Mitochondria are central regulators of cellular energy metabolism,redox balance,and survival,and their dysfunction contributes to neurodegenerative,cardiovascular,and metabolic diseases,as well as aging.Beyond its rol...Mitochondria are central regulators of cellular energy metabolism,redox balance,and survival,and their dysfunction contributes to neurodegenerative,cardiovascular,and metabolic diseases,as well as aging.Beyond its role as a circadian hormone,melatonin is now recognized as a key modulator of mitochondrial physiology.This review provides an overview of the mechanisms by which melatonin can preserve mitochondrial function through multifaceted mechanisms.Experimental evidence shows that melatonin enhances the activity of electron transport chain(ETC)complexes,stabilizes the mitochondrial membrane potential(Δψ),and prevents cardiolipin(CL)peroxidation,thereby limiting permeability transition pore(mPTP)opening and cytochrome c release.Through its direct radical scavenging capacity and the upregulation of mitochondrial antioxidant defenses,melatonin protects against oxidative stress(OS)and preserves mitochondrial DNA integrity.Melatonin also regulates mitochondrial dynamics by promoting fusion,restraining excessive fission,and supporting quality control mechanisms such as mitophagy,unfolded protein response(UPR),and proteostasis.Moreover,melatonin influences mitochondrial biogenesis and intercellular communication through tunneling nanotubes(TNTs)and mitokine signaling.Thus,melatonin may represent a promising multifaceted therapeutic strategy for preserving mitochondrial homeostasis in a range of pathological conditions,including neurodegeneration and cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.However,a significant translational gap still remains between the promising preclinical data and the established clinical practice.Therefore,the aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive synthesis of current knowledge on the mechanisms through which melatonin modulates mitochondrial function and to discuss its potential therapeutic implications in neurodegenerative,cardiovascular,and metabolic diseases.展开更多
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2(ALDH2),a mitochondrial enzyme,is the main acetaldehyde dehydrogenase involved in the scavenging of alcohol-derived acetaldehyde and endogenous aldehydes.The ALDH2rs671mutation affects 560 m...Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2(ALDH2),a mitochondrial enzyme,is the main acetaldehyde dehydrogenase involved in the scavenging of alcohol-derived acetaldehyde and endogenous aldehydes.The ALDH2rs671mutation affects 560 million East Asians and is closely related to an increased risk of various human diseases.In addition to its well-known function in detoxifying alcohol-derived acetaldehyde and endogenous aldehydes,ALDH2 is implicated in human health through its regulation of autophagic machinery and multiple cell death pathways(e.g.,apoptosis,necroptosis,pyroptosis,ferroptosis,and NETosis).This review summarizes the current knowledge of ALDH2 and the regulatory mechanism through which ALDH2 regulates autophagy and cell death.In addition,we outline the potential role of ALDH2 in the regulation of autophagy and cell death during the occurrence and progression of human diseases,aiming to provide a novel theoretical framework for human disease treatment.展开更多
Transforming growth factor beta(TGF-β)receptor 3(TGFBR3),or betaglycan,is a transmembrane proteoglycan that serves as a coreceptor for TGF-βligands,modulating TGF-βsignaling in a contextdependent manner.Its extrace...Transforming growth factor beta(TGF-β)receptor 3(TGFBR3),or betaglycan,is a transmembrane proteoglycan that serves as a coreceptor for TGF-βligands,modulating TGF-βsignaling in a contextdependent manner.Its extracellular domain can undergo proteolytic cleavage,yielding a 120 kDa soluble isoform(soluble transforming growth factor beta receptor 3(sTGFBR3))that antagonizes TGF-βsignaling by sequestering ligands.Through this dual role,TGFBR3 exerts profound influence over various physiological and pathological processes,including cell survival,stemness,differentiation,cancer metastasis,chemoresistance,and fibrosis,underscoring its significance as both a biomarker and therapeutic target.Despite its significance,regulatory mechanisms,particularly tissue-specific expression,cross-talk with other pathways and post-translational modifications,remain poorly defined.A current thorough review of the prognostic and therapeutic implications of TGFBR3 is still lacking.In this review,we systematically examine the structural features of TGFBR3,and their functional relevance,providing an in-depth analysis of its dysregulation and molecular roles in diseases such as cancer,nervous system disorders,cardiovascular diseases(CVDs),diabetes and infectious diseases.Current experimental approaches are critically evaluated,and gaps in existing literature are highlighted to identify priorities for future research.By synthesizing emerging insights,this review aims to inform the development of TGFBR3-targeted therapies and support the design of innovative clinical and preclinical strategies.展开更多
Glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4)is a primary inhibitor of ferroptosis,a regulated form of cell death driven by the accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides.GPX4 exists in three isoforms localized in the cytosol,mitochondria...Glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4)is a primary inhibitor of ferroptosis,a regulated form of cell death driven by the accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides.GPX4 exists in three isoforms localized in the cytosol,mitochondria,and nucleus;however,the regulatory mechanisms governing nuclear GPX4(nGPX4)remain largely unclear.Herein,we identified TATA box-binding protein-associated factor 1(TAF1)as a pivotal regulator of nGPX4.TAF1 phosphorylates nGPX4,leading to its lysine 11(K11)-linked ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation,thereby promoting ferroptosis in tumor protein p53(TP53)-mutant cells.Conversely,in TP53-wild-type(WT)cells,TAF1 phosphorylates TP53,facilitating murine double minute 2(MDM2)-mediated TP53 degradation,which upregulates solute carrier family 7 member 11(SLC7A11)expression and reduces cellular susceptibility to ferroptosis.Collectively,TAF1 plays dual and context-dependent roles in ferroptosis regulation,acting as both a promoter and an inhibitor depending on the TP53 status.展开更多
The mitochondrial 3243A>G mutation(m.3243A>G)is associated with diverse clinical phenotypes.To elucidate the underlying mechanisms and explore intervention strategies in m.3243A>G patients,urine-derived stem ...The mitochondrial 3243A>G mutation(m.3243A>G)is associated with diverse clinical phenotypes.To elucidate the underlying mechanisms and explore intervention strategies in m.3243A>G patients,urine-derived stem cells(USCs)and a mitochondrial leucyl-tRNA synthetase gene(lars-2)deficient Caenorhabditis elegans(C.elegans)model are used to assess mitochondrial homeostasis and neuromuscular dysfunction.Patient-derived USCs with high levels of m.3243A>G heteroplasmy exhibit impaired mitochondrial function,disrupted mitochondrial dynamics,and inhibited mitophagy,which are reversed by MitoQ through suppression of OMA1 zinc metallopeptidase(OMA1)-induced mitochondrial phosphatase and tensin(PTEN)induced kinase 1(PINK1)degradation.Furthermore,lars-2 knockdown in C.elegans induces mitochondrial stress and mimics the loss of neural and muscle functions observed in patients with the m.3243A>G mutation.MitoQ treatment partially improves neurobehavioral function by promoting the PINK1 pathway.These findings suggest that MitoQ has therapeutic potential in the context of the m.3243A>G mutation.展开更多
The abnormal accumulation of methylmalonic acid(MMA),the leading cause of methylmalonic acidemia,can cause irreversible damage to the brain,kidney,and cardiovascular system.In addition,the accumulation of MMA in the b...The abnormal accumulation of methylmalonic acid(MMA),the leading cause of methylmalonic acidemia,can cause irreversible damage to the brain,kidney,and cardiovascular system.In addition,the accumulation of MMA in the blood has recently been associated with the occurrence of cancer,restricted bodily movement,and growth retardation.In this review,recent studies on the relationship between the metabolic abnormality of MMA and disease occurrence were summarized,concerning the brain,kidney,cardiovascular system,cancer,and skeletal muscles.It provides a theoretical basis and reference for further research and the treatment of MMA-related pathophysiological changes.展开更多
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a central hallmark of metabolic,hepatic,cardiovascular,and neurodegenerative diseases.Dietary polyphenols modulate mitochondrial pathways,but their integrated effects remain poorly appreci...Mitochondrial dysfunction is a central hallmark of metabolic,hepatic,cardiovascular,and neurodegenerative diseases.Dietary polyphenols modulate mitochondrial pathways,but their integrated effects remain poorly appreciated.This narrative review synthesizes preclinical and clinical evidence on four polyphenols(resveratrol,epigallocatechin-3-gallate,quercetin,and oleuropein)and examines their mechanisms in mitochondrial biogenesis,mtDNA protection,and mitophagy.Experimental studies indicate that these compounds activate conserved adaptive pathways,including sirtuin 1(SIRT1)and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha(PGC-1α),AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK),and PTEN-induced kinase 1(PINK1)with Parkin,therapy enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis,reducing oxidative stress,and promoting selective removal of damaged mitochondria.Evidence from human studies suggests improvements in endothelial function and metabolic flexibility,although direct human mitochondrial assessments remain scarce.Overall,dietary polyphenols appear to support mitochondrial quality control across multiple organs through coordinated signaling mechanisms.Critical limitations include bioavailability constraints and a lack of mitochondrial biomarkers in most clinical studies.Future investigations should incorporate advanced phenotyping and improved formulations to clarify the therapeutic potential of polyphenols as targeted modulators of mitochondrial health.展开更多
Mitochondria are the central organelles that allow eukaryotic cells to efficiently convert nutrients into energy for cellular functions such as anabolic reactions,movement,and regulation.A reduction in the number of m...Mitochondria are the central organelles that allow eukaryotic cells to efficiently convert nutrients into energy for cellular functions such as anabolic reactions,movement,and regulation.A reduction in the number of mitochondria or the occurrence of dysfunctional mitochondria leads to serious diseases such as the Leigh syndrome.However,such changes have also been connected to Alzheimer’s disease(AD)and many more diseases of different organ systems and occur during the aging process.Mitochondria are,therefore.展开更多
Glycosylation is a key post‑translational modification(PTM)of proteins,which influences many biological processes,including cell‑cell recognition,cell proliferation,and signal transduction.Recent studies have elucidat...Glycosylation is a key post‑translational modification(PTM)of proteins,which influences many biological processes,including cell‑cell recognition,cell proliferation,and signal transduction.Recent studies have elucidated the structural basis of regulated N‑glycosylation at the secretory translocon[1],expanding our understanding of fundamental biological activities.In China,glycoscience programs such as the Glycocode Project are being funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.Leveraging insights from glycoscience can significantly contribute to the advancement of personalized medicine by integrating genomics and proteomics[2].Aberrant glycan modifications can disrupt tumor cell growth and proliferation by altering extracellular signaling molecules and modulating cancer cell signaling pathways[3].These efforts aim to develop advanced tools for mapping human glycome at multiple levels.Profiling the glycome enhances our understanding of the mechanisms underlying physiologic and pathological processes during disease onset and progression.展开更多
摘要Mitochondria are central regulators of cellular energy metabolism,redox balance,and survival,and their dysfunction contributes to neurodegenerative,cardiovascular,and metabolic diseases,as well as aging.Beyond its role as a circadian hormone,melatonin is now recognized as a key modulator of mitochondrial physiology.This review provides an overview of the mechanisms by which melatonin can preserve mitochondrial function through multifaceted mechanisms.Experimental evidence shows that melatonin enhances the activity of electron transport chain(ETC)complexes,stabilizes the mitochondrial membrane potential(Δψ),and prevents cardiolipin(CL)peroxidation,thereby limiting permeability transition pore(mPTP)opening and cytochrome c release.Through its direct radical scavenging capacity and the upregulation of mitochondrial antioxidant defenses,melatonin protects against oxidative stress(OS)and preserves mitochondrial DNA integrity.Melatonin also regulates mitochondrial dynamics by promoting fusion,restraining excessive fission,and supporting quality control mechanisms such as mitophagy,unfolded protein response(UPR),and proteostasis.Moreover,melatonin influences mitochondrial biogenesis and intercellular communication through tunneling nanotubes(TNTs)and mitokine signaling.Thus,melatonin may represent a promising multifaceted therapeutic strategy for preserving mitochondrial homeostasis in a range of pathological conditions,including neurodegeneration and cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.However,a significant translational gap still remains between the promising preclinical data and the established clinical practice.Therefore,the aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive synthesis of current knowledge on the mechanisms through which melatonin modulates mitochondrial function and to discuss its potential therapeutic implications in neurodegenerative,cardiovascular,and metabolic diseases.
基金supported by the State Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82030059)the National Science and Technology Major Project(2023ZD0505501)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81701952 and 82172127)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2020YFC1512700)the Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province(2021SFGC0503 and 2022ZLGX03).
摘要Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2(ALDH2),a mitochondrial enzyme,is the main acetaldehyde dehydrogenase involved in the scavenging of alcohol-derived acetaldehyde and endogenous aldehydes.The ALDH2rs671mutation affects 560 million East Asians and is closely related to an increased risk of various human diseases.In addition to its well-known function in detoxifying alcohol-derived acetaldehyde and endogenous aldehydes,ALDH2 is implicated in human health through its regulation of autophagic machinery and multiple cell death pathways(e.g.,apoptosis,necroptosis,pyroptosis,ferroptosis,and NETosis).This review summarizes the current knowledge of ALDH2 and the regulatory mechanism through which ALDH2 regulates autophagy and cell death.In addition,we outline the potential role of ALDH2 in the regulation of autophagy and cell death during the occurrence and progression of human diseases,aiming to provide a novel theoretical framework for human disease treatment.
基金funded by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.:82304348,82160813,and 32060210)2022 Guiyang Science and Technology Talent Training Project(Project No.:[2023]48-5)+1 种基金Guizhou Science and Technology Innovation Talent Team(Grant No.:QKHPTRC-CXTD[2022]007)Guizhou Medical University(Grant No.:[2024]011).
摘要Transforming growth factor beta(TGF-β)receptor 3(TGFBR3),or betaglycan,is a transmembrane proteoglycan that serves as a coreceptor for TGF-βligands,modulating TGF-βsignaling in a contextdependent manner.Its extracellular domain can undergo proteolytic cleavage,yielding a 120 kDa soluble isoform(soluble transforming growth factor beta receptor 3(sTGFBR3))that antagonizes TGF-βsignaling by sequestering ligands.Through this dual role,TGFBR3 exerts profound influence over various physiological and pathological processes,including cell survival,stemness,differentiation,cancer metastasis,chemoresistance,and fibrosis,underscoring its significance as both a biomarker and therapeutic target.Despite its significance,regulatory mechanisms,particularly tissue-specific expression,cross-talk with other pathways and post-translational modifications,remain poorly defined.A current thorough review of the prognostic and therapeutic implications of TGFBR3 is still lacking.In this review,we systematically examine the structural features of TGFBR3,and their functional relevance,providing an in-depth analysis of its dysregulation and molecular roles in diseases such as cancer,nervous system disorders,cardiovascular diseases(CVDs),diabetes and infectious diseases.Current experimental approaches are critically evaluated,and gaps in existing literature are highlighted to identify priorities for future research.By synthesizing emerging insights,this review aims to inform the development of TGFBR3-targeted therapies and support the design of innovative clinical and preclinical strategies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82473008,82173223,and 82303644)the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(CAMS)Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(No.2019-I2M-5-044)the Zhejiang Medical and Health Science and Technology Project(No.2025KY439),China.
摘要Glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4)is a primary inhibitor of ferroptosis,a regulated form of cell death driven by the accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides.GPX4 exists in three isoforms localized in the cytosol,mitochondria,and nucleus;however,the regulatory mechanisms governing nuclear GPX4(nGPX4)remain largely unclear.Herein,we identified TATA box-binding protein-associated factor 1(TAF1)as a pivotal regulator of nGPX4.TAF1 phosphorylates nGPX4,leading to its lysine 11(K11)-linked ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation,thereby promoting ferroptosis in tumor protein p53(TP53)-mutant cells.Conversely,in TP53-wild-type(WT)cells,TAF1 phosphorylates TP53,facilitating murine double minute 2(MDM2)-mediated TP53 degradation,which upregulates solute carrier family 7 member 11(SLC7A11)expression and reduces cellular susceptibility to ferroptosis.Collectively,TAF1 plays dual and context-dependent roles in ferroptosis regulation,acting as both a promoter and an inhibitor depending on the TP53 status.
基金funded by the NIH Office of Research Infrastructure Programs(P40 OD010440)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82471893 and 82070913)+2 种基金Key discipline project of Hongkou District Health Commission(HKLCFC202403)Tongji Hospital Start-up Funding for Scientific Research(RCQD2301)Research fund from Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital(sykyqd01801,SYXKZT-2021-1001).
摘要The mitochondrial 3243A>G mutation(m.3243A>G)is associated with diverse clinical phenotypes.To elucidate the underlying mechanisms and explore intervention strategies in m.3243A>G patients,urine-derived stem cells(USCs)and a mitochondrial leucyl-tRNA synthetase gene(lars-2)deficient Caenorhabditis elegans(C.elegans)model are used to assess mitochondrial homeostasis and neuromuscular dysfunction.Patient-derived USCs with high levels of m.3243A>G heteroplasmy exhibit impaired mitochondrial function,disrupted mitochondrial dynamics,and inhibited mitophagy,which are reversed by MitoQ through suppression of OMA1 zinc metallopeptidase(OMA1)-induced mitochondrial phosphatase and tensin(PTEN)induced kinase 1(PINK1)degradation.Furthermore,lars-2 knockdown in C.elegans induces mitochondrial stress and mimics the loss of neural and muscle functions observed in patients with the m.3243A>G mutation.MitoQ treatment partially improves neurobehavioral function by promoting the PINK1 pathway.These findings suggest that MitoQ has therapeutic potential in the context of the m.3243A>G mutation.
基金Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province(No.2023-JC-QN-0243)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31900448)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.Z1010422004),China。
摘要The abnormal accumulation of methylmalonic acid(MMA),the leading cause of methylmalonic acidemia,can cause irreversible damage to the brain,kidney,and cardiovascular system.In addition,the accumulation of MMA in the blood has recently been associated with the occurrence of cancer,restricted bodily movement,and growth retardation.In this review,recent studies on the relationship between the metabolic abnormality of MMA and disease occurrence were summarized,concerning the brain,kidney,cardiovascular system,cancer,and skeletal muscles.It provides a theoretical basis and reference for further research and the treatment of MMA-related pathophysiological changes.
摘要纤毛内运输(intraflagellar transport,IFT)是纤毛组装、长度维持、信号转导及蛋白质组稳态调控的核心机制。由于多数纤毛蛋白在胞质中合成,而纤毛又受到过渡区选择性屏障限制,结构蛋白、膜蛋白和信号分子需要依赖IFT系统在纤毛基部、轴丝、顶端和胞质之间进行定向转运与循环更新。IFT系统主要由IFT-A复合体、IFT-B复合体、驱动蛋白2(kinesin-2)、动力蛋白2(dynein-2)以及Bardet-Biedl综合征蛋白复合体(Bardet-Biedl syndrome protein complex,BBSome)等模块组成,通过顺行和逆行运输完成不同货物的动态转运。近年来,冷冻电子显微镜、原位断层扫描和单分子成像等技术的发展,揭示了IFT系统在纤毛基部列车装配、轴丝微管轨道运行、纤毛顶端转换以及货物回收中的分子机制。IFT-B作为主要的列车骨架,参与货物装载、马达耦联和顺行运输启动;IFT-A参与逆行运输、膜蛋白适配和列车重塑;BBSome则通过与IFT系统可逆结合,调控纤毛膜蛋白分选、信号受体清除和纤毛蛋白质组更新。IFT方向转换与顺行列车解聚、驱动蛋白2解离、动力蛋白2在纤毛顶端激活以及逆行列车重新组装密切相关。在病理机制方面,IFT异常可通过纤毛组装与结构缺陷、货物定位异常、信号通路失衡以及货物卸载和回收障碍等途径诱发纤毛病,累及视网膜、肾脏、骨骼、呼吸道、生殖系统及神经代谢系统。总体来看,IFT是由轴丝结构、马达活性、货物选择和细胞信号共同调控的动态运输系统。深入解析IFT调控机制及其与疾病表型的关系,有助于推动纤毛病的机制分型、遗传诊断和精准干预。
摘要Mitochondrial dysfunction is a central hallmark of metabolic,hepatic,cardiovascular,and neurodegenerative diseases.Dietary polyphenols modulate mitochondrial pathways,but their integrated effects remain poorly appreciated.This narrative review synthesizes preclinical and clinical evidence on four polyphenols(resveratrol,epigallocatechin-3-gallate,quercetin,and oleuropein)and examines their mechanisms in mitochondrial biogenesis,mtDNA protection,and mitophagy.Experimental studies indicate that these compounds activate conserved adaptive pathways,including sirtuin 1(SIRT1)and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha(PGC-1α),AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK),and PTEN-induced kinase 1(PINK1)with Parkin,therapy enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis,reducing oxidative stress,and promoting selective removal of damaged mitochondria.Evidence from human studies suggests improvements in endothelial function and metabolic flexibility,although direct human mitochondrial assessments remain scarce.Overall,dietary polyphenols appear to support mitochondrial quality control across multiple organs through coordinated signaling mechanisms.Critical limitations include bioavailability constraints and a lack of mitochondrial biomarkers in most clinical studies.Future investigations should incorporate advanced phenotyping and improved formulations to clarify the therapeutic potential of polyphenols as targeted modulators of mitochondrial health.
摘要Mitochondria are the central organelles that allow eukaryotic cells to efficiently convert nutrients into energy for cellular functions such as anabolic reactions,movement,and regulation.A reduction in the number of mitochondria or the occurrence of dysfunctional mitochondria leads to serious diseases such as the Leigh syndrome.However,such changes have also been connected to Alzheimer’s disease(AD)and many more diseases of different organ systems and occur during the aging process.Mitochondria are,therefore.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.92478101 and 82504480)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFF0608401).
摘要Glycosylation is a key post‑translational modification(PTM)of proteins,which influences many biological processes,including cell‑cell recognition,cell proliferation,and signal transduction.Recent studies have elucidated the structural basis of regulated N‑glycosylation at the secretory translocon[1],expanding our understanding of fundamental biological activities.In China,glycoscience programs such as the Glycocode Project are being funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.Leveraging insights from glycoscience can significantly contribute to the advancement of personalized medicine by integrating genomics and proteomics[2].Aberrant glycan modifications can disrupt tumor cell growth and proliferation by altering extracellular signaling molecules and modulating cancer cell signaling pathways[3].These efforts aim to develop advanced tools for mapping human glycome at multiple levels.Profiling the glycome enhances our understanding of the mechanisms underlying physiologic and pathological processes during disease onset and progression.