explore its use in underutilized contexts.By providing rapid and high-sensitivity affinity measurements,AS-MS continues to expand its role in drug discovery and structural biology,complementing conventional biophysical techniques.
基金supported by Teaching Development Grant from the University of Hong Kong,China.
摘要Research in human‑robot Interaction(HRI)has increasingly demonstrated how Augmented Reality(AR)enables better interactions between humans and robots.However,the design of HRI remains less understood.Through a systematic literature review of 53 related papers,this research provides an overview of the emerging applications and trends for AR and identifies three types of AR interfaces as follows:1)remote modular interface,2)proximal modular interface,and 3)proximal integral interface.The review indicates potential future directions of construction‑oriented and human‑centric interaction design studies,leading to four pairs of subsystems,which are frequently modularised or integrated,and three conceptual frameworks for HRI interfaces are proposed.Moreover,this research contributes to the theoretical exploration of interaction design.Future applications can adapt to various tasks by using the proposed three conceptual frameworks for interfaces,as well as combining the four proposed subsystem pairs to suit specific task requirements in the construction sector.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52171259)the National Key Technologies Research and Development Program(Grant No.2022YFE0107000)+1 种基金the High-tech Ship Research Project of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology(Grant No.[2021]342)the Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52301331).
摘要Structure-ice interaction problems have attracted increasing attention,yet accurately predicting the loads exerted by sea ice on ship hulls remains a significant challenge.Over the past few decades,various numerical methods have been employed to simulate ice resistance on ships and evaluate their manoeuvrability during ice-structure interaction.Among these approaches,the circumferential crack method has demonstrated both high efficiency and accuracy.This paper provides a detailed introduction to the fundamental theory of this method,including the numerical modeling of different failure modes and the dynamic ice motion responses.Furthermore,it reviews existing studies on predicting ice resistance and assessing the manoeuvrability of icebreakers navigating through ice-covered regions using the circumferential crack method.Several recommendations for future research in this field are also presented.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22308279)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2021A1515110695)Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(No.2023NSCQMSX2773).
摘要As a common electronic adhesive,ultraviolet(UV)curing polyurethane acrylate adhesive has both flexibility and wear resistance of polyurethane,excellent weather resistance and optical properties of acrylate.Despite the extensive applications,it is still difficult to solve the problems caused by the shrinkage of adhesive.Here,a new type of photosensitive adhesive for bonding electronic components based on supramolecular interaction was designed and synthesized.The supramolecular interaction of cyclodextrin and adamantane moieties introduced into the adhesive polymer entitles the viscosity of the adhesive to rise rapidly during use,thereby preventing adhesive loss and dislocation of electronic components.UV light could further cure the adhesive and position the electronic components.The adhesive shrunk<2%when cured by UV light,so it can be used for electronic packaging and high-resolution,defect-free lithography.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072205)the Science and Technology Plan Project of Shaoxing City(2022B43001)。
摘要This study aimed to gain insight into the interaction and metabolic mechanism between Aspergillus flavus U-16 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae HJ during co-fermentation.Despite the suppressed transcriptional activity of SU-16,its metabolites exerted a pivotal regulatory influence.The metabolites produced by SU-16 significantly increased the ethanol content to 17.0%.They also significantly increased the contents of crucial flavor substances,including amino acids(at least 5 times)and esters(up to 1100 mg/L).SU-16 produced 130 metabolites that may affect flavor compounds,while HJ mainly controlled the synthesis of 161 compounds.Metabolites of SU-16 with different molecular weights were observed to exert differential regulatory effects on the fermentation process and the metabolic pathway of HJ.The small molecule metabolites of SU-16 promoted the growth of HJ significantly.In contrast,its macromolecular metabolites were found to mainly affect the expression of genes related to carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism in the HJ genome.
摘要Objectives:Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC)is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality and mainly affects older adults,who frequently experience polypharmacy.While systemic therapy may improve outcomes in selected older patients,the use of multiple drugs increases the risk of potential drug–drug interactions(pDDIs).This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of pDDIs in older patients with PDAC receiving first-line systemic therapy and their potential impact on clinical outcomes.Methods:We conducted a retrospective single-center study including patients aged≥75 years with PDAC who initiated first-line systemic therapy between December 2011 and January 2023.Prescription data were retrieved from institutional and outpatient pharmacy databases,and all concomitant medications were recorded.pDDIs were assessed using Intercheck Web and classified as A(minor),B(moderate),C(major but manageable),or D(contraindicated).Patients(n=140)were stratified according to the number of active pharmaceutical ingredients(APIs)at treatment initiation:20(n=44).Results:A higher number of APIs was significantly associated with an increased burden of pDDIs,including A,B,C,and D interactions(all p20 APIs showing the highest prevalence of clinically relevant interactions.Overall,70%of patients had at least one pDDI,but no significant differences were observed in 1-year overall survival,access to second-line therapy,or chemotherapy type across API groups.Conclusion:Polypharmacy significantly increases the risk of pDDIs in older patients with PDAC,but this did not translate into differences in 1-year survival or access to subsequent therapy.